Promoting Eco-Model Cities to Create a Low-Carbon …Shuzo Murakami, Building Research Institute...

Shuzo Murakami, Building Research Institute

Promoting Eco-Model Cities to Create a Low-Carbon Society

1

Shuzo MurakamiProfessor, Keio University


Promoting Eco-Model Cities to Create a Low-Carbon Society

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International Seminar on Promoting the Eco-Model Cities for the Low Carbon Society, Dec. 14, 2008

Shuzo MurakamiProfessor, Keio University

Chairman, The Subcommittee for Creating Eco-Model Cities and a Low-Carbon Society,

The Council on the Global Warming Issue


Outline

1. Preparing for future low-carbon societies and the role of municipalities and residents

2. Summary of the Eco-Model City (EMC) Project

3

3. Assessment tool for environmental performance of cities


1.1 50% CO2 reduction target by 2050(Hokkaido Toyako Summit, 2008)

60-80% reduction required in developed countries

4

Is this target achievable?

Shuzo Murakami, Building Research Institute55

1.2 民生、産業、運輸部門におけるエネルギー消費量の推移(1997年基準)

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

(Yea

r 199

0=1）

16% increase

4% decrease

3% decrease

(Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Energy Consumption Statistics)

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

(compared withyear 1997)

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Civilian Sector

Transportation sector

Industrial sector

1997（ Kyoto Protocol ）

Difficulty saving energy in the civilian sector (home/office construction)

1.2 Energy consumption trends in the civilian,transportation, and industrial sectors

(based on 1997 consumption)


Extremely difficult to reach the reduction target (60-80%) under current energy-saving measures

How can we build a low-carbon society?

To solve global warming, we must achieve a low-carbon society where environment, economy, and society transition to a new level


1.3 Difficulties transitioning to a low-carbon society

How can we motivate people to change from a high-carbon lifestyle to a low-carbon lifestyle?

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We must communicate the urgent need to build a low-carbon society

The EMC Project makes a city’s environmental performance visible

Even if high-performance energy-saving buildings and cities are created, we cannot expect energy-saving results if consumers excessively use energy

Motivates people to be conscious of saving energy

Encourage incentives to transform people’s lifestyles

Effective measures for transitioning to a low-carbon society


Will trigger the transition to a low-carbon society

Stimulate the public’s interest and concern by concretely presenting EMCs as targets to be reached

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Strengthening local social identity will lead to regional revitalizationThe EMC scheme will spread throughout Japan

First, present to the public concrete images of low-carbon societies of the future

1.4 Presenting targets and their effects


1.5 Why focus on cities?

１．Cities are huge consumers of energy

２．The role and function of municipal authorities:・ Main body that draws up and executes measures

Cities expect assistance with energy-saving measures

Moreover, civilian use is growing

・ A major consumer of energyViewpoint is directly connected to residents’ daily lives

・ Responsible for a stable supply of energy to the region

・ Responsibility to promote energy-saving government policies

・ Influences other actors that consume energy


1.6 The image of a low-carbon society and EMC1. A low-carbon society

2. EMC image

3. What kind of approach is needed to transition to a low-carbon society?

The EMC Project embodies an integrated approach

Must shift to a new level in all aspects of the social systemAn integrated approach that draws on all means

Differs according to city scale, environment, social system,industry structure, residents’ lifestyles, etc.

Reducing CO2 is not the only goalAchieving a triangular relationship among environment,economy and society, and improving QOL are additional goals

Should be diversified

（ Excerpt from interim report by the Subcommittee for Creating Eco-Model Cities and a Low-Carbon Society, etc)


1.7 Desired Approach: Switch from individual sector approach to integrated approach

EMC Project

1) Partnership between central offices and ministries2) Partnership between central government and

regional cities3) Partnership among industry, government, and

academia

Integrated approach supported by Cabinet Secretary

Barriers to efficient application and implementation of various environmental policies

Policy makingMunicipal departmentsIndependent bodies, other

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New Initiative: Integrated approach

Conventional Initiative: Individual sector approach

Integration of policy, information, experience, etc. is key to overcoming barriers

Through planning an EMC, it is possible to autonomously promote a low-carbon society policy by setting unified targets, while leveraging local characteristics


1.8 Process for promoting a low-carbon society

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Current assessment and future projection of CO2 emissions

Indentify barriers and clarify stakeholder roles

Establish a future vision through EMCs

Develop a roadmap based on backcasting

Follow-up on EMC action plans


1.9 Achieving paradigm shift from a mass-production,mass-consumption society to a low-carbon society

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(Source: Pekka Huovila,The 2008

World Sustainable Building

Conference)

Promoting EMCs will spread Japan’s experience, technologies, social system, etc. to other countries

Gross national income/person

CO2 emissions/person

USA

Norway

Japan

Spain

Germany

MexicoChina

IndiaBrazil

South Africa

MalaysiaRomania

Nigeria0 1 10 100

0

5

10

15

20Australia




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Outline (repeat)



Development Plan for Cities and Lifestyles

2.1 EMC project background

（Approved January 29, 2008 at the Regional Revitalization Joint Staff Meeting, attended by the entire Cabinet）

”The government of Japan will select Eco-Model Cities that will tackle pioneering initiatives and provide substantial support to them in order to transform Japan into a low-carbon society.” (excerpt)


2.2 Selecting EMCs

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Selection Committee (Chairman: Shuzo Murakami) classified cities by size

(1) Large cities (2) Mid-sized cities, (3) Small cities/towns

Applicant cities were extremely diverse in type, size, etc.Grouping was necessary

2. Application period: Apr.11-May 21, 2008

4. Selection method:

3. Number of applicant cities: 82 in total

Maximized favorable consequences byconsidering the balance of initiative areas, region, etc.

1. Application guideline: Made by the Subcommittee for Creating Eco-Model Cities and a Low-Carbon Society, established by the Cabinet Secretariat


Low-carbonization through the overall municipal structure1. Large cities (case example)

2.3 Images of EMCs as classified by size

1) Reform in the energy utilization structure

3) Housing reform

4) Building urban infrastructure that utilizes the natural environment

Collective utilization of energy and practical use of untapped energy, such as waste incineration/various heat emissions

(eco-housing, use of heat pumps, etc.)

(greening of roofs and walls, urban ventilation paths, etc.)

2) Transportation reform


1) Achieve a compact city

Low-carbonization linked to the surrounding area

2. Regional central cities (case example)

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2) Develop a public transport network

Create a city where government, economy, society, culture, etc. are concentrated in a central area within walking distance

Effective utilization of LRT, etc.


Low-carbonization by utilizing a rich natural environment

1) Utilize natural/reusable energy

3. Small cities and towns (case example)

2) Utilize regional resourcesUse energies such as solar, wind, biomass

Use forest resources and greenery for carbon offset, promote utilization of farm and marine products,and encourage local production for local consumption


① Drastic reduction of greenhouse gas・Improve energy efficiency by 30% or more by 2020・Peak emissions at an early stage・Long-term improvement goals that exceed 50% by 2050

② Model examples and leadership・No similar examples of integrated approach・Serve as an example/reference for other cities in Japan and overseas

③ Regionally adapted initiatives・Unique ideas that leverage the conditions and special characteristics specific to the city

④ Achievability・Smooth, secure implementation of initiatives・Participation by a wide variety of interested parties: local residents, local companies, universities, NPOs, etc.

・Create long-term municipal vitality by presenting a concept for new city development・Educate the next generation, responsible for future city development, on the environment

⑤ Ongoing development of initiatives

2.4 Five selection criteria

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2.5 Selected EMCs and candidate cities

2. EMC candidate cities:

1. EMC:

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6 cities that fully satisfy the 5 selection criteria

7 cities that will resolve areas that do not yet fulfill criteria during the process of drawing up an action plan

Large cities: City of Yokohama, City of KitakyushuRegional central cities:

Obihiro City, Toyama City

Small cities/towns: Shimokawa Town (Hokkaido), Minamata City

Large cities: Kyoto City, Sakai CityRegional central cities:

Iida City, Toyota City

Small cities/towns: Yusuhara (Kochi Prefecture), Miyakojima City

Tokyo: Chiyoda Ward


6 EMCs

Yokohama

KitakyushuObihiro

Toyama Shimokawa

Minamata


Yokohama

・Population:

City Information

approx. 3,630,000

EMC 1: City of Yokohama (Kanagawa Prefecture)

・Large-scale commercial/industrial city centered on the waterfront

・Utilization of renewable energy by leveraging public strengths

・Zero-carbon housing/transportation

・Model of partnership between large city/rural areas

Proposal outline・Reductiontargets:

Over 30%/person by 2025Over 60%/person by 2050


Kitakyushu

・Population:City Information

approx. 990,000

・Industrial city that overcame serious pollution problems in the past

・A low-carbon, industrial/commercial city

・A city that stocks resources to support an enriched life

・International contribution

EMC 1: City of Kitakyushu (Fukuoka Prefecture)

Proposal outline

2030 → improve 30%2050 → reduce 50%-60%

(cooperate with agencies in Asiato reduce CO2 150%)

・Reduction targets:


Toyama City

EMC 3: Toyama City (Toyama Prefecture)

・Population: approx. 420,000

City Information

・Sprawling urban area dependent on cars

・Revitalization of public transportation

・Encourage people to live along public railway lines

Proposal outline・Reduction targets:

30% by 203050% by 2050


Obihiro City

EMC ４: Obihiro City (Hokkaido)

Town Informationapprox. 170,000・Population:

・A town that thrives on large-scale farm management centering on upland farming and dairy farming

・Residents help build up the forest

・Utilize biomass natural resources, etc.

・Develop Eco Town


30% by 203050% by 2050


Shimokawa

EMS ５: Shimokawa (Hokkaido)


Town Information

・Reduction targets:

・90% of the town’s area is forest

・Recycle-based forestry management

・Effective utilization of regional resources

Proposal outline

32% by 2020-203066% by 2050


Minamata City

EMC ６: Minamata City (Kumamoto Prefecture)


City Information

・First city in Japan which announced to create EMC（1992）

・Regional-wide activities

・Recycle natural resources


33% by 202050% by 2050


2.6 Follow-up after EMC selection

2.6.1 Action Plan for Achieving a Low-carbon Society（Approved by Cabinet on July 29, 2008）

An effective approach for making society overall low-carbon is to implement finely-tuned, integrated measures making use of the particular characteristics of individual cities and regions, thus creating advanced models which can be spread across the whole country.

To achieve this, 10 or so cities will be selected as environmental models during fiscal 2008; support will be given for their initiatives with follow-ups conducted to assess the results, and outstanding cases will be developed on a nationwide basis. There will also be collaboration with cities overseas making proactive environmental efforts, and outstanding initiatives from Japan will be publicized overseas.

28（excerpt）


(1) Support for FY2008 initiativesThe Cabinet Secretariat is coordinating with relevant ministries and

agencies and implementing financial assistance, etc. for priority projects carried out in FY2008

2.6.2 Support for EMCs

(2) Support for initiatives from FY2009 and later① Relevant ministries and agencies will provide substantial support② The Cabinet Secretariat will accommodate cross-organizational

initiatives that cannot be accommodated by relevant ministries and agencies’ budgets

③ Activities by the Council for Promoting Low-Carbon Cities (provisional name) will also be supported


2. Council activities1) Hold follow-up meetings to assess EMC progress2) Present awards, etc. for outstanding efforts 3) Expand EMC initiatives, etc. and share information with the world

Hold international symposiums

2.6.3 Framework for promoting the spread of EMCs

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1. Establishment of the Council for Promoting Low-Carbon Cities (provisional name)

Council members: 1) EMCs 2) EMC candidates3) Cities that were not selected4) Cities that did not apply but are highly motivated to achieve a

low-carbon society 5) Relevant ministries and agencies 6) Relevant prefectural governments 7) Other





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Outline (repeat)


1) Worldwide, there are many tools developed for evaluating buildings (CASBEE, LEED, etc.)

2) Growing need for development of environmental performance assessment tools

Present simple, clear evaluation results

In comparison, environmental performance assessment tools are not being developed for cities

To evaluate EMC measures and activities3) Basic development principle

Comprehensive assessment that takes both environmental load and QOL into consideration

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3.1 The need for city environmental performanceassessments

To promote low-carbon societies

Visual expression that is easy to understand


CASBEE-UD (Urban Development)

3) Urban scale

1) Housing scale

CASBEE-City (low-carbon) (under development)

CASBEE-NC (New Construction)

CASBEE-EB (Existing-Buildings)

CASBEE-RN (Renovation)

CASBEE-HI (Heat Island)

(2005.7)

(2004.7)

(2003.7)

(2005.7)

(2006.7)

CASBEE-New Construction (simple ver.)

CASBEE-Nagoya

CASBEE-Osaka

CASBEE-Yokohama

CASBEE by local governments

Other

(2004.4)

(2004.10)

(2005.7)

2) Building scale

(CASBEE: Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency)

CASBEE-Home (detached house) (2007.9)

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3.2 CASBEE: Assessment tool developed in Japan


3.3 Utilizing CASBEE (building) in numerous regional cities

名古屋04/2004～

川崎市10/2006～

兵庫県10/2006～

神戸市08/2006～

京都府04/2006～

京都市10/2005～

札幌市11/2007～

北九州市11/2007～

福岡市10/2007～

大阪市10/2004～

大阪府04/2006～

静岡県07/2007～

横浜市07/2005～

名古屋04/2004～

川崎市10/2006～

兵庫県10/2006～

神戸市08/2006～

京都府04/2006～

京都市10/2005～

札幌市11/2007～

北九州市11/2007～

福岡市10/2007～

大阪市10/2004～

大阪府04/2006～

静岡県07/2007～

横浜市07/2005～

鳥取県制度検討中

神奈川県制度検討中

広島市制度検討中

愛知県制度検討中

柏市制度検討中

鳥取県制度検討中

神奈川県制度検討中

広島市制度検討中

愛知県制度検討中

柏市制度検討中

-Requiring environmental performance assessment using CASBEE when applying for new construction (as of October 2008)- Results to be publicized on the website of each municipality.

北九州市11/2007～

Osaka Pref.From 4/2006

Kyoto Pref.From 4/2006

SapporoFrom 11/2007

Kyoto CityFrom 10/2005

Osaka CityFrom 10/2004

Kawasaki CityFrom 10/2006

City of YokohamaFrom 7/2005

Shizuoka Pref.From 7/2007

NagoyaFrom 4/2004

Kobe CityFrom 8/2006

Hyogo Pref.From 10/2006

Fukuoka CityFrom 10/2007

City of KitakyushuFrom 11/2007

Tottori Pref.System currently under review

Hiroshima CitySystem currently under review

Aichi Pref.System currently under review

Kanagawa Pref.System currently under review

Kashiwa CitySystem currently under review


3.4.1 Definition of building environmental efficiency (BEE) using CASBEE (building) Q and L

BEE =Q (environmental quality)

L (environmental load)

hypothetical enclosed space

boundary

environmental quality of enclosed space

=environmental load on outside area

An assessment system for constructing buildings with even better Q (environmental quality/performance) and less L (environmental load)

(building under assessment)

3.4 Framework for CASBEE (building) assessment


Total Q pts.

Total L pts. 3.4.2 Ranking: Environmental efficiency (BEE) =

L Score

ランク

S: 素晴らしい

A: 大変よい

B+: よい

B-: やや劣る

C: 劣る

0.5

BEE=3.0 1.5 1.0

C

B-

B+S Rank A

56 BEE=1.4BEE=1.4

40

RankS: excellentA: very good B+: good B-: rather poorC: poor

★★★★★

★★★★

★★★

★★

★


3.4.3 Sample assessment from CASBEE-Nagoya (April 2004-October 2007)

(floor space: over 2,000m2)

0

50

100

0 50 100

事務所

学校

物販店

飲食店

集会所

病院

ホテル

共同住宅

工場等

建築

物の

環境

品質

・性能

　Ｑ

建築物の環境負荷　L

S A B+

B-

C0

50

100

0 50 100

A B+

B-

C

OfficeSchoolRetail shopRestaurantHallHospitalHotelApartmentFactory

SQ

(env

ironm

enta

l qua

lity) Sustainable building

Unsustainable building

0.5

3.0 1.54.0 BEE=1.0

L (environmental load)

RankS: A: B+:B-: C:

★★★★★

★★★★

★★★

★★

★


3.5.1 Classification of CASBEE tools according to scale

CASBEE-Urban Development

CASBEE-City

(city scale)

(Urban scale)

CASBEE-Home(Housing/Building scale)

CASBEE-Building

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3.5 City environmental performance assessment


3rd District3rd District

2nd District2nd District

1st District1st District

3.5.2 CASBEE-Urban Development Case Study:Harumi Triton Square

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2.7876

28

0

50

100

0 50 100

Q(街

区/地

域の

環境

品質

･性

能）

L（街区/地域の環境負荷低減性）

S A B+

B-

C

BEEHI=3.0 BB

BEEHI=0.5

BEEHI=1.5 BEEHI=1.0

2.7876

28

0

50

100

0 50 100

Q(街

区/地

域の

環境

品質

･性

能）

L（街区/地域の環境負荷低減性）

S A B+

B-

C

BEEHI=3.0 BB

BEEHI=0.5

BEEHI=1.5 BEEHI=1.0BEEUD=3.0 1.5 1.0

0.5

Q (D

istr

ict E

nviro

nmen

tal Q

ualit

y)

BEE RatingBEE RatingL (District Environmental Load)

Spread CASBEE-Urban Development concept to other cities

BEE RankS: A: B+: B-: C:

★★★★★

★★★★

★★★

★★

★


3.5.3 Image of city environmental loadings (L) and environmental quality (Q)

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Improve environmental quality Q in the city

Hypothetical space surrounding the city

City borderCity border

Reduce environmental load L outside the city

Reduce L

Environmental efficiency =Environmental quality Q

Environmental load L


3.6 Positive consequences of developing CASBEE-City

2. Consequently, utilizing CASBEE-City will contribute to strengthening various cities’ promotion of environmental measures

1. Visualization of municipal environmental performance

Regional revitalization through inter-city competition

3. Comparing environmental efficiency among cities using CASBEE-City

Stimulates public incentive to adopt activities that contribute tolow carbonization

Effectively communicates CO2 reductions to the public

Will attract the interest of many residents and heighten hometown awareness

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No matter how many outstanding energy-saving cities are created, results will not be favorable unless the public takes energy-saving action

Presents environmental efficiency (=improved QOL/reduced environmental load)


Conclusion

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We must reduce CO2 emissions 60–80% by 2050

Spread and promote low-carbon societies by sharing information in Japan and with other countries

Present leading examples of low-carbon societies through the EMC program

Transition to a low-carbon society

Collective awareness through shared images

Promoting Eco-Model Cities to Create a Low-Carbon …Shuzo Murakami, Building Research Institute...

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