Promoting universal access to water, sanitation and hygiene Brocklehurst on Promoting... ·...
Transcript of Promoting universal access to water, sanitation and hygiene Brocklehurst on Promoting... ·...
Promoting universal access
to water, sanitation and
hygiene
Clarissa Brocklehurst
Chief, Water, Sanitation
and Hygiene Section
UNICEF New York
• Health, HIV/AIDS, Nutrition
� 88% of diarrhoeal deaths from poor WASH
� fewer diarrhoea episodes & worm infestation can impact nutritional status
� new evidence linking hand-washing and ARI
� WASH linked to helminths, guinea worm, fluorosis, arsenicosis
� home-based WASH helps to reduce opportunistic infections
• Education� improving WASH in schools has an impact on
enrolment levels, particularly for girls
• Poverty
� 5.5 billion productive days per year lost due to diarrhoea and burden of fetching water
� household water required for small-scale productive activities
• Gender� Women & girls bear the brunt of fetching water
& benefit most when distances are reduced.
LINKAGES
Health:
WASH Disease Burden is high
Soil Transmitted Helminthes:
Hookworm, Roundworm Whipworm
Prevalence: 2 billion
Mortality: 12,000
Trachoma (blindness)
Prevalence: 5 million
Mortality: 0
Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia);
Prevalence: 200 million
Mortality: 15000
Respiratory Infections
(23% reduction in morbidity through
handwashing with soap)
Guinea worm disease (Dracunciliasis)
Incidence: <2,000
Diarrhea
1.5 million child deaths annually
88% attributable to poor WASH
Sanitation and handwashing are effective interventions
to reduce diarrhea morbidity in children under 5
Nutrition: WASH conditions are a determinant
of nutritional status
…a key cause of child undernutrition is a subclinical disorder of the small intestine known as tropical enteropathy, …caused by faecal bacteria
ingested in large quantities by young children living in conditions of poor sanitation and hygiene
(Lancet 2009, Humphrey).
Lancet 2008, Checkley, data pooled from 9
studies
25% of all stunting in 24-
month-old children
attributable to having five or
more episodes of diarrhoea.
Esrey 1996, multi-country analysis, sample size almost
17.000
Improvements in sanitation were associated with
increases in height ranging from 0.8cm to 1.9cm. (decrease in stunting 4–37%
(rural) and 20–46% (urban)
Lancet 2004, Peru, Checkley.
Children lacking adequate sewage
connections and using small water-storage
containers had a 1·8 cm growth deficit
compared with those in households with
sewage connections and which used large
containers.
Yet sanitation coverage is low!
2.6 billion lack improved sanitation,and 1.1 billion practise open
defecation
>25%
Proportion of the population that
spends >30 minutes per water
collection trip
Water collection is a time consuming burden
Source: WHO/UNICEF JMP,
2008
Source: WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2008
� Less than half of schools in LDCs have safe water, and only one third have toilets
� Lack of facilities have a stronger negative impact on girls , who need to have access to safe, clean, separate and private sanitation facilities
WASH in Schools
FACT: A girl can miss up to 10-20% of her school days (Cooke, 2005)
The poorest in sub-Saharan Africa
are 15 more likely to practise open
defecation than the richest
The poorest in sub-Saharan Africa are
more than four times as likely as the
richest to use an unimproved drinking
water source
Equity: Large disparities in access remain
Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme on
Water and Sanitation (JMP)
Inequity also exists in aid targeting:
basic systems are not targeted by
water sector aid
Only 42% of sector aid goes to low-
income countries
What is needed?
�Greater political commitment�Better targeting of resources�Strengthened national systems�Stronger partnerships�Simple, sustainable solutions
Water supply: focus on sustainability
�Robust, simple technical solutions�leveraged household investment�governance and good policy
�local government strengthening
�Support to community management �Capacity building
Sanitation: building demand� community-led models for
building demand� change social norms around
open defecation� harness household
investments� Clear institutional
responsibility
A new partnershipAlliance of like-minded organizations:
Sanitation and Water for All
Currently 66 Partners:
• 32 Developing Countries
• including 19 LDCs
• 6 Donors
• 3 Civil Society networks
• 1 Development Bank
• 8 Multi-laterals
• 16 Sector partners
Support Country Planning ProcessesStronger Focus on off-track countries/sectors
Improve technical assistanceCatalytic support for actionable frameworks
Establish Global Framework for Sector Dialogue
Forum for global dialogue on waterGlobal and Regional High Level Meetings
Improve Information for Decision-makingJMP, GLAAS, CSOs, etc.
Activities
Thank you!