Promoting synergy among professionals: Transforming livestock productivity and trade in sub-Saharan...
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Promoting synergy among professionals Transforming livestock productivityand trade in sub-Saharan Africa
Jimmy Smith, Director GeneralInternational Livestock Research Institute
Veterinary Council of Nigeria & Nigeria Veterinary Medical Association ColloquiumAbuja, Nigeria, 12 November 2013
Overview
• Animals are essential for food,nutrition and health of people and the planet
> Animal-source food provides income, nutrition> Smallholder production is key> Opportunities and challenges
• Minding the gaps:Livestock productivity
> Productivity gaps are large – Health gaps are an important component
» Health provider gaps underlie health gaps
Overview (cont)
• Filling the gaps? > Actual: Gaps filled by non-professionals
• Closing the gaps:Professional synergies
> Ideal: Gaps filled by professional synergies?
Animals are essential4
Africa’s assets: One billion livestock
Western Africa
East Africa Northern Africa
Middle Africa
Southern Africa
0
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
ShoatsCattlePigs
Nu
mb
er,
mil
lio
ns
FAO 2013
Four out of 5 of the highest valueglobal commodities are livestock
Developing-country gains in meat consumption outpace those in developed countries
FAO 2006
Global trade of livestock products(million tonnes, milk excluded)
Adapted from FAO 2012
Global trade of livestock products(million tonnes, milk included)
Adapted from FAO 2012
Key points about smallholder competitiveness
• Smallholders will continue to supply most of the livestock products in most developing countries – but productivity needs to increase
• There will be different trajectories of livestock growth,with strongest dynamics in Asia
• Increasinglyin many regions,smallholders willcommercialize theiroperations andproduce for markets
• Demand foranimal healthinputs will increase
10
Provides food and nutritional security BUT overconsumption can cause obesity
Powers economic developmentBUT equitable development can be a challenge
Improves human healthBUT animal-human/emerging diseases and unsafe foods need to be addressed
Enhances the environmentBUT pollution, land/water degradation,GHG emissions and biodiversity lossesmust be greatly reduced
Opportunities and challengesin the livestock sector
Minding the gaps
Identifying the gaps
• Productivity gaps>Precludes stable market participation>Underpinned by health, breeds, feeds
• Participation and knowledge gaps>Smallholder access to markets
- Animal health, food safety, zoonoses>Translating research outputs
to development outcomes
• Animal health gaps>Reporting>Veterinary care
Identifying the gaps
• Productivity gaps>Precludes stable market participation>Underpinned by health, breeds, feeds
• Participation and knowledge gaps>Smallholder access to markets
- Animal health, food safety, zoonoses>Translating research outputs
to development outcomes
• Animal health gaps>Reporting>Veterinary care
FAO 2006
Some developing country regions have gaps of up to 430% in milk
Productivity gaps: Milk
• Animal disease is a key constraint:Remove it and animal productivity increases greatly
• Risk and cost associated with animal diseases are major disincentives for investment
• As livestock systems intensify in developing countries, diseases may increase
Young Adult
Cattle 22% 6%
Shoat 28% 11%
Poultry 70% 30%
Otte & Chilonda, IAEA
Annual mortality of African livestock(About half due to preventable or curable diseases)
Animal disease is a key constraint in Africa
Animal disease costs billions annually
Estimates from BMGFEndopara
sites
PPRCBPP
Ectopara
sites
CCPPFM
DTry
ps
Shoat pox
Newcastl
e
Bruce
llosis
Bovine TBLS
DRVF
ECFBVD
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
South AsiaAfrica
Billi
on $
lost
yea
rly
AfricaSouth Asia
Zoonoses
PeriodCost (US$ billion)
(conservative estimates)
6 outbreaks excluding SARS − Nipah virus (Malaysia) − West Nile fever (USA) − HPAI (Asia, Europe) − BSE (US) − Rift Valley fever (Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia) − BSE (UK) costs 1997−09 only
1998−2009 38.7
SARS 2002−2004 41.5
Total over 12 years 1998−2009 80.2
Costs of emerging zoonotic disease outbreaks
World Bank 2012
Giving an annual average of US$6.7 billion
The reporting gap: Significant losses to disease (mostly unreported)
21
The vet gap
22
Orders of magnitude
Tens of millions- Animals- Livestock
keepers
50−100- Public vets- Private vets
ILRI Spearheading a New Way Forward
Gap filling?
1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 20100
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1800000
2000000
Africa total meat trade
ImportsExports
Calculated from FAO data (FAOSTAT, 2013)
• Production will notkeep pace with consumption growth
• Africa expected to continue being a net importer of animal-sourced foods
• Global trade share: 3%
• Intra-regional trade (2009): 10%
Reality: Productivity gap is filled by imports(Africa is a net importer of animal-source foods)
Reality: Reporting gapis filled by rumour and media
Berenil
Grace 2004
Around 80% of farmers rely on other health service providers
Reality: Human resource gapis filled by non-professionals
Closing the gaps
Ideal: Professional synergies close gaps
• Medical & veterinary• People, animals,
plants, ecosystems• Inter-dependence• Multi-disciplinary• Added value
Humans
Domestic
animalsWildlife
Ecosystems
One Health
One Health Initiative Task Force: Final Report, 15 July 2008
Benefits of One Health
• Improving animal and human health globally >Collaboration among all the health sciences
• Meeting new global challengesthrough collaboration>Vet medicine, human medicine, environmental and social
sciences, wildlife and public health
• Developing centres of excellence forresearch, education and training>Vet medicine, human medicine and public health
Example: Avian influenza response
In Nigeria and other countries, vets and medics shared resources when responding to disease outbreaks, thus
reducing costs and generating better information on transmission and epidemiology
AICP 2011
Joint response
Bird flu vehicle with communication equipment
Reducing the animal and human disease burden
20th century vet• Focus on disease
and treatment• Public service seen
as main career path• Male dominated• Vet as sole provider
of health care• Reliance on clinical
skills for treatment
21st century vet• Focus on health
and prevention• Private sector
increasingly important• Gender balanced• Vet as part of a multi-
disciplinary team• Technology increasingly
important
What is ILRI doing to support One Health?
Conducting integrated human & livestock disease research & capacity development in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Zambia, Senegal
Training doctors in Kenya, dairy farmers in India and meat inspectors in Ethiopia
Supporting One Health resource centres in Vietnam, Thailand, India and Indonesia
Take-home messages
• Rapid, demand-driven growth of Africa’s livestock sector depends on animal health and provides new opportunities for vets
• One Health provides a rationale and methodology for assuring health for people, animals and ecosystems; vets have a major role
• All these opportunities need vets who can work with social scientists, ecologists, animal scientists and medics in novel partnerships that close the gaps between the veterinary profession and poor men and women livestock keepers
The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI.
Better lives through livestockilri.org
Productivity gap: Meat
Biomass is calculated as inventory x average liveweight. Output is given as carcass weight.
FAO 2006
The reporting gap
Africa• 253 million SLU• 25 million lost annually• 12-13 million from notifiable disease• 80,000 reported = 99.8% un-reported
Source: HealthMap