I

PROMOTINGSTOMACH HEALTH

NATURALLYA Japanese Solution to Stomach Ulcers

By Laurie Barclay, MD

Alarming statistics now show that tens of millions of Americansare infected with Helicobacter pyloii (H. pylori), a strain of bacteriathat is implicated in the vast majority of gastric ulcers and caneven lead to deadly stomach cancer. Not surprisingly, gastric distressis one ofthe most common complaints that prompt men and womento visit their doctors. Each day, your stomach may bc subjected tofactors that can induce gastric discomfort and disease, ranging fromalcohol and prescription medications to chronic stress and dietaryindiscretions.

In many cases, however, a routine visit to the doctor is notenough to provide effective, long-lasting relief of stomachdistress. Over-the-counter and prescription remedies are oftenexpensive, carry the risk of side effects, and offer only limitedrelief for gastric upset. Moreover, these stomach aids are increasinglyless effective at eradicating H. pylori infection.

Fortunately, scientists have identified novel nutritional and herbalagents that provide syncrgistic support for stomach health andintegrity by relieving inflammation, promoting tissue repair, andsupporting the body's defenses against H. pylori. One of theseremedies—a complex of zinc and carnosine—was previously avail-able only in Japan as a prescription drug for ulcers, but is now readilyaccessible as a dietary supplement in the United States. Together,these natural agents can serve as the foundation of a strategy to safelyand effectively rclie\e chronic gastric distress and restore .stomachhealth and comfort.

December 2006 LIFE EXTENSION 23

Getting to the Bottomof Gastric Distress

Stomach ulcers affect 20 mil-lion Americans, and even greaternumbers suffer from heartburn andother gastrointestinal symptoms.In addition to producing disablingstomach pain, ulcers may causebleeding or perforation of the stom-ach wall. Ulcers are responsible for6,000 deaths and more than 1 mil-lion hospitalizations in the US eachyear. A revolutionary discovery byBarry J. Marshall and I, Robin Warrenso changed our thinking about whatcauses ulcers that their research wasrewarded the 2005 Nobel Prize inPhysiology or Medicine.

Contrary to popular belief, ulcersare not caused by stress or spicyfoods, but rather by stomach infec-tion with the bacterium HeUcobacterpylori. This bacterium is the culpritin nearly 80% of stomach ulcers andin more than 90% of ulcers in theduodenum, the first portion of thesmall intestine.

Most of the remaining ulcersare associated with the widespreaduse of pain relievers known asnonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs, or NSAIDs.' Cells in the stom-ach lining require chemicals knownas prostaglandins to produce a thickcoating of gelatinous mucus. Thismucosal lining acts as a naturaldefense by keeping acid containedin digestive juices from burning thestomach wall and by preventingharmful bacteria from entering thebloodstream or lymphatic system.NSAIDs block the production ofprostaglandins, thus relieving painand inflammation but also leavingthe stomach lining susceptible toulceration and invasion by H. pylori.

In the Western world, up to halfof all people harbor H. pylori in theirstomachs, as do even more peoplein undeveloped countries." Whileinfection with H. pylori often catisesno symptoms, it can cause gastritis,or chronic inflammation ofthe lowerstomach wall. This hi turn results inincreased acid production from the

non-infected upper stomach, whichcreates favorable conditions for theerosion or ulceration ofthe mucosallining in the stomach or duodenum.About 10-15% of individuals infectedwith H. pylori will eventually developpeptic ulcer disease.

When the upper region of thostomach is also infected with //.pylori, the resulting inflammationsets the stage for stomach cancer or aspecific type of stomach lymphoma.Eradicating H. pylori is thereforeimportant not only to avoid ulcers,but also to lower the risk of develop-ing malignant tumors.'

Since the discovery of how //.pylori affects tbe stomach, con-ventional treatment for ulcers andH. pylori infection has focused onantibiotics to eradicate the bacteria,medication to suppress acid produc-tion in the stomach, and an agentto protect the stomach's lining.' H.pylori is frequenfly difficult to eradi-cate, however, even with long-termuse of these medications. Furthercompounding the problem is that H.pylori often develops resistance toantibiotics, thus rendering treatmentineffective.'' As a result, alternative orcomplementary strategies to supportStomach health are sorely needed.

Fortunately, health-consciousconsumers in the United Statescan now access an effective, natu-ral approach to restoring stomachhealth. Approved in Japan as a drugto treat ulcers, a novel zinc-carno-sine compound has been found tostrengthen the mucosal barrier, coatthe stomach, and inhibit both thegrowth and damaging effects of H.pylori. These benefits of zinc-carno-sine are enhanced by cranberry andlicorice, two natural agents that alsosupport gastric health while diminishing the effects of H. pylori.

How Zinc-CarnosineInhibits H. pylori

Scientists have long known thaizinc and L-carnosine have antioxi-dant properties that promote tis-sue repair and healing.''** Zinc isan essential mineral contained inoysters, meat, seafood, beans, and

24 LIFE EXTENSION December 2006

D-UMONENE: COMPLEMENTARY SUPPORT FOR STOMACH HEALTH

In addition to painful ulcers, another frequent malady affecting the upper digesfive tractis gastfoesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, Also known as heartburn, GERD occurs whenstomach acid regurgitates back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as a burningpain below the breastbone and an acidic taste in the mouth. While ulcers are most oftenrelated to H. pylori infection or use of NSAIDs, GERD is caused by the failure of the loweresophageal sphincter to close properly.

One of the most promising natural solutions for managing GERD is an extract of orangepeel oil called d-limonene. Research suggests that short-term use of d-limonene can offersafe, effective relief of heartburn symptoms lasting up to six months at a time.''" The chemistwho developed d-limonene as a natural remedy for GERD believes that the orange peel oilextract coats the stomach, providing a natural barrier against bacteria such as H. pylori.^^(See "Natural Relief from Heartburn!" Life Extension, September 2006.)

By coating the delicate tissues of the upper digestive tract and relieving the symptomsof GERD, d-limonene may provide complementary support for the health of the esophagusand stomach. Combining d-limonene with zinc-carnosine. licorice extract, and cranberryoffers a well-rounded strategy for fighting discomfort, inflammation, and infection of theupper digestive tract.

nuts. L-carnosine, found in meatand beans, consists of two essentialamino acids—L-histidine and beta-alanine—that are bonded together.When zinc and L-carnosine arelinked by chemicai bond in a singlemolecule, or chelated, their tissue-healing effects become even moreremarkable. In fact, research suggestsIliat a dietary supplement containingchelated zinc and L-carnosine is farmore effective than a mixture of zincand L-carnosine that is not linkedwith a chemical bond in reducingstomach irritation associated withH. pylori and repairing the inflamedstomach mucosal lining/

This chelated formulation of zincand L-carnosine, which is known aspolaprezinc, is approved in Japan asthe active ingredient in a well-knownprescription drug to treat ulcers.Studies show that both componentsof the compound remain boundtogether for some time in gastricjuice and that they coat stomachulcers, releasing L-carnosine andzinc, which help promote the heal-ing of stomach ulcerations and exertinhibitory effects against H. pylori.The zinc-carnosine complex whichis now available to Americans as adietary supplement is biochemi-cally identical to the Japanese drugpolaprezinc, and scientists believeit is equally efficacious and witboutanv serious side effects."

Animal studies have offered cluesas to the mechanism by which thezinc-carnosine complex helps relievestomach inflammation associatedwith H. pylori infection. The zinc-car-nosine complex acts as a scavengerto consume a barmful agent calledmonochloramine that is released byR. pylori bacteria. Monochloraminecontributes to injury ofthe stomach'slining. By neutralizing this harmfulagent, zinc-carnosine thereby reducesinflammation of the stomach lining,prevents invasion by white bloodcells, and averts erosion of epithe-lial cells lining the stomach.'"" Otherresearchers have simiiariy found thatzinc-carnosine helps protect againstgastritis induced by monochloraminereleased by H. pylori, and also helpsheal existing stomach lesions relatedto the effects of H. pylori.'^

For example, in rats that are proneto develop stomach ulcers, zinc-carnosine accelerated healingof these ulcers by increasing pro-duction of insulin-like growthfactor-1 (IGF-1), a natural defenseknown to promote gastric epithe-lial wound repair.'^ By stimulatingIGF-1 production, zinc-carnosinewas similarly found to protect rab-bit stomach cells in the laboratory,thereby promoting healing of stom-ach lesions.'^

Zinc-carnosine has aiso beenshown to enhance healing of the

stomach epithelial lining, by inhib-iting production of pro-inflamma-tory interleiikin-S and by preventinginflammatory white blood cells fromadhering to epithelial cells.'"•'Additionally, scientists have notedthat zinc-carnosine decreases theactivation of nuclear factor-kappabeta (NFkB), a powerful inflamma-tory mediator that scientists believeplays a role in numerous chronic dis-ease states such as cancer and arthri-tis.''' Scientists believe that strategiesto reduce the activity of NFkB maybenefit the entire body by helpingto avert such diverse conditions ascancer, diabetes, and heart disease.(See "What Is Nuclear Factor-KappaBeta?" Life Extension. July 2006.)Zinc-carnosine is thus emerging asa powerful anti-inflammatory agentoffering specialized protection forthe stomach.

romotinj^ StomachHealth Naturally:

YON Need to Kno

• Many factors, including alcohol, stress,medications, and poor dietary choices.can contribute to stomach discomfort.Additionally, close to half of the USpopulation is infected with theH. py/oA/bacterium, the cause ofmost gastric ulcers.

• Medications to manage gastricdiscomfort and eradicate //. pylorimay not effectively relieve symptomsfor all individuals.

• Effective support for stomach healthrequires both fighting H. py/onandpromoting healing of gastric tissues.

• Research shows that a complex of zincand carnosine helps inhibit //. pyloriwhiie supporting repair of the stomachlining. Furthermore, zinc-carnosinecomplex enhances the efficacy ofprescription medications ineliminating M py/or/infection.

• Licorice root extract promotes thehealing of ulcers and inhibits thegrowth of H. pylori.

• Cranberry helps prevent H. pylon'sgrowth and adhesion to the stomachlining. Regular consumption ofcranberry has been linked witheradication of H. pylori

Targeted Protection AgainstStomach-Damaging Agents

Numerous medications, foods,and beverages that we consume dailycan cause damage to the delicatelining of the mouth and stomach.Fortunately, zinc-carnosine appearsto offer significant protection agaitastthese specific threats.

For example, NSAIDs such asaspirin, Advil®, and Motrin® arewidely used to fight pain, inflam-mation, and fever. However, theseagents are also associated with dam-age to the stomach. In animal stud-ies, zinc-carnosine protects stomachmucosal cells against injury causedby NSAIDs."'A recent study from theImperial College of London, UnitedKingdom, tested zinc-carnosine inanimal and human cells in the lab-oratory, as well as in human volun-teers.'' These studies showed thatzinc-carnosine stabilizes the smallintestine membrane and stimulatesintestinal repair, while protectingthe bowel wall against the corrosiveeffects of NSAIDs.

Mouth sores can be painful andmay interfere with the enjoymentof foods and beverages. In addi-tional research, a zinc-carnosinecombination protected the mouthlining against ulceration caused byvinegar."'

While alcoholic beverages arewidely enjoyed socially, they cancause damage to the stomach's lining.Fortunately, zinc- carnosine may offertargeted protection against alcohol'sadverse effects. Studies of rat gastriccells grown in the laboratory showedthat the antioxidant properties ofzinc-carnosine protected the cellsfrom harmful chemicals, includingalcohol. Scientists note that zinc-carnosine directly protects gastricmucosal cells due to its antioxidanteffects.'̂

Pharmaceutical treatment ofulcers caused by H. pylori infec-tion is not 100% effective, possiblydue to the increasing worldwideprevalence of antibiotic-resis-tant bacteria."* hi Japan, physiciansutilize zinc-carnosine complex aspart of a treatment plan for healingulcers. Exciting new research fromlapan confirms that zinc-carnosinemay indeed enhance the efficacy ofpharmaceutical strategies to eradi-cate H. pylori.

In a Japanese study of 66patients with gastrointestinal symp-toms related to H. pylori infection,researchers compared the efficacy ofseven-day triple-antibiotic therapy(with the drugs lansoprazole, amoxi-cillin, and clarithromycin) given withor without zinc-carnosine.-" While86% of the patients treated only withthe atitibiotics experienced eradica-tion of H. pylori, 100% of the patietitswho received the antibiotics pluszinc-carnosine eradicated H. pylori.The scientists noted that whileseven days of therapy with the threeantibiotics is effective in eradicat-ing H. pylori, the regimen's efficacyis significantly improved by theaddition of polaprezinc. While theJapanese require a prescription toobtain the benefits of polaprezinc,Americans can access this importantulcer-fighting therapeutic as a dietarysupplement.

Zinc-carnosine has been usedwidely in human cHnical trials forover a decade. Jn clinical trials enroll-ing a total of 691 patients, 70% expe-rienced remarkable improvementin symptoms, and 65% of patientsdemonstrated evidence of healing

on gastrointestinal imaging testsafter eight weeks of tising zinc-carnosine complex." These impressivefindings confirm that zinc-carnosineoffers effective relief from symptomsof stomach discomfort while produc-ing visible changes in measuremetttsof stomach integrity and health.

Licorice HealsStomach Lining, Blocks

H. pylori Growth

One of the most time-honorednatural remedies for gastric upsetis licorice root, an herbal extract.Modern research confirms whatherbal practitioners have known forcenturies: that licorice promoteshealing of the stomach's lining.

According to Dr. Michael Baker, aresearch professor of medicine at theUniversity of California, San Diego,licorice has long been known to helppromote the healing of ulcers. Bakernotes that licorice-derived com-pounds have the effect of raisingthe local concentration of pros-taglandins that promote mucoussecretion and cell proliferation in thestotnach, leading to healing ofulcers.̂ ^ An extensive review of thescientific literature on plant-basedulcer remedies confirms the clinicalefficacy of licorice in promoting thehealing of ulcers.-̂

Recent studies have revealed howlicorice may help promote this healing process. Animal research suggeststhat licorice reduces the inflamtna-tory response leading to ulcer fortna-tion by inhibiting the production ofpro-inflammatory molecules, includ-ing interleukins and tumor necrosisfactor.̂ -̂ The potent antioxidant activ-ity of licorice also contributes to itsanti-ulcer activity.-''

Licorice extract does much morethan promote healing of the stomachlining. Even more important, variousextracts of licorice have been shownto block the growth of H. pylori inthe laboratory^-'—even of strains oithe bacteria that are resistant to theantibiotic clarithromycin-^' Licoriceextract's effectiveness against clar-ithromycin-resistant strains has ledscientists to propose that licorice

26 LIFE EXTENSION December 2006

may have a place as an alternativetherapeutic agent against H. pylori.

Further analysis of differentextracts from licorice has shown thatthey contain several beneficial flavo-noid compounds that can inhibit thegrowth of H. pylori, including strainsof the bacteria that are resistant to theantibiotics amoxicillin and clarithro-mycin.''^ This remarkable finding ledscientists to propose that such com-pounds from licorice may be usefulpreventive agents for peptic ulcer orgastric cancer in H. pylori-infectedindividuals.

High doses of compounds knownas glycyrrhizinates, which are foundin licorice, have been associated withvarious side effects, including highblood pressure, low blood potassiumlevels, hormonal changes, and diar-rhea.-"-" Scientists have found thatthese side effects can be avoided byremoving glycyrrhizin from the lico-rice, without reducing the activity of

licorice in alleviating ulcer symptomsand in blocking H. pylori growth.'''Licorice from which glycyrrhizinateshave been removed is known asdeglycyrrhizinated licorice, or DGL.

Licorice may specifically protectagainst ulcers caused by NSAJDs.Research has shown that coatingaspirin with licorice before feeding itto rats reduced the number and sizeof ulcers that subsequently formed,cutting their incidence by morethan half, from 96% to 46%."' NSAID-induced damage to gastric mucosallining was reduced to a greater extentwhen DGL was given in combina-tion with the acid-suppressing drugcimetidine, as compared to adminis-tering cimetidine alone.^'

When human volunteers whowere being treated with aspirin (975mg three times a day) also took 350mg of DGL with each dose of aspi-rin, they demonstrated less bloodloss in the stool than did patients

who took aspirin without licorice.^^DGL is believed to stimulate defensemechanisms that help prevent ulcerformation and also promote the heal-ing of damaged mucosal lining inthe stomach.

Cranberry Retards H. pyloriGrowth in Several Wn\^

Cranberry has long been valuedfor its role in promoting the healthof the urinary system. New evidencesuggests that cranberry may also bea potential ally in the battle againststomach erosions.

Laboratory studies suggest that,like licorice extract, mixtures of cran-berry and other plant extracts inhibitthe growth of H. pylori, most likelyby inhibiting a bacterial enzyme anddisrupting energy production.'

An exciting study suggests thatcranberry may help fight H. pyloriinfection in adults. In a well-con-trolled, double-blind Chinese study,189 adults with H. pylori infectionwere randomly assigned to receivetwo 250-mI juice boxes of cranberryjuice or a matching placebo bever-age daily. After 35 days, 14 patients(14.4%) from the cranberry juicetreatment group and 5 (5.4%) fromthe placebo group tested negativefor H. pylori. Since cranberry juicecan help retard H. ;;y/ornnfection inhumans, it may be a promising newtherapy for managing this infectionwithout inducing the side effectscommonly caused by antibiotics."

Cranberry's ability to retard thegrowth of//, pylori may in part reflectits high content of beneficial com-pounds that include proanthocy-anidins and other antioxidants suchas vitamin C and bioflavonoids."In fact, the antioxidant potency ofthese proanthocyanidins is muchstrotiger than that of even vitaminC or vitamin E, allowing these com-pounds to scavenge harmful freeradicals while inhibiting enzymesneeded for bacterial growth.̂ ^

Phytochemicals in cranberryextract may disrupt the structureand stability off/, pylori's bacterialmembrane by increasing its acidcontent and inhibiting an enzyme

December 2006 LIFE EXTENSION 11

needed for energy metabolism.Many of these compounds appearto work together, producing a syn-ergistic effect that is much greaterthan the sum oftheir parts. '̂'

One way that H. pylori does itsdamage is by adhering to gastriccells using a cellular type of "glue"that contains sialic acid. Cranberryextract contains a high-molecular-weight compound that prevents thisbacterial adhesion to gastric cells.'̂This novel mechanism of actionhas ied researchers to suggest thata combination of antibiotics and acranberry preparation may improveH. pylori eradication.

In the laboratory, extracts ofvarious berries, including cranberry,were shown to increase the suscep-tibility of H. pylori to the antibioticclarithromycin.'' However, grape,orange, apple, and white cranberryjuice lack the anti-adhesive activ-ity of cranberry extract, which mayalso explain the unique ability ofcranberry juice to help prevent uri-nary tract infections and mouthulcers.^^ Cranberry's ability toinhibit adhesion of bacteria tothe stomach may prove useful inpreventing stomach ulcers causedby H. pylori^^

Conclusion

Alcohol, Pharmaceuticals, fastfood, chronic stress—taken together,these ubiquitous elements of mod-ern life can be a potent recipe forboth short-term gastric distress andserious damage to the stomach overthe longer term. These threats arefurther magnified by the unrelentingspread of the ulcer-inducing agent H.pylori, which is now believed to affectup to one half of the US population.

Fortunately, a trio of natural ther-apeutics—zinc-carnosine. licoriceextract, and cranberry^can providesafe, effective, synergistic supportfor stomach health, without the highcost and adverse side effects asso-ciated with over-the-counter andprescription stomach aids. Whilezinc-carnosine complex is availablein Japan only as a prescription drugto treat ulcers, it is now readily avail-able in the United States as a dietarysupplement. This combination ofnovel agents relieves gastric dis-tress and promotes stomach healthby supporting the body's naturaldefenses against H. pylori, alleviat-ing the effects of numerous stomach-damaging agents, and promotinggastric healing. H

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