Promoting appropriate aquaculture technology formore fish in Southeast Asia Date published: 1999

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To cite this document : SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department. (1999). Promoting appropriateaquaculture technology for more fish in Southeast Asia. SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department,Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines. 24 p.

Keywords : Aquaculture development, Development projects, Fishery organizations, Researchprogrammes, South East Asia

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Promotingappropriateaquaculturetechnologyfor more fishin SoutheastAsia

AQUACULTURE DEPARTMENTSOUTHEAST ASIAN FISHERIESDEVELOPMENT CENTER

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Promoting appropriateaquaculture technology for more fishin Southeast AsiaJune 1999

ISBN 971-8511-41-5

Published by:

Aquaculture DepartmentSoutheast Asian Fisheries

Development CenterTigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines

Cover design: A.P. SurtidaPhotography: R. BuendiaConsultant: A.S. Frio

Copyright © 1999Aquaculture DepartmentSoutheast Asian Fisheries

Development CenterTigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be repro-duced or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, includingphotocopy, recording, or any informationstorage and retrieval system, without thepermission in writing from the publisher.

For comments and inquiries:

Training and Information DivisionSEAFDEC Aquaculture DepartmentTigbauan, Iloilo, 5021 Philippines

Fax: (63-33) 335-1008; 336-2891E-mail: tid@i-iloilo.com.ph/

tvp@aqd.seafdec.org.ph/devcom@aqd.seafdec.org.ph/

Website: http://www.seafdec.org.ph/

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PROMOTING APPROPRIATEAQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY

FOR MORE FISH IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Aquaculture DepartmentSoutheast Asian Fisheries Development Center

Tigbauan, Iloilo, PhilippinesJune 1999

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CONTENTS

Foreword i

From research laboratory to the farm 1

Technology verification trials 2

Milkfish 3

Accelerated transfer ofmilkfish hatchery technology 4

Pond cooperators project 6

Polyculture of milkfishand seaweed in brackishwater ponds 7

Grouper culture in brackishwater ponds 8

Tiger shrimp: use ofenvironment-friendly schemes 9

Mudcrab 10

Mudcrab culture in brackishwater ponds 10

Mudcrab culture in net enclosuresin mangroves 11

Netcage culture of hybrid tilapia 13

Catfish hatchery technology 16

Oyster and mussel culture in rafts 17

Broodstock management and seedproduction of economicallyimportant and cultured fishes 18

Aquaculture for sustainable coastalresources management 20

Aquaculture extension manuals 22

Facilities for technology demonstration 23

References 24

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In mid-1996, the Philippine-based Aquaculture Depart-ment (AQD) of the Southeast Asian Fisheries DevelopmentCenter (SEAFDEC) focused its efforts in promoting thecommercialization of aquaculture technologies. It sub-jected research technologies to various validation trialsthrough a technology verification and extension program.

Through this program, AQD facilitates the use andadoption of commercially viable aquaculture technologiesby different beneficiaries in the region’s aquaculture indus-try – big and small private entrepreneurs, farmer andfisherfolk cooperatives, local government units, and otheracademic, and research and development institutions.

Mature aquaculture technologies earlier developed atAQD’s research laboratories and elsewhere are verified inbrackishwater ponds, small farm freshwater impound-ments, and coastal marine waters like bays and coves.These are conducted in cooperation with private fish farm-ers, universities, local government units, and national gov-ernment agencies.

At present, AQD has verified certain aquaculture tech-nologies that can be implemented commercially for suchcommodities as tiger shrimp, milkfish, grouper, mudcrab,tilapia, catfish, and oysters. The results of these verificationstudies have been published by AQD in the form of easy-to-follow extension manuals.

In addition to its training and mass media informationactivities, AQD has forged ties with private fishpond own-ers, universities, and other agencies in maintaining dem-onstration centers for aquaculture technologies. These areintended to showcase to interested aquaculture farmersthe benefits that they can get from adopting AQD’s tech-nologies.

It is hoped that all these AQD efforts in promotingaquaculture technology may help provide more food forthe table of the many people of Southeast Asia.

Dr. Rolando R. PlatonChief, Aquaculture DepartmentSEAFDEC

FOREWORD

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Agriculture’s Bureau of Fisheriesand Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR) in particular, and

• To network with other relatedlocal and international researchand educational institutions andfishfarmer associations.

FROM RESEARCH LABORATORY TO THE FARM

The Aquaculture Department (AQD)of the Southeast Asian FisheriesDevelopment Center (SEAFDEC) ismandated to conduct aquacultureresearch, training and extensionactivities. These activities are de-signed to assist in alleviating the foodcrisis in Southeast Asia.

Results of AQD research aredisseminated to its various clientelethrough three major technologytransfer strategies: technology verifi-cation, packaging and commercializa-tion; training and extension deliverysystems; and media strategies.

AQD addresses the followingtechnology beneficiaries: fisherfolk,private industry, research and aca-demic institutions, resource manag-ers, non-government organizations,policy makers, regional and interna-tional organizations, member coun-tries, and local and national govern-ments.

In 1996, AQD intensified its ef-forts in promoting the commercializa-tion of aquaculture technologiesgenerated from its previous researchactivities.

It embarked on an aggressivetechnology verification and extensionprogram to demonstrate the techni-cal and economic feasibility of thesetechnologies in commercial farms inthe Philippines.

This program aims:

• To intensify technology verifica-tion activities by field testingspecific culture systems in se-lected farm sites and determiningtheir economic and commercialviability

• To package technologies that arefound to enhance productivityand/or profitability

• To prepare extension materialsfor dissemination to SEAFDECmember countries in general andthe Philippine Governmentthrough the Department of

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• Economic and financial viability –technologies are verified in actualfield settings to determine theirprofitability and viability.

• Environment-friendliness – as aresponse to the worldwide concernfor resource protection and eco-logical balance of the environment,aquaculture technologies aretested as to their positive impacton the environment.

TECHNOLOGY VERIFICATION TRIALS

• Production and marketing linkage– forward and backward linkagesare considered in ensuring continu-ity of viable technology operations.In the case of grow-out technology,backward linkages such as avail-ability of seed supply from the wildand broodstock and hatchery de-velopment are assessed. Forwardlinkages are also evaluated, such asstability of local and export mar-kets.

• Social equitability – technologiesare evaluated in terms of theirimpact on a wider segment ofaquaculture practitioners, includinglow-income fishers. The technolo-gies verified for commercializationare not only limited to commodi-ties with export potential or thosesuitable for big fishpond operatorsand entrepreneurs. They also in-clude those that marginalfisherfolks, including the fry gather-ers, can afford to invest in.

At present, AQD has conductedseveral verification studies on thesecommodities: milkfish, grouper, tigerprawn, mudcrab, tilapia, and catfish.

TECHNO-TRANSFER STRATEGIES

Technology/Information• Verification• Packaging• Commercialization

SEAFDEC Delivery SEAFDECAQD

• TrainingCLIENTELE

• Information• Extension• Community-Based

Media• Print• TV• Internet• Radio

In commercializing and promoting itsresearch-generated technologies,AQD adopts the Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations(FAO) definition of sustainable devel-opment. Under this framework, AQDensures that its technology verifica-tion trials consider the following:

Techno-Transfer Strategies and Target Clientele of SEAFDEC/AQD.

TARGET CLIENTELE

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In the late 1970s, AQD researchersachieved a breakthrough in inducingmilkfish broodstock from the wild tospawn. Subsequently, AQD reared fryto breeders in cages and tanks. Then,eggs from captive breeders sup-ported the development of a milkfishhatchery fry production technology.This was in response to the need foran alternative source of milkfish fry toaugment the requirements of fish-pond operators, especially when alarge number is needed at one time.Traditionally, all of the fry needed bythe industry came from the wild andmore often, they were not enough.Fry also came seasonally. In addition,climate and pollution of the seaaffected this supply.

In a 1992 study, AQD scientistsproved that commercial hatcheryoperations for milkfish were viable.Collaborating with tiger shrimphatchery owners whose operationswere severely affected by the declineof the industry due to diseasesbrought about by highly intensiveshrimp culture, AQD encouragedthem to use their facilities for milk-fish fry production.

The study found that with AQDtechnology, a return on investment of54-61% and a payback period of 1.5years were comparable betweensmall (145-173 tons larval rearingand natural food tank capacity) andbig hatcheries (282-325 tons). Whilethe study showed profitability of thehatchery technology, a problem ondeformed fry surfaced. Some doubtswere also raised on the technologyas to its comparative performancewith fry from the wild. This madeprospective fry buyers reluctant inusing hatchery-reared fry.

AQD has since then proven thathatchery-reared fry are comparable inperformance with wild fry. It collabo-rated with three commercialfishfarms (Gatuslao, Jalandoni andNaranjo) in Negros Occidental, Philip-pines. Results showed that in thenursery phase, a mere 0.23% defor-mity in fry was observed. This de-creased further to almost nil – 0.05%in the grow-out phase using singleponds and 0.003% using a modularpond growing system. In addition,yields were found to be comparablewith, if not better than those milkfishraised from wild fry.

The BFAR National BrackishwaterAquaculture Technology ResearchCenter in Pagbilao, Quezon alsocollaborated with AQD on stockassessment of AQD’s hatchery-rearedmilkfish fry. From the fry that survived(83.75% of 50,000 fry), about 97%were normal fingerlings. Only 3%had abnormalities, which were re-ported to be mostly uncovered gills.

Other similar trials were con-ducted in the Naranjo Farm in Iloilo,the Arches Farm in Capiz, and in theCapiz Institute of Technology and theIloilo State College of Fisheries.

“In our limited trial, we did not achievemaximum benefits from the hatcherytechnology. Probably, we were not able toprovide enough feed for the fish. However,this experience has taught me that there arenew technologies that are more beneficialthan traditional practices.”

Damaso Arches, fishpond owner, Roxas City;AQD cooperator.

“Our experience with grow-out culture ofhatchery-reared fry showed very little fishdeformity at harvest time. We also observedthat the milkfish growth and yield were thesame as those grown from wild fry. Weappreciate efforts of SEAFDEC/AQD ingetting out of their laboratories and sharingwith us this milkfish hatchery technology.”

Roberto Gatuslao, fishpond operator;president of the Negros Prawn Producersand Marketing Cooperative, Bacolod City;AQD cooperator.

MILKFISH

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“We produced fry from SEAFDEC/AQD’smilkfish eggs which were given to us fortesting in our hatchery. We sold some fry tobrokers and gave some to our friends whoalso had fishponds. We still get deformedfry but at 2%, this is negligible. One problemthough, is the non-uniform size of the fry at18-20 days of culture. So this technologyneeds to be refined. SEAFDEC/AQD can berelied on to assist us solve this problem.”

Luis Rojas, hatchery operator, Batan, Aklan;AQD cooperator.

The Rojas TRC hatchery in Aklan used toproduce shrimp fry. Since the slump in theshrimp industry, this hatchery has beenrevived as a facility for verifying AQDmilkfish hatchery technology.

Emboldened by the previous encour-aging results, AQD started in 1998 itsAccelerated Transfer of MilkfishHatchery Technology Program. Thisaims to increase the supply of milk-fish fry through commercial hatcheryoperations using AQD technology.

The program encourages back-yard shrimp hatchery operators todiversify into milkfish fry production.AQD provides the cooperator withmilkfish eggs, natural food starter, afeeding regime, and technical assis-tance. The cooperator finances theoperation and sells his fry as hewishes. AQD researchers collectpertinent data.

The cooperators of the projectare Luis Rojas of the TRC hatchery inBatan, Aklan and Salvador Gestosaniof the Sto. Niño hatchery in Guimbal,Iloilo. Experiences of the cooperatorsindicate that the prospects for milk-fish hatchery operation as a viablecommercial enterprise are very en-couraging.

Accelerated Transferof Milkfish HatcheryTechnology

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“Our hatchery operations may be considereda medium-scale one. In 1997, we testedproduction of milkfish fry in our hatcherythat we previously used for our shrimp frybusiness.

“SEAFDEC/AQD provided us with milkfisheggs and feed. They also trained our peoplein the technology. We sold some 130,000 fryto fishpond owners in the nearby towns andprovinces. We did get some income from theenterprise, about US$925.1”

Salvador Gestosani, hatchery owner, Iloilo;AQD cooperator.

“We were able to show that producingmilkfish fry could be profitable. A significantfactor that would allow this is producing fryat the time that fry from the wild is low insupply. It is more like an off-season marketthat a fry producer would target. Comparedwith shrimp fry production, producingmilkfish fry is easy and does not cost asmuch.”

Gorgonio Talledo, Municipal Mayor,Tubungan, Iloilo; business partner ofGestosani.

The Sto. Niño hatchery (above) also engagedin milkfish fry production in collaborationwith AQD.

1 Exchange rate used was the 1997 figure: US$1 equals 35 Philippine pesos.All dollar figures mentioned in succeeding pages follow the 1997 exchangerate unless stated otherwise.

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AQD has instituted a Pond Coopera-tors Project that would continue toevaluate the performance of hatch-ery-reared milkfish fry in commercialgrow-out scale. Under this scheme,AQD will give hatchery-reared fry tocooperators for free. The cooperatorswill grow this fry in their ponds usingtheir own management and culturetechniques.

Pond CooperatorsProject

Mr. Tomas Hautea Jr., fishpond operator (leftof photo), receives AQD hatchery-producedmilkfish fry from Philippine Department ofAgriculture Secretary William Dar at theinauguration of the AQD fish broodstock-hatchery complex last year. AQD’s PondCooperators Project aims to promote theuse of hatchery-reared fry as an alternativeto wild fry.

Mr. Hautea reports that he has been usingthe AQD milkfish fry for grow-out in hisfishponds in Dumangas, Iloilo. He claimsthat the hatchery-reared fry that AQDtreated with Vitamin C and a Japanesemanufactured feed supplement showedmore resistance to stress and grew faster.

Verification trials are currentlyongoing in five fishfarms. The coop-erators are Dr. Juan Gustilo, Mr.Tomas Hautea Jr., and Mr. FrancisGriño, all in Iloilo; Mr. Rene Obregon,Guimaras; and Mr. Romeo Aaron,Bohol.

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Seaweed (Gracilariopsis bailinae)grown with milkfish in brackishwaterponds was verified as a potentiallyprofitable enterprise for fishfarmers.AQD, in collaboration with the IloiloState College of Fisheries in Iloilo,conducted a trial in nine 100-meterponds.

Initial computations showed thatseaweed stocked at 2,500 kilos perhectare and milkfish at 3,000 finger-lings per hectare can produce in a 3-month cropping period a milkfishyield of 722 kilos per hectare. Whilethis yield does not differ significantlyfrom milkfish grown alone, an addi-tional income from the seaweedharvest can be achieved. The resultsdemonstrated that a fishfarmer canharvest 8.7 tons per hectare of freshseaweed, which can then be soldfresh or dried. Thus, a milkfish

grower stands to earn an addedgross income of approximatelyUS$1,900 for fresh seaweed orUS$ 500 for dried seaweed.

The seaweed-milkfish systemwas also observed to provide amuch-improved pond water quality.The seaweed reduced ammonialevels in the water that can contrib-ute to better growth of milkfish.Fishfarmers can adopt this systemduring the dry season when highwater salinity (25-40 ppt) favorsseaweed growth. During the rainyseason, rains lower the pond watersalinity (less than 15 ppt) and sea-weed will not thrive.

Fishfarmers can earn more income withseaweed cultured with milkfish inbrackishwater ponds.

Polyculture ofMilkfish andSeaweed inBrackishwater Ponds

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“My experience proves that growing groupersin brackishwater ponds is profitable.However, one has to have a secure market.The live fish export market provides a muchhigher price.

“One good area for SEAFDEC/AQD to study isthe agribusiness side of aquaculture. Thiswould surely encourage more entrepreneursto try new technologies.”

Roberto Sanson, fishpond operator, BacolodCity; AQD cooperator.

Mr. Sanson oversees harvesting of groupershe cultured in a brackishwater pond. Hisgroupers are shipped live to Manila traderswho give him US$11-12 per kilo of grouper.

Groupers are a popular food fish inAsia. At present it is a highly valuedcommodity in the live fish exportmarket.

Mr. Roberto Sanson, a fishpondoperator who has a 19-hectare fish-pond in Bacolod City in the Philip-pines, is the first collaborator of AQDin testing the viability of raising grou-pers in ponds. Groupers are usuallycultured in netcages. Like otherfishfarmers in Western Visayas, histiger shrimp operations were greatlyaffected by the slump in the industryin the mid-80s. AQD then offeredhim an alternative: growing groupersinstead of shrimp.

Based on initial calculations froma harvest of about 1,500 kilos, heobtained a net income of US$4,535from a 0.9-ha pond that served asthe first trial. This was for a period of5-7 months culture. AQD reports thatMr. Sanson obtained a return oninvestment of 82%. His paybackperiod was calculated at 1.22 years.

Mr. Sanson claims that he wasable to scout for a good export mar-ket through a group of traders inManila who buy his groupers atUS$11-12 per kilo. Today, he pro-duces an average of 700 kilos aweek. He intends to increase this to1,000 kilos a week to meet the de-mand.

GROUPERCULTURE INBRACKISHWATERPONDS

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A promising AQD technology for thetiger shrimp industry is the use ofreservoirs, sludge collectors, fish asbiological manipulators, bacterialinoculants (probiotics) and/or lowsalinity levels in shrimp ponds. Theseenvironment-friendly schemes aredesigned to prevent the occurrenceof diseases.

Under the Philippine Govern-ment “Oplan Sagip Sugpo” (Save theShrimp) program, AQD worked withthree intensive tiger shrimp farms(Sanson Farm, Sta. Clara Farm andGolden Prawn Farm) in Negros Occi-dental. In each farm, two ponds wereused for the trial.

The trials showed that the aboveschemes in shrimp culture wereindeed useful in preventing shrimpdisease. One pond in the SansonFarm produced shrimp with an aver-age weight of 18 g after 109 days ofculture. In the second pond, shrimpswere 17 g after 120 days. At the Sta.Clara Farm, tiger shrimp weighed32 g after 125 days. In another pond,stocks were harvested with an aver-age weight of 20 g. Survival rate was65%.

The scheme achieved best resultsin the Golden Prawn Farm. The firstpond of 0.4 ha produced a harvest of2,800 kg after 164 days of culture.Survival rate was 94% and shrimpweighed 38 g. The second pond (0.5ha) yielded 3,400 kg of tiger shrimpafter 168 days and the shrimpweighed 36 g on average. Survivalrate was 92%.

Actual sales proceeds from thetwo ponds amounted to US$45,171while direct operating cost wasUS$25,165. Gross profit was calcu-lated as US$20,005.

Cooperators’ ponds used in verificationtrials on environment-friendly schemes forshrimp culture included those in the SansonFarm (top) and the Sta. Clara Farm (left).These commercial aquaculture farms arelocated in Negros Occidental, Philippines.

TIGER SHRIMP:USE OFENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLYSCHEMES

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Brackishwater pond production ofmudcrab (Scylla spp.) is usually donein combination with milkfish. Inponds where milkfish natural fooddoes not thrive, an alternative is togrow mudcrab alone.

AQD has shown the technicaland economic feasibility of raisingmudcrabs in commercialbrackishwater ponds.

“I read somewhere about SEAFDEC/AQDmudcrab technology in one of its publica-tions. I wrote SEAFDEC and asked fortechnical assistance. Their researchersassisted me in the construction of a netenclosure for the mudcrab in my half-hectare pond that we previously used formilkfish. They also provided the technologyfor its culture. We do not have a large farmso this mudcrab project helped supplementour family income.”

Arlene Gargarita, fishpond owner, NegrosOccidental; AQD cooperator.

“At first, raising mudcrab in our ponds was avery new experience. We are used togrowing milkfish and shrimp.

“We found out that harvesting of mudcrabwas a very tedious process. Mudcrab wouldhave to be dug from their hiding places,claws have to be tied, and so on.”

Claudette Jalandoni, Jalandoni Farms,Negros Occidental; AQD cooperator.

ITEM JALANDONI MONTELIBANO GARGARITAFARM FARM FARM

Yield (kg) 792 669 713

Culture period (days) 145 130 122

Survival rate (%) 63 66 72

Gross profit (US$) 3,543 2,992 3,189

Variable cost (US$) 2,583 1,987* 2,530

Net profit (US$) 960 1,005 660

*This farm used its existing concrete vertical dikes in its ponds where the mudcrab wasgrown. The other farms incurred costs for materials and construction of the mudcrab pensin the pond.

Its researchers collaborated withthree fishfarms in Negros Occidental,Philippines: Jalandoni, Montelibanoand Gargarita farms. In each of thesefarms, the trials used 0.5 ha pondsthat were stocked with 5,000 piecesof crablets. The technology verifica-tion trials showed the followingresults:

MUDCRAB

Mudcrab Culture inBrackishwater Ponds

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Growing mudcrabs in net enclosuresin mangrove areas offers a viablelivelihood alternative for coastalcommunities. In addition, it ensuresprotection of mangroves since thenet enclosures where mudcrab israised leave the trees alone as theyare. This system has been practicedin Malaysia, Vietnam and China.

AQD verified this technology intwo sites in the Philippines: PuertoPrincesa City, Palawan, and Kalibo,Aklan.

In the Palawan site, AQD special-ists teamed up with a local farmercooperative and the City AgricultureOffice of Puerto Princesa. The verifi-cation trial harvested 485 kilos after 5months of culture in a 0.4-hectaremangrove area. The survival rate was86%. Calculations showed that thereturn on investment on the produc-tion of mudcrab in mangrove areaswas 59%, and the payback periodwas 1.6 years.

“It was my son who works in the CityAgriculturist Office who convinced me to trymudcrab in one of our fishponds. He saidthat the technology tried by SEAFDEC/AQD,the farmer cooperative and their officecould be an additional source of income forour farm. “We constructed a 200-sq.m. net enclosureinside one pond and stocked it withmudcrab. I harvested the mudcrab and sold5-10 kilos at a time, within the 3-monthculture period. “Some office workers in Manila bought mymudcrab through another relative thatworked in the same office. I’ll continue withthis mudcrab project, even though small asit may be. This is really another profitableventure for me as a farmer.”

Fred Magbanua, farmer, Puerto Princesa City.

A staff member of the City AgriculturistOffice of Puerto Princesa City and a farmermember of a local cooperative help in theharvesting of mudcrab. This AQD verificationtrial of growing mudcrab in a net enclosurein a mangrove area offers an alternativelivelihood for coastal fishers and farmers.

Mudcrab Culturein Net Enclosures inMangroves

Meanwhile, an enterprisingfarmer in Puerto Princesa has triedmudcrab production in one of hisfishponds. Using the AQD technologypracticed in the farmers’ cooperativesite in Barangay Manalo, Mr. FredMagbanua, a farmer, tried mudcrabculture in a 200 sq m pond. He usu-ally raises milkfish in his fishponds.He also produces mangoes, bananas,and other vegetables in his farm. Mr.Magbanua reports that from a totaloperations cost of US$514, he wasstill able to obtain an additional netincome of US$257 from his 200 sq mmudcrab initial trial.

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AQD conducted another trial todemonstrate that growing mudcrabin tidal flats with existing mangrovesis a viable aqua-silviculture venture.This was done in collaboration withKASAMA, a local farmer and fishercooperative in Kalibo, Aklan.

In the tidal flats with reforestedmangroves, uniformly sized net en-closures measuring 200 sq m, wereused to raise the mudcrab.

Mudcrabs were stocked at 0.5and at 1.5 per sq m and were fedwith either salted fish bycatch or amixed diet of salted brown musselflesh and salted fish bycatch. From a200-sq m enclosure, a net revenue ofUS$98.50 was obtained from the 0.5crab stocked per sq m andUS$130.80 for mudcrab stocked at1.5 per sq m Return on investmentwas calculated at 65% for the 0.5 persq m stocking rate and 87% for the1.5 per sq m stocking rate.

Two hundred sq.m.-net enclosures housed the mudcrab at the trial site in Aklan, Philippines.Mudcrab culture in tidal flats like the above site proves to be an aquaculture system that isenvironment-friendly. No mangrove trees are cut to give way to the construction of netenclosures.

“Our coop members saw the profitability of growingmudcrab in mangrove areas as shown to us by SEAFDEC/AQD researchers. We are small fisherfolks and the 200-sq.m. mudcrab pen is an ideal size that would attract morefamilies in our area to engage in mudcrab culture. “We are currently negotiating with the Department ofEnvironment and Natural Resources for a 10-hectare areaadjacent to our farms that we can use for mudcrab cultureand other aquaculture projects.”

Francisco Sutoniel, Chairperson, KASAMA cooperative,Aklan; AQD cooperator.

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Tilapia culture in freshwater ponds,pens and net cages is now widelypracticed in the Philippines. Demandfor tilapia fry has been increasing thatbreeding techniques have come upwith tilapia hybrids. A tilapia culturesystem using netcages in a natural orman-made water impoundmentoffers a profitable livelihood to farm-ers and fisherfolks.

AQD tested this system in coop-eration with a people’s organizationand the local government unit inBingawan, Iloilo. Eleven net cageswere installed in a small farm fresh-water reservoir to raise a geneticallyimproved all-male tilapia hybrid.Preliminary data from initial harvestsshowed a return on investment of49% with a payback period of 2years.

The AQD’s first tilapia verification trial wasconducted using netcages (below). The trialshowed that tilapia culture could improvethe livelihood of farm families, especiallythose who reside in places where smallwater reservoirs or impoundments can beused for tilapia production.

NETCAGE CULTUREOF HYBRIDTILAPIA

A second verification run wasconducted in another site in Binga-wan in cooperation with the currentmunicipal mayor Ted Peter Plagata.Initial reports show that some 1,500kilos of tilapia with an average bodyweight of 125 gm could be producedin eight 5x5x3-meter netcages.

Due to the successful experienceof Mr. Plagata, many farmers in themunicipality have been attracted andare willing to try growing tilapia. Hereports that his office has acquiredfunds from the Department of Agri-culture to support farmers who areinterested in tilapia production. Headds that while engaging in tilapiaculture is profitable, farmers in themunicipality cannot easily afford theventure, as the cost of fry and feedaccounts for a large portion of oper-ating costs.

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Meanwhile, news about theBingawan tilapia verification trialsand their income-generating poten-tial has reached local governmentofficials of an adjacent municipality,Tapaz, in Capiz province. They imme-diately sought the assistance of AQDin putting up a similar project in a16-hectare irrigation dam in themunicipality. At present, AQD staff, incooperation with the Tapaz localgovernment, is constructing 14

Many small farm water reservoirs are found in the rolling agricultural landscape of Bingawantown (above). These ponds can be effectively used for growing tilapia as an added source ofincome for rice farmers.

netcages (5x5 m each) which will beused to demonstrate the culture oftilapia. Some 600 pieces of an AQD-developed tilapia hybrid are to beused as stock in a few netcages. Therest of the fingerling stocks will besupplied by DA-BFAR, another col-laborating institution.

“This verification trial that SEAFDEC/AQDconducted in my small farm reservoir provedthat tilapia production is profitable.

“This can greatly help supplement theincome of our farmers, who are mostly ricefarmers. We learned much from the tilapiatechnology introduced to us, especially onthe economical and efficient ways ofutilizing feeds.”

Ted Peter Plagata, Bingawan MunicipalMayor and AQD cooperator.

Due to the increased interest inraising tilapia among communityresidents, AQD is closely collaborat-ing with the local government ininitiating zoning regulations. This is toprevent undue proliferation ofnetcage tilapia culture that may resultin environmental problems.

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“We are a member of the Central PanayEconomic Unification, Inc., a 5-municipalityconsortium whose main aim is to provide aunified and systematic developmentprogram for our constituents.

“Our collaboration with SEAFDEC/AQD andDA-BFAR in the tilapia project aims to drawattention to this technology as a possiblealternative enterprise for our farmers. Weshall promote this livelihood projectespecially among our rebel-returnees whoneed to be integrated in the mainstream ofgovernment assistance programs.”

Mayor Romualdo Exmundo, Tapaz, Capiz.

The Tapaz irrigation dam (below) drawswater from many small springs from thesurrounding mountains. The dam shall serveas a demonstration center for AQD’stechnologies on netcage culture of tilapiaand other freshwater fish.

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“Yes, SEAFDEC/AQD showed that hatchery-produced catfish fry can be used for grow-out culture. In our first trial in my 450 sq. m.pond, we were able to harvest 456 kilosafter 6 months of culture. The fish bodyweight averaged 100 g. From a stockingdensity of 5,000 pieces, we got a survivalrate of 88%. We obtained US$ 1,200 grosssales and incurred an operating expense ofUS$ 997. Our net margin was US$ 2032.”

Tomas Hautea Jr., fishpond operator andAQD collaborator.

2 Exchange rate: US$ 1 = 38 Philippine pesos,May 1999.

AQD has recently developed aninduced breeding and hatcherytechnology for mass production offry of the Philippine catfish (Clariasmacrocephalus). This technologyanswers the need for fry for grow-out production as this catfish is fastdisappearing from its natural habitatin the Philippines.

AQD research found that fryreared in net cages in ponds pro-duced heavier and longer fingerlingsthan those reared in tanks. Also, thecatfish grew faster in ponds. Whenthe fingerlings were stocked in pensin a 440-sq m pond for the grow-outperiod and fed with an AQD-formu-lated diet in combination with com-mercial pellets containing 27% pro-tein, the catfish exhibited highergrowth rate than those fed withother diets.

AQD reared catfish fry in netcages in pondsand found them to grow into heavier andlonger fingerlings.

CATFISHHATCHERYTECHNOLOGY

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OYSTER ANDMUSSEL CULTUREIN RAFTS

Oyster and mussel farming is ahousehold activity in fishing commu-nities. Young and adult members ofthe household perform various tasksduring the culture cycle.

An AQD technology on the pro-duction of oyster and mussel usingbamboo raft has been developed byresearchers in the early 1980s. Thistechnology uses spat collectors thatare hung in a bamboo raft and sub-merged in seawater instead of theusual practice of horizontal stakes.The production system promiseshigher yield potential, higher profitsand less pollution of the water wherethe oyster and mussel are grown.Previously, the raft method (alsoknown as rack hanging method) of

“This SEAFDEC/AQD technology of using bamboo raft for oyster and mussel culture canprovide added income since we’re getting more in our harvests.

“Our village is adjacent to a 50-hectare cove that leads to Sapian Bay. Our village has about1,000 families, mostly composed of small fishermen. There are some of us who grow grouper,milkfish and snapper in net cages. We also grow oyster and mussel. We hope more wouldadopt this bamboo raft technology for oyster and mussel production.”

Jonathan Malan, fisher, Ivisan, Capiz; AQD cooperator.

“Many fishers here raise oysters using thetraditional bamboo stakes. Some ten ofthem who saw our verification trial beganadopting our bamboo raft technology. Theymay be a few but we are happy that thistechnology is proving useful to them.

“This technology has much potential in thisarea, since the bamboo raft method is highlysuitable and works better in deeper waters.”

Ruben Rabe, aquaculture officer, LocalGovernment of Ivisan; AQD collaborator.

oyster culture was shown to be twiceas profitable as the stake methodused in medium-sized farms of 826-962 sq m in Western Visayas, Philip-pines.

Aiming to promote this technol-ogy, AQD conducted a verificationtrial in Ivisan and President Roxas inCapiz. This was implemented incooperation with the local govern-ment unit. The trial used 6 x 8 m

bamboo rafts containing 800 hang-ings/raft with 15 spat collectors/hanging.

Initial calculations showed thatan average of 10 kilos of oyster percollector could be harvested after6 months. This could amount to4 tons/raft, a potential additionalgross income of US$274-411. Formussels, harvest could be 2,000kilos that could command a price ofUS$114-160.

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AQD collaborates with the PhilippineDepartment of Agriculture’s InlandSearanching Station in Palawan prov-ince and the Puerto Princesa CityAgriculturist Office in verifyingbroodstock management and hatch-ery techniques for groupers andother important fishes.

Recently, a groundbreaking cer-emony for the AQD-designed hatch-ery of the Station was held with offi-cials of AQD, BFAR and the PuertoPrincesa City Government in atten-dance. The local government has pro-vided a new 5-hectare site for thehatchery in its City Environment Estate.

This estate is an important com-ponent of the Puerto Princesa environ-ment program. The City Governmentis popularly known for its espousal ofenvironment-friendly activities in theuse of its natural resources.

The Inland Searanching Station isexpected to be a demonstrationcenter for aquaculture technologies.At present, the Station raisesbroodstock of groupers, panther

Floating netcages house broodstock ofseveral fishes in the Department ofAgriculture’s Inland Searanching Station inPalawan (above). The Station shall serve asa demonstration center for aquaculturetechnologies developed by SEAFDEC/AQDand other agencies.

The SEAFDEC/AQD-designed broodstock andhatchery complex (above right) is now in itsinitial stage of construction at the DA-BFARInland Searanching Station. This facility willshowcase hatchery technology for economi-cally important fishes like grouper, snapper,siganids and others.

BROODSTOCKMANAGEMENTAND SEEDPRODUCTION OFECONOMICALLYIMPORTANT ANDCULTURED FISHES

groupers, milkfish and some marineornamental fish. AQD hopes to pro-vide the station with more technicalassistance in broodstock manage-ment and hatchery operations.

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“Our collaboration with SEAFDEC/AQD andBFAR, through our City Agriculturist Office,will indeed greatly support our environmentprogram and eco-tourism projects in PuertoPrincesa City.

“This hatchery will supplement our effort tocurb export of live fish caught through non-environment friendly means. In the process,we shall encourage more efforts in aquacul-ture production.”

Mayor Edward Hagedorn,Puerto Princesa City.

“In the long term, we intend to have thisstation as a source of SEAFDEC/AQD-developed aquaculture technologies,especially the hatchery-reared fry that weshall produce from our broodstock.Eventually, we would be able to produce fryand show to our entrepreneurs that thiscould be a profitable venture.”

Bert Abrera, Manager, DA-BFAR InlandSearanching Station, Puerto Princesa City.

“We will strive to extend as much technical assistance as possible for this station to be able toconduct its expanded broodstock and hatchery management program. Our hatchery complexaims to produce fry to show that hatchery-produced fry can augment the need for fry,especially during times that fry supply is low.”

Dr. Rolando Platon, SEAFDEC/AQD Chief (above, at groundbreaking ceremonies of AQD-designed hatchery complex).

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Local government officials of twoadjoining coastal municipalities,Ibajay and Tangalan in Aklan prov-ince, Philippines are currently col-laborating with AQD in testing aquac-ulture technologies that wouldensure a sustainable coastal re-sources management program.

AQUACULTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE COASTAL RESOURCESMANAGEMENT

The collaborative project aims todemonstrate and transfer appropriateaquaculture technologies that areenvironment friendly and sociallyequitable. It also seeks to facilitateformulation of coastal resourcesmanagement policies and aquacul-ture development programs.

“SEAFDEC/AQD was quite efficient in doingthe survey of our coastal resources. I wasvery much impressed by their thoroughstudy. We feel that this collaboration wouldreally result in a better understanding of ourcommunity’s capabilities and need foraquaculture technologies.”

Pedro Garcia, Municipal Mayor, Ibajay,Aklan.

“Our collaboration with AQD-SEAFDEC aimsto provide an alternative livelihood for ourcommunity. Their aquaculture technologiespromise to uplift our community’s standardof living.

“This project will no doubt support our eco-tourism thrust. We have a cloth-weavingindustry, our pinya cloth, and our Jawili Fallsand beautiful beaches that we are promot-ing for more people to visit and see.”

Jed Tirol, Municipal Mayor, Tangalan, Aklan.

“SEAFDEC/AQD earlier conducted a mudcrabculture project in a net enclosure inside ourmangrove area. We were able to get a goodharvest and the prospects are bright for ussmall fisherfolks. We are now trying thistechnology again in a wider area where ourfishers are involved. This is an alternativelivelihood for us, especially during thenortheast monsoon season. At this time, thewinds are strong and we find it difficult togo out to sea to fish.”

Norberto Soliba, Village Chief, Ibajay, Aklan.

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Aside from applying locally suit-able aquaculture technologies, theeffort is using social technologies anddevelopment strategies as the com-munity-based approach, the co-management approach, and cost-sharing among the collaboratinginstitutions. This includes AQD’sexperience in its previous project in afishing community in Malalison Is-land where lessons learned from co-management of fishery resources,people empowerment and commu-nity organizing are being applied inthe new project.

In cooperation with the commu-nity officials and residents, AQD firstconducted a study of the coastalresources, fishing practices and othersocio-economic factors in the twomunicipalities. After this, appropriateaquaculture technologies were iden-tified. These are now being imple-mented in selected sites. Amongthese are mudcrab culture in both

ponds and pens within a mangrovearea, searanching with abalonestocked at a nearby fish sanctuaryand grouper culture in floating cages.

Another effort that seeks to de-velop and protect marine resourcesin four coastal municipalities of Iloiloprovince (Oton, Tigbauan, Miag-aoand San Joaquin) is the Panay GulfDevelopment Program (PGDP). Thisprogram is under the auspices ofIloilo’s first district representative inthe Philippine Congress.

At present, AQD is assisting per-sonnel of PGDP in two projects:broodstock development of the win-dow pane shellfish (Placuna pla-centa, locally known as kapis, whoseshells are used for shellcraft for ex-port) and tilapia culture in smallfreshwater ponds.

In like manner, AQD is also col-laborating with the Philippine Busi-ness for Social Progress (PBSP), agroup of business companies en-gaged in providing livelihood oppor-tunities for small farmers and fishers.

AQD currently works with PBSPstaff in projects designed to rehabili-tate the coastal resources in the oncerich Maqueda Bay in Samar province.The PBSP’s project on cage culture ofgrouper has been refined with AQDtechnology. Another project is theculture of mudcrab in mangrovesbeing tested in one village.

Both projects are envisioned tobenefit some seven community-based organizations and 844 fishingand farming households in the area.

In cooperation with local governmentofficials and community residents,SEAFDEC/AQD has started testing certainidentified technologies that are suitable tothe area. One such technology is the cultureof grouper in floating netcages. Other trialsare being conducted on mudcrab penculture in the mangrove areas and culture ofabalone and seaweed.

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AQUACULTURE EXTENSION MANUALS

Supporting AQD’s information dis-semination is its publication program.Aside from its regularly distributednewsletters and media news re-leases, AQD also produces aquacul-ture extension manuals.

These simple, easy-to-followmanuals are intended as extensioneducation materials that can be usedby extension agents, aquaculturists,researchers, academicians and stu-dents, policy makers, farmers andother interested parties.

Since its inception, AQD haspublished several extension manualson production of various aquaculturecommodities.

In addition to these, three exten-sion manuals have been publishedrecently as a result of AQD’s technol-ogy verification trials in the last twoyears:

a. Milkfish pond cultureb. Pen culture of mudcrab in man-

grovesc. Grouper culture in brackishwater

ponds

As other technologies are verifiedfor commercialization, more exten-sion manuals are planned to bepublished in the near future.

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While AQD tests its technologies inprivate commercial farms, it alsomaintains two facilities that the gen-eral public can visit to see and ob-serve how these technologies work.

FACILITIES FOR TECHNOLOGYDEMONSTRATION

These are the Integrated FishBroodstock and Hatchery Complex inits main headquarters in Iloilo, andthe Brackishwater Pond Station inDumangas, Iloilo, some 50 kilome-ters further northeast.

Both facilities are used to verifyfurther improvements in aquaculturetechnology being developed by AQDresearchers. In addition, these serveas appropriate venues for the varioustraining courses that AQD offersevery year.

Above left is the Integrated Fish Broodstock and Hatchery Complex that currently houses milkfishand grouper broodstock and fry used for research and technology verification activities. AQD hasrecently acquired its Dumangas Brackishwater Pond Station (below). This 16-hectare site wasdonated by the Philippine Department of Agriculture in ceremonies held last year (above right).

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Aldon, E.T. 1998. Organizing theMalalison community. SEAFDECAsian Aquaculture. Vol. 20, No. 6.Pp. 18-19. Aquaculture Depart-ment, Southeast Asian FisheriesDevelopment Center, Tigbauan,Iloilo, Philippines.

Anon. 1998. Technology VerificationHighlights (1996-1998). Technol-ogy Verification and ExtensionSection, Aquaculture Department,Southeast Asian Fisheries Develop-ment Center, Tigbauan, Iloilo, Phil-ippines.

Anon., 1999. 1998 Highlights. Train-ing and Information Division,Aquaculture Department, South-east Asian Fisheries DevelopmentCenter, Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines.32 pp.

Baliao, D., M.A. delos Santos andN.M. Franco, 1999. Pen culture ofmudcrab in mangroves. Aquacul-ture Department, Southeast AsianFisheries Development Center,Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines. 12 pp.

Baliao, D., M.A. delos Santos. E.M.Rodriguez and R.B. Ticar, 1999.Grouper culture in brackishwaterponds. Aquaculture Department,Southeast Asian Fisheries Develop-ment Center, Tigbauan, Iloilo, Phil-ippines. 18 pp.

Dagoon, N.J. 1998. Livelihood optionsand the impact of the CFRM projectusing social and economic indica-tors. SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture.Vol. 20, No. 6. pp 27-29. Aquacul-ture Department, Southeast AsianFisheries Development Center,Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines. 32 pp.

Gacutan, R.Q. 1997. Verification andcommercialization of oyster cultureby hanging rafts in Capiz and Aklan.Summary proposal 1997. Aquacul-ture Department, Southeast AsianFisheries Development Center,Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines. 5 pp.

Garcia, L.Ma.B, R.F. Agbayani, M.N.Duray, G.V. Hilomen-Garcia, A.C.Emata and C.L. Marte. 1998. Eco-nomic assessment of commercialhatchery production of milkfish(Chanos chanos Forsskal) fry. In J.Applied Ichthyology. 1998Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag,Berlin. (In press)

Guanzon, N. Jr. 1999. Biculture ofmilkfish and Gracilariopsis bailinaeZhang et Xia in brackishwaterponds. TVP Form 1b. Annual Re-port. Aquaculture Department,Southeast Asian Fisheries Develop-ment Center, Tigbauan, Iloilo, Phil-ippines. 3 pp.

Insull, D. and Z. Shehadeh. 1996.Policy directions for sustainableaquaculture development. FAOAquaculture Newsletter. August1996. No. 13. Inland WaterResources and Aquaculture Service.Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United Nations. Rome, Italy.28 pp.

Samonte-Tan, G.P.B. and G.C. Davis.1998. Economic analysis of stakeand rack-hanging methods of farm-ing oysters (Crassorstrea iredalei)in the Philippines. Aquaculture.Vol. 160. pp 239-249. Elsevier Sci-ence B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Siar, S.V., G.P.B. Samonte and A.T.Espada. 1995. Participation ofwomen in oyster and mussel farm-ing in Western Visayas, Philippines.Aquaculture Research Vol. 26. pp.459-467. Blackwell Science Ltd.,Oxford, U.K.

Surtida, M.B. 1998. Malalison makesfull circle. SEAFDEC Asian Aquacul-ture. Vol. 20, No. 6. pp 12-13.Aquaculture Department, South-east Asian Fisheries DevelopmentCenter, Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines.32 pp.

Surtida, A.P. 1998. 8 years later.SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture.Vol. 20, No. 6. p 19. AquacultureDepartment, Southeast Asian Fish-eries Development Center,Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines. 32 pp.

Triño, A.T. and E.M. Rodriguez. 1999.Mudcrab culture in tidal flats withexisting mangroves. AquacultureDepartment, Southeast Asian Fish-eries Development Center,Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines. 13 pp.

REFERENCES

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PROMOTING APPROPRIATEAQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGYFOR MORE FISH IN SOUTHEAST ASIASEAFDEC AQUACULTURE DEPARTMENTTIGBAUAN, ILOILO, PHILIPPINESJUNE 1999

The Southeast Asian Fisheries Devel-opment Center (SEAFDEC) is a re-gional treaty organization establishedin December 1967 for the purpose ofpromoting fisheries development inthe region. Its Member Countries areJapan, Malaysia, the Philippines,Singapore, Thailand, BruneiDarussalam, and the Socialist Repub-lic of Vietnam.

Representing the Member Countriesis the Council of Directors, the policy-making body of SEAFDEC. The chiefadministrator of SEAFDEC is theSecretary-General whose office, theSecretariat, is based in Bangkok,Thailand.

Created to develop fishery potentialsin the region in response to the glo-bal food crises, SEAFDEC undertakesresearch on appropriate fishery tech-nologies, trains fisheries and aquacul-ture technicians, and disseminatesfisheries and aquaculture informa-tion. Four departments were estab-lished to pursue the objectives ofSEAFDEC.

• The Training Department (TD) inSamut Prakan, Thailand, estab-lished in 1967 for marine capturefisheries training

• The Marine Fisheries ResearchDepartment (MFRD) at ChangiFisheries Complex, Singapore,established in 1967 for fisherypost-harvest technology

• The Aquaculture Department(AQD) in Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philip-pines, established in July 1973 foraquaculture research and develop-ment

• The Marine Fishery Resources De-velopment and Management De-partment (MFRDMD) in KualaTerengganu, Malaysia, establishedin 1992 for the development andmanagement of the marine fisheryresources in the exclusive eco-nomic zones (EEZs) of SEAFDECMember Countries.

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