PROMISES AND TURMOIL: THE

1960S Unit 8 Ch.28

ELECTION OF 1960• Republican- Nixon

o Eisenhower’s vice president for 8 yearso good campaignero kitchen debate (1959)

• Democrat- Kennedyo young, wealthy Senator from Massachusetts

• Campaign o first use of televised debates; Kennedy appeared more

comfortable

• Results o Kennedy won in one of the closest elections in U.S. history

DOMESTIC POLICY

• Cabinet and advisorso Sec. of Defense Robert McNamarao economist and ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith

• New Frontier Programso aid to educationo health careo urban renewalo civil rights

FOREIGN AFFAIRS• Bay of Pigs (1961)

o CIA trained Cuban exiles to overthrow Castroo they quickly surrendered

• Berlin Wall (1961)o constructed by the East Berlin regime to keep people from

the east from fleeing to West Berlin

FOREIGN AFFAIRS• Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

U.S. blockaded Cuba after discovering the Soviets were importing nuclear weaponsAfter 13 days an agreement was reached in which the U.S. would

promise not to invade Cuba and the missiles would be removedAn emergency hotline was installed between Washington and Moscow

• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)• Almost 100 nations including the two superpowers agreed to end

atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons

• Flexible Response• Spending was increased on convetional arms and mobile military units

ASSASSINATION While touring in Dallas in Nov. 1963, president Kennedy was shot twice and killed

Lee Harvey Oswald was also killed while in police custody

Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in two hours after the assassination at the Dallas airport

JOHNSON’S GREAT SOCIETY Lyndon Johnson became president after Kennedy and went

on to win the election of 1964

Johnson’s Great Society was to help poverty and racial injustice

Medicaid and Medicare were introduced to help the poor and elderly with healthcare

Immigration Act of 1965 got rid of the quota system and made it easier for immigrants to come into the country

1.2 billion was spent on poverty but 22 billion was spent on the war in Vietnam

CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS Civil Rights Act 1964Segregation illegal in public facilities

Voting Rights Act 1965Ended literacy tests and provided government registrars

LEADERSHIP OF MLK, JR.

• March on Washington (1963)• over 250,000 protesters

• MLK gave his “I have a dream” speech

• March on Montgomery (1965)• Voting rights march from Selma, AL to Montgomery

• Johnson had to send in federal troops to protect the marchers

• Murder in Memphis• King was killed in 1968; riots ensued in major cities

BLACK MUSLIMS AND MALCOLM XMany young Blacks were fed up with waiting for civil rights

Nation of Islam felt that there should be Black Separatism

One of the Nation of Islam’s most vocal leaders was Malcolm X

Stokely Carmichael pushed for self reliance under “black power”

The Black Panthers were formed and felt violence should be used to protect themselves – Huey Newton

Riots erupted in many of the major cities including Watts

THE WARREN COURT Criminal Justice

4 decisions that affected the rights of the defendant

Reapportionment Election districts would be redrawn to provide equal

representation to all voters

Freedom of expression and privacy 3 controversial decisions changed the way the Consitution was

interpreted

STUDENT MOVEMENT AND THE NEW LEFTFree-Speech Movement-many UC Berkeley students protest

for their right of free speech

Administration brought out police and banned political activity on school grounds

In 1966, deferment was no longer allowed and many students protested

To avoid the draft some became conscientious objectors or left to Canada

Teach-ins and student strikes became commonplace

COUNTERCULTURE Counterculture meant the challenging of established values

Hippies began to dress different and wear different hairstyles

More young people experimented with LSD and Marijuana than ever before

Beatlemania swept the nation

Over 400,000 people attended a concert called Woodstock in New York state 1969

WOMEN’S MOVEMENTMany women were pushed out of the civil rights groups

because of black power

Women went on to start the women’s liberation movement

Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique which showed that women could be more than just housewives and sparked the women’s movement 1963

Equal Pay Act directed that men and women should be paid the same for doing the same job

National Organization for Women (NOW) was created to bring women into full participation in society

KENNEDY AND VIETNAMDiem was a very unpopular ruler who used brutality and

uprooted peasants

He forced Catholicism on a country mostly Buddhist

Many Buddhist monks protested him by setting themselves on fire

Kennedy let it be known that he would support a military coup and Diem was assassinated

ESCALATION UNDER JOHNSONEscalation-increasing the amount of troops and weapons

1965

Johnson said that the North Vietnamese had fired on American ships in the Gulf of Tonkin

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed Johnson to carry out the war in Vietnam

American planes dropped a million tons of bombs on North Vietnam

Bombs such as Agent Orange and Napalm destroyed forests, farms, and had harmful effects on humans

YEAR OF SHOCKS: 1968Tet Offensive-massive assault on most of the major cities in

Vietnam by the Viet Cong and was looked like a major defeat here at home

When Johnson lost support because of Vietnam he decided not to run for president

Robert Kennedy was running for president but was assassinatedRiots occurred outside the Democratic Convention in Chicago

when police used mace and tear gas on protesters, the Democrats looked bad

Richard Nixon was voted in as president in 1968George Wallace ran for president saying “segregation now,

segregation tomorrow, segregation forever”