Promotion of Underutilized Food Plants in Sub-Saharan Africa: … · 2014-08-19 · Promotion of...
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Promotion of Underutilized Food Plants in Sub-Saharan Africa: Experiences with African Leafy
Vegetables
Patrick MaunduInternational Plant Genetic Resources Institute
(IPGRI)
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Sub-Saharan Africa – an introduction
• Sub-Saharan countries are below the Sahara Desert
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Food production
• Agricultural output has been trailing population growth for most of the last three decades (FAO, 2002).
• World average has been increasing
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Vegetable and fruit consumption
• Vegetable and fruit consumption per capita less that rest of world and declining.
• In 1995, per capita consumption of vegetable was 29 kg (average for world was 75.3 kg and China had 146 kg).
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Low micronutrient intake
• High prevalence (2/3 of population) of Mineral and Vitamin deficiency especially Iron, Zinc, Selenium, Vitamin A
• High prevalence of micronutrient deficiency related diseases – Anaemia, blindness etc.
• An estimated 42.2% of children in SSA at risk of Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) (Aguayo, V. 2003)
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Diseases complicating situation
• Malaria and HIV/AIDS – Major challenges for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
• Region is home to close to two-thirds of all people living with HIV! Yet it has just over 10% of the world's population,
• 90% of all new cases of malaria worldwide (300-500 million) found in SSA (Episcopal 2004)
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Eating habits are changing
• High intake of fatty foods and refined carbohydrates
• Result: increased incidences of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure and cancer – all previously rare in SSA
• Urban areas most affected
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Exotic vegetables are preferred
• Increasing preference for a few exotic vegetables –mainly white cabbage
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Can African Leafy Vegetables (ALVs) make a difference?
• Yes!
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Good sources of micronutrients
Pro-vitamin A (Β-carotene)
Vitamin C
folate
Iron
Calcium
fibre
Protein
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Nutritional content of amaranth and cabbage compared
Comparison of the nutritional content of amaranth and cabbage
020406080
100120
Moisture(g)
Fe (mg)x10 vit C (mg) B-carotene(ųg)/100
vit B2(mg)x100
Ca (mg)/10 P (mg)
Cabbage
Amaranth
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B-carotene in vegetables is bio-available
Bioavailability of β-carotene depends on the species and the processing method
918
3772
415411
Amaranthus sp.+ oil (25%)
938
43184
502480
Vignaunguiculata
+ oil (34%)
853
69392
857744
Cleome gynandra
+ oil (46%)
(%)(µg/gd.m.)
Amount(µg/g d.m.)
Cooked sample
G. Mulokozi. E. Hedrén & U. Svanberg. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. In press.
In vitro accessibility
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A high diversity of nutritious vegetables
• SSA has a high diversity of leafy vegetables
• About 1000 species are used traditionally
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Huge diversity of plant food
• One out of every ten species of Afriaca’s45,000 higher flora has food value
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Food diversity cont..
Leafy vegetables may form as much as 20% of edible plant species in SSA
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African leafy vegetables cont..
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African leafy vegetables
Cassava leaves are important in the Congo basin
The spider plant is important in East and Sourthern Africa
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Moringa oleifera(horse-radish tree)
• Moringa leaves are particularly important in Senegal.
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African leafy vegetables
• Bissap (Hibiscus sabdariffa) -important in Senegal
Cowpea
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Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)
• Different types are used in different recipes
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Nightshades
• African nightshades are popular vegetables
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African leafy vegetables cont..
Pumpkin
Amaranth
Crotalaria
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Why Traditional Vegetables?Traditional leafy
vegetables are accessible!– locally available, – affordable– local knowledge
and expertise among local communities exist.
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Constraints
• Lack of data (research lagging behind)• Seed system not developed• Most grow in the wild – regarded as weeds• Leaves small hence processing is labour intensive• Usually bitter, cooking for too long, –Picked from
dirty places• Sold in dirty places • Attitude – poor mans food, associated with
backwardness• High post harvest losses
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Why traditional vegetables cont..
• Cowpea germplasm -KyanikaWomen’s group, Kenya
• -22 landraces
Genetic Diversity is high at the village LevelGenetic Diversity is high at the village Level
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Constraints cont..
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Improving handling and processing of ALVs
• Large quantities of vegetables are lost due to poor handling.
A minibus loaded with Gnetum (eru), Cameroon
A minibus loaded with Gnetum (eru), Cameroon
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Post harvest losses
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African leafy vegetable programme
• Implemented since 1996
• Phase I (1996-1999)• Phase II (2001-2004)
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Phase I
First phase:• understanding the species used• documenting indigenous knowledge• identifying key constraints in the
conservation, production, marketing and consumption
• identifying priority species for conservation and use
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Priority species
• 22 priority species were identified
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Phase II
• Germplasm collection and exsitu conservation• Participatory characterization • Participatory selections• Seed supply • Consumption (recipes)• Marketing• Agronomy• Nutritional analysis• Taxonomy
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The partners – 10 countries and over 40 institutions
Botswana Zimbabwe
Cameroon
Senegal
South Africa
Uganda Kenya Tanzania
GhanaTogoBenin
Zambia
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Enhancing quality of genetic material of priority ALVs
• Germplasmcharacter-ization, evaluation and selection
This selected variety of Solanum scabrumcan yield upto 40 tonnes per ha.
This selected variety of Solanum scabrumcan yield upto 40 tonnes per ha.
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Building capacity:
• Characterization and selection work at -AVRDC, Tanzania
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Public awareness material
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Taxonomy
• The taxonomic position of this species is yet to be finalized. It is restricted to the Kenyan highlands and highlands in northern Tanzania.
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4. Kenya
1. Characterization work
Solanum spp. in Kari-Kisii
Amaranthus spp. in Gene Bank
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Characterization and selection -Senegal
• Characterization and Selection work
• Output: Farmers’seeds
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Increasing yield through selection
• Production of up to 40 tonnes per hactare has been achieved
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Linking farmers with the markets…• Working in
partnership with a local NGO, farmers have been linked to formal markets
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Processing seeds ofVernonia amygdalina
Processing seedsProcessing seeds
SeedsSeeds
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Indigenous Knolwedgedocumentation
IK documentation in Kitui• Documenting cowpea local knowledge (Kyanika)
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Senegal: Characterization and selection
Characterization and selection of Hibiscus sabdariffa
Dried calyxesLeaves
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Characterization of Amaranths
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Outcomes/ outputs
1. Attitude changed
2. Consumption increased and demand created
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Outcomes cont..
• Eight vegetable species introduced in leading supermarkets
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Outcomes
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Outcomes cont..
1. The incomes of close to 300 farmers that were monitored increased two to twenty fold
2. Produce delivered by these farmers increasing from 31 to 400 tons a month. Demand still far from being met.
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Products…
• Species monographs• Bibliography (Mnzava et al)• Recipe book• Extension material• Public awareness material
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Challenges for the Future
• Research on Toxicity of some – determine safe levels of some- Solanum, Crotalaria, Erythrococca
• Research in bioavailability
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Challenges cont.: We are losing the custodians of Indigenous
knowledge
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Conclusion
• -African leafy vegetables (ALVs) and underutilized species in general have potential to contribute to poverty alleviation in Africa.
• -ALVs are a rich source of micronutrients, and can help ease the current vitamin and mineral deficiencies in SSA.
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Conclusion cont…
• Develop irrigation• Influence policies
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Dietary diversity programme
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Dietary diversification
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Dietary diversification
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Dietary diversification
Lye
Fruits
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Dietary diversification
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Sponsors of this work
Sponsors:• Directorate General for International
Cooperation (DGIS) of the Netherlands • IDRC
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Thank Thank You!You!