Prometheus №20

7/21/2019 Prometheus 20

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30/106

;. - ;6>7 . .: . , : - - (;6>=-;6>7). Oawy ^rahgtgusz, Pkrszkwk, 4>;4, o 2, .;40-;94.

4. M. H. Cko`, K Hamgro Lfstary ai tlg Ravfgt @gar`fk, Ogw Vare, ;694, p. ;94.2. Fdfmgh, p. ;99-;90.

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Fdfmgh, p. ;90.7. Fdfmgh, ;90-;90, p. ;;;-;;4.4. . ;6>=-FF. . 2;9. . 46 .: . . ;>4. ;6>6. . 426. . 4>4. . 42.

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47.

;6>6 . , , -, , . . . ;>4. ;6>6. . 426. . 4>4. . 7. , , , (, . .) . , . 76.49. Krrt mu ]rfduokc Imrkc Rufssg stktukot go skobg pcofrg mu ;4 ivrfgr ;6>0, sur ck mghkomg prsgotgpkr ck c`ktfao Fhprfkcg mg Tussfg, tgomkot k adtgofr c'gxtrkmftfao mgs irrgs Cao gt @gar`gs Egrgssgcfmz gt mgOgstar Hk`kcaii, paursufvfs saus c'fobucpktfao mg vac hkfo krhg. Ckuskoog, ;6>0, p. 49.

40. Bahhfsskrfkt mKooghkssg. Rurvgfcckobg `orkcg mgs rvacutfaookfrgs russgs. Ku sujgt mgs vacs bahhfs hkfos krhg go Tussfg, bahhuofbktfao mg ;=. 6. ;6>9. BLKO. krtao I 0. ;474;.40. Fdfmgh.

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31/106

. , -..: Bahhfsskrfkt mKooghkssg, Rurvgfcckobg `orkcg mgs rvacutfaookfrgs russgs. Ku sujgt mgs vacs bahhfs hkfos krhg go Tussfg, bahhuofbktfao mg ;7. 6. ;6>9. BLKO, bkrtao I 0, ;474;. . . -. , , .2>.

Krrt mu ]rfduokc Imrkc Rufssg stktukot go skobg pcofrg mu ;4 ivrfgr ;6>0, sur ck mghkomg prsgotgpkr ck c`ktfao Fhprfkcg mg Tussfg, tgomkot k adtgofr c'gxtrkmftfao mgs irrgs Cao gt @gar`gs Egrgssgcfmz gt mgOgstar Hk`kcaii, paursufvfs saus c'fobucpktfao mg vac hkfo krhg, p. 44-42.2;. . , (;6;=-;6;;2, ;(=), . ;=6. ( . .).24. . , - , , 4>>4, .;;9-;;6. ( . .).22. , . ;;6-;4=.2=. . , ;6>0 . : .

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32/106

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4. ;6;>. . 4=>. . 4=06. . 96.


33/106

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34/106

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38/106

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39/106

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40/106

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LFR]ATV Bahrkmgslfp pgapcgs ai tlg Bkubksus murfo` tlg Ifrst Parcm Pkr:

KZGTDKFJKOFR fo Bkubksfko Bkvkcry Mfvfsfao

]lg krtfbcg mgkcs wftl tlg pkrtfbfpktfao ai Kzgrdkfjkofs fo tlg Ifrst Parcm Pkr ks pkrt ai

tlg Bkubksfko Bkvkcry Mfvfsfao. Baosfmgrgm gvgots blkrkbtgrfzfo` bahrkmgslfp pgapcgs ai

tlg Bkubksus murfo` tlg Ifrst Parcm Pkr.

Egywarms: Kzgrdkfjko, wkr, Bkubksus Bkvkcry Mfvfsfao

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41/106

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42/106

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43/106

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45/106

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46/106

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51/106

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52/106

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53/106

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54/106

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55/106

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56/106

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]lg krtfbcg kokcyzgs tlg bkusgs ai pgkskot uorgst fo Mk`gstko murfo` tlg Ifrst Parcm Pkr.

Ks aog ai tlg hkfo rgksaos tlg kutlar fmgotfifgs kotf-oktfaokc blkrkbtgr ai pacftfbkc kom

gbaoahfb rgiarhs uomgrtkego dy tlg tskrfst `avgrohgot fo tlg pravfobg.

: , , , ,-,

, , .

Egywarms: Bkubksus, Mk`gstko, tlg Ifrst Parcm Pkr, Keskf ]grgecf-Hgetgd, pgkskot

uprfsfo`s, tlg tskrfst `avgrohgot, kotfpfskrseag havghgot.


57/106

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58/106

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59/106

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65/106

, - -, - , - , - , - -, - . - -, - , - , - .(;;)

, , -, , , . , . . , 9> ,

> , , 6> . , , 2> .(;4)

.

, . ;6;9 .

;6;9 . , , , , - , , , , , .

, ,

, 4 ;6;7 ;2 ;6;7 . (;2)

;6;0 , . ,

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66/106

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, , , .

;6;0 - .

- . 6 ;6;0 - . - . 27 . - .

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4> ;6;0 44 . 46

;6;0 =0 , 4< .2> ;6;0 ;07 29 , 2; . , - 2;2 . , .

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67/106

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.

:;. 0 (46), ;669. 0 (46).4. .. . // : . .,;660. . ;;= .

Ruifsh fo Blgbloyk: fts foicugobg ao baotghparkry sabfgty

Hkfrdge Ykblk`kgv

(^krfs,Irkobg)


68/106

]lfs krtfbcg kttghpts ta gxpckfo law Ruifsh fo Blgbloyk tamky fs dgfo` gxpcaftgm dy tlg

vkrfaus pacftfbkc iarbgs fo tlg rgpudcfb fo pursuft ai tlgfr awo goms. Fo stkre baotrkst ta

iaccawgrs ai bckssfbkc Ruifsh, tlg prgsgot-mky kmlgrgots ai Ruifsh fo Blgbloyk krg oat

blkrkbtgrfzgm dy tlgfr hystfbfsh ar, ft iaccaws, tlgfr mgtkblhgot irah pacftfbs. Ruif

strubturgs fo Blgbloyk tamky krg vgry apgocy kom kbtfvgcy fovacvgm fo tlg rgpudcfb's

pacftfbkc cfig. Avgr tfhg, tlg mgsbgomkots ai tlg slgfels (spfrftukc cgkmgrs ai RuifDratlgrlaams (;) ) lkvg dgbahg tlg cgkmgrs, fo k bgrtkfo sgosg, ai pacftfbkc ikbtfaos5 ft fs

tlgy wla mgbfmg wla wfcc bktgr iar tlg fotgrgsts ai aog ar koatlgr Ruif Dratlgrlaam. ]lfslks cgm ta k sudstkotfkc blko`g fo tlg vgry okturg ai Ruifsh fo Blgbloyk, wlfbl lks fo turo

foicugobgm blko`gs fo Blgblgo sabfgty ks k wlacg. ]lfs krtfbcg aiigrs ko gxpckoktfao ai tlg

wky fo wlfbl tlfs foicugobg fs gxgrtgm ao Blgblgo sabfgty tamky, kom ai law ft hky

fhpkbt ao tlg sabfa-pacftfbkc sftuktfao fo tlg ogkr iuturg.

Wp uotfc oaw, kctlau`l hkoy wares ao tlg racg ai Ruifsh fo Blgblgo sabfgty gxfst,

rgsgkrblgrs lkvg ckr`gcy rgstrfbtgm tlghsgcvgs ta gxpcarfo` tlg lfstarfbkc gxtgot ai ftsfotramubtfao ar ta kotlrapaca`fbkc stumfgs (Kekgv 4>;;5 Zgcefok ;666), ar tlgy lkvg

sau`lt ta gcubfmktg tlg racg pckygm dy aog ar koatlgr slgfel fo tlg lfstary ai tlg oktfao

(Kekgv ;66=5 Oksuelkoav 4>>;45 Tkskoav 4>>6).

Iurtlgrharg, tlg hamgro lfstarfa`rkply ai Blgbloyk baotkfos oat k sfo`cg ware

purpartfo` ta slaw tlg fotgrokc ar`kofzktfao ai k Ruif tkrfqk (Ruif Dratlgrlaam) kom,

kbbarmfo`cy, fts vfrms (tlg Blgblgo tgrh iar tlg shkccgr dratlgrlaams wftlfo k `fvgo

tkrfqk), ks k iuomkhgotkc bahpaogot ai tlg strubturg ai Blgblgo sabfgty ftsgci. Ft fs

prgbfsgcy tlg tkrfqkswlfbl, kt tlfs pafot fo tlg lfstary ai Blgblgo sabfgty, lkvg wgkegogm

fts efoslfp strubturg (tlg tgfpstrubturg). Kom sa tlg tkrfqkslkvg avgr tfhg dgbahg aog ai

tlg ikbtars wgkegofo` tlg pasftfao ai bcko kom ikhfcy rgcktfaos wftlfo Blgblgo sabfgty.

Pftl tlfs tlgsfs ks fts stkrtfo` pafot, tlfs krtfbcg wfcc gxkhfog tlg blko`gs wlfbl lkvg

abburrgm fo tlg Ruif tkrfqksfo tlg rgbgot pkst, fobcumfo` uomgr tlg baomftfaos ai hfcftkry

baoicfbt fo Blgbloyk. Ft wfcc kmmrgss tlg wky fo wlfbl tlgy hkok`gm rgcktfaoslfps murfo`

tlg wkrs, tlg ikbtars mrfvfo` sabfgty kt k tfhg ai dcaamy baoicfbts, kom tlg dgkrfo`s dy

wlfbl Ruifsh fs oaw tryfo` ta arfgot ftsgci kt uomgr baomftfaos ai ogftlgr wkr oar pgkbg.

HG]LAMACA@VDksgm ao tlg kutlar's awo ifgcmware, wlfbl lg uomgrtaae fo Blgbloyk irah ;669 ta ;666

ks rgsgkrbl iar k haoa`rkpl, lg lks mrkwo baobcusfaos baobgrofo` tlg hktgrfkciauomktfaos kom kbtfvftfgs ai tlg Ruif Dratlgrlaam strubturg. Dgtwggo 4>>; kom 4>>7, tlg

kutlar's ware wks dksgm ao vfmga kom kumfa rgbarmfo`s lg adtkfogm vfk kssfstkots foBlgbloyk (Yktblk`kgv 4>>6).

]lg kutlar hkmg bahpkrktfvg stumfgs: ai tlg mfiigrfo` tkrfqksfo Blgbloyk5 ai tlg vkrfaus

dratlgrlaams wftlfo aog tkrfqk5 kom ai vkrfaus Ruif Dratlgrlaams irah tlg mfiigrgot

tkrfqks. Kcc ai tlfs lks gokdcgm lfh ta `krogr k ckr`g khauot ai huctf-ikbgtgmkotlrapaca`fbkc hktgrfkc ao tlg burrgot stktg ai Ruifsh fo Blgblgo sabfgty. Murfo`

ouhgraus mfsbussfaos wftl tlg cgkmgrs ai aog ar koatlgr Ruif Dratlgrlaam, ft lks dgbahg


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passfdcg ta sgg tlg fotgrokc pacftfbs ai tlg hurfms(tlg hghdgrs ai k vfrm (4) ) sahgwlkt

mfiigrgotcy.

]lg adjgbtfvg ai tlfs stumy fs tlg kttghpt ta slaw tlg mggpgr sudstkobg ai tlg Ruif

Dratlgrlaam strubturg kt tlg prgsgot mky. Fo pafot ai ikbt, avgr tlg twa bgoturfgs ai

Ruifsh's prgsgobg wftlfo Blgblgo sabfgty, fts prkbtfbgs lkvg blko`gm vgry baosfmgrkdcy.Womgr tlg WRRT, ft wks kbtukccy baoifogm iarbfdcy wftlfo tlg dauoms ai Ravfgt sabfgty,

casfo` kcc baotkbt wftl Ruif strubturgs gcsgwlgrg fo tlg warcm. Pftlfo tlfs sgkcgmgovfraohgot, gtlofb dauomkrfgs kcsa gstkdcfslgm cfogs ai mghkrbktfao.

Fo tlfs ware, tlg kutlar aocy `fvgs aog ikbgt ai lfs baobcusfaos ks ta tlg pacftfbkc kbtfvftfgs

ai tlg Ruif gcghgot fo sabfgty, okhgcy fts kssuhptfao ai bgrtkfo ai tlg iuobtfaos ai pacftfbkc

pkrtfgs (2), kom pkyfo` pkrtfbuckr kttgotfao ta gcgbtfaos.

]LG ^ACF]FBFZK]FAO AI RWIFRH.]lg ouhgraus Ruif Dratlgrlaams tlkt gxfst fo Blgbloyk kcc dgcao` ta aog ai twa tkrfqks

eoawo tlrau`laut tlg warcm: tlg [kmfrfyyk kom tlg Okqsldkomfyk. ]lgsg twa tkrfqks,

wlfbl dgbkhg gstkdcfslgm fo Blgblgo sabfgty fo tlg ofogtggotl bgotury, stfcc rghkfoifxturgs iar Blgblgos kt tlg dg`foofo` ai tlg twgoty-ifrst.

Gkbl Ruif tkrfqk fo Blgbloyk fs rgprgsgotgm dy k `rgkt ouhdgr ai mfvgrsg Ruif

dratlgrlaams (tlg vfrms). Gkbl Ruif Dratlgrlaam rgprgsgots tlg fotgrgsts ai k pkrtfbuckr

`raup ai pgapcg wftlfo Blgblgo sabfgty. ]lgy iuobtfao ks k hgblkofsh iar tlg pacftfbkc

rg`ucktfao ai Blgblgo sabfgty ks appasgm ta k vglfbcg iar tlg hystfbkc tgkblfo`s ai aog ar

koatlgr slgfel fotgot ao drfo`fo` lfs dratlgrlaam bcasgr ta uomgrstkomfo` tlg hystgrfgs ai

Fsckh (Yktblk`kgv 4>;;: 44


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Kt spgbfifb pgrfams fo Blgblgo lfstary, tlg slgfels lkvg kbtgm oat ks tlg cgkmgrs ai Fsckhfb

`raups dut ai pacftfbkc `raups fo Blgblgo sabfgty. Fo ikbt, tlg Ruif Dratlgrlaams fo

Blgbloyk bko dg sggo ks pratatypfbkc pacftfbkc pkrtfgs, hgkofo` pacftfbkc havghgots

prahatfo` mfiigrgot fotgrgsts iar tlg Blgblgos. Oawlgrg fs tlfs harg advfaus tlko fo tlg

gxkhpcg ai tlg bacckpsg ai tlg Tussfko Ghpfrg, wlgo Dacslgvfes, haokrblfsts, sabfkcfsts

kom Fsckhfb tlgaca`fkos kcc trfgm ta drfo` ks hkoy hurfms irah tlg vkrfaus RuifDratlgrlaams avgr ta tlgfr sfmg ks tlgy baucm.

]lg iaccawgrs ai slgfel Dkhkt-@frkf-Elkmjf Hftkgv baosfmgrgm tlg Dacslgvfes ta dg

fobkpkdcg ai tkefo` tlg cgkm fo tlg rkbg iar pawgr, kom sa tlgfr kpprakblgs ta tlg

Dacslgvfes wgrg aocy hkmg ao tlg dksfs tlkt tlgy hf`lt patgotfkccy dg tghparkry kccfgs fo

tlg stru``cg k`kfost Plftg `gogrkc Mgofefo. ]lgsg iarbgs wgrg cgm kt tlg tfhg dy slgfel

Kcf Hftkgv. ]lg iaccawgrs ai Ru`kfp-Hucck @afsuhav, fo baotrkst, iauom ft passfdcg ta

rgkbl k`rgghgot wftl tlg Dacslgvfes. ]lgy mfm sa ks k bauotgrwgf`lt oat aocy ta Mgofefo's

krhy dut kcsa ta tlg Mk`gstkof Fhkh @atsfoseff's prgtgosfaos ai dgbahfo` tlg sfo`cgcgkmgr ai tlg wlacg Huscfh Oartl Bkubksus. ]lg giigbt wks kcsa igct lgrg ai Ru`kfp-

Hucck's pgrsaokc lastfcfty tawkrms slgfel Wzfo-Elkmzlf Rkctfoseff,(=)

wla lkm mgbckrgm tlg

brgktfao ai k Oartlgro Bkubksus Ghfrktg, wftl fts bkpftkc fo tlg Blgblgo vfcck`g aiYgmgoa. Rahg fomfvfmukc slgfels, subl ks tlg iaccawgrs ai slgfel Racsk-Elkmzlf

Vkomkrav, adsgrvgm k strfbt ogutrkcfty tawkrms kcc tlg wkrrfo` iarbgs wlfbl krasg dgtwggo

;6;0-;6;6.

]lg mfvfsfao ai tlg Ruif Dratlgrlaams kcao` pacftfbkc cfogs wks mfrgbtcy rgcktgm ta tlg

qugstfao ai wlah ta iarh kccfkobgs kcao`sfmg fo tlg ogw, past-]skrfst Blgbloyk. Fo tlfs

sftuktfao, tlg slgfels kbtgm ks pacftfbkc cgkmgrs, wlfcg tlgfr iaccawgrs (tlg hurfms) wgrg

tlgfr gcgbtarktg, avgr wlah tlg pacftfbkc iarbgs iau`lt, gkbl tryfo` ta pfbe up ks hkoy

suppartgrs ks passfdcg fo armgr ta gstkdcfsl tlgfr kutlarfty fo Blgbloyk (Eazcav gt kc.4>;;: 49;-


71/106

]lg kccfkobg dgtwggo Dacslgvfes kom Fsckh fo tlg WRRT ckstgm uotfc ;64=. Plgo ft

dgbkhg bcgkr ta tlg Dacslgvfes tlkt tlgfr lacm ao pawgr wks kssurgm, tlg kutlarftfgs

ghdkregm ao k rupturg wftl tlgfr grstwlfcg Huscfh kccfgs. ]lgrg iaccawgm hkss krrgsts kom

slaatfo`s ai slgfels, ks wgcc ks tlgfr hast mgvatgm hurfmskom tureels.(7)

Kbbarmfo` ta tlg

kutlarftfgs' pcko, tlg tgrrar uocgkslgm dy tlg rg`fhg k`kfost Fsckhfb ifùrgs wks ta lkvg

rghavgm tlg spfrftukc duttrgssgs ai tlasg iarbgs wlfbl hky kt sahg stk`g fo tlg iuturg lkvgiarhgm k rgsfstkobg ta tlg Dacslgvfes (Kelhgtelkoav kom Muelkgv 4>>0: 4;).

]lkoes ta tlg giiarts ai tlasg wla rkccfgm krauom tlgfr slgfels murfo` tlg Ravfgt grk,

hfcftkot ktlgfsh wks oat kdcg ta uomgrhfog tlg ikftl. ]lg vgry lfstary ai tlg Ruif

Dratlgrlaams fs tlg lfstary ai k stru``cg iar spfrftukc survfvkc wlfbl rgqufrgm baostkot

rgsfstkobg ta tlg Ravfgt rg`fhg. Ruifsh's icf`lt uomgr`rauom kccawgm iar tlg dksfbs ai

Fsckh ta dg prgsgrvgm wftlfo sabfgty ikr dgttgr tlko fo tlasg rg`faos wlgrg tlgrg lkm dggo

oa Ruifsh. Fo tlasg pckbgs wlgrg Ruif Dratlgrlaams lkm dggo kbtfvg - fo Blgbloyk,

Foùslgtfk kom Mk`gstko - Fsckh wks dgttgr skigùkrmgm tlko fo tlasg rg`faos wlgrgRuifsh lkm oa iaatfo`: fo Assgtfk, Ekdkrmfoa-Dkcekrfk, Ekrkblkgva-Blgregssfk kom

Kmy`gfk. ]lgrg wks oat k sfo`cg hasqug fo tlgsg ckttgr rgpudcfbs. Huscfhs fo tlgsg

rgpudcfbs ta k `rgkt gxtgot rgckpsgm fota pk`ko dgcfgis, hfstkefo` tlgsg iar Fsckhfb oarhs(khucgts, pk`ko igstfvkcs pkssgm aii ks oktfaokc lacfmkys, trkmftfaos hfxfo` oktfaokc kom

Fsckhfb ikbtars, gtb.) (Dkdfbl kom Racavgvk 4>>=: =9).

]lg Ruif Dratlgrlaams kcsa pckygm k sfòfifbkot racg murfo` tlg wlacgskcg mgpartktfao ai

Blgblgos fo ;6==. ]lg Ruif strubturg kcao` wftl tlg tgfp (bcko) irkhgware dgbkhg ko

kmmftfaokc suppart kt tlfs tfhg. ]lg kutlarftfgs trfgm kcc efoms ai wkys ta bahdkt tlg

foicugobg ai rgcf`faus ifùrgs. Kbbarmfo` ta tlg pckos ai sgofar pkrty ifùrgs, vfsfts ta

Blgbloyk hkmg dy tlg slgfels Kdmuc-Elkhfm Vkomkrav kom Dkumfo Krskoav (9)

au`lt

aobg kom iar kcc ta lkvg mfsbrgmftgm tlg hgo tlghsgcvgs kom mgharkcfzgm tlgfr iaccawgrs.]lasg fo pawgr kssuhgm tlkt tlgy baucm usg tlg slgfels' kutlarfty iar tlgfr awo goms. Dut

fo ikbt gvgrytlfo` waregm aut ta tlg baotrkry: tlg slgfels mfm oat ghpcay tlgfr kutlarfty fo

suppart ai Ravfgt pawgr, ygt hkok`gm ta usg tlg ckttgr's strgo`tl fo armgr ta lgcp tlgfr

hurfms. Gvgo tlasg tlauskoms ai Blgblgos wla, kt tlg slgfels' rgqugst, lkm surrgomgrgm

tlghsgcvgs ta tlg kutlarftfgs kitgr tlg mgpartktfao fo Blgbloyk wgrg oat slat. ]lgy wgrg

krrgstgm kom gxfcgm, dut `fvgo tlg sacgho aktl ai tlg Blgblgo slgfels, tlg kutlarftfgs wgrg

bahpgccgm ta ùkrkotgg tlgfr cfvgs. Fo tlfs wky, tlg slgfels skvgm tlauskoms ai tlgfrbauotryhgo, rktlgr tlko lkomfo` tlgh avgr ta tlgfr mgstrubtfao ks ktlgfstfb Ravfgt

prapk`komk sudsgqugotcy su``gstgm lkm lkppgogm (Yktblk`kgv 4>>6: 4>4).

Iaccawfo` tlg Blgblgo rgturo irah mgpartktfao, bckssfbkc Ruifsh ks subl wks gotfrgcyrgcg`ktgm ta sgbaom pckbg. Murfo` tlfs pgrfam, tlg Ruif Dratlgrlaams apgrktfo` mggp

uomgr`rauom trfgm fo kcc efoms ai wkys ta eggp yauo` pgapcg wftlfo tlgfr splgrg ai vfsfao,

rktlgr tlko cgt tlgh subbuhd ta tlg foicugobg ai hfcftkot ktlgfsh.

BAO]GHÂTKTV RWIF DTA]LGTLAAMR FO BLGBLOVK KOM ]LG IFTR]A^GO BCKRL AI ]LG ]KTF[KR


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Fo Blgbloyk tamky, tlg [kmfrfyyk tkrfqk fs rgprgsgotgm dy sfx Ruif Dratlgrlaams, wlfcg

tlgrg krg 44 Okqsldkomfyk Dratlgrlaams (Yktblk`kgv 4>>6: 4


73/106

Rfobg tlg dg`foofo` ai tlg pacftfbkc stkom-aii dgtwggo Blgbloyk kom Tussfk fo ;66;, tlg

Blgblgo Ruif Dratlgrlaams lkvg rgvgkcgm tlgfr pacftfbkc pasftfaos rg`krmfo` wlkt wks

abburrfo`. K hkjarfty ai tlg hghdgrs ai Okqsldkomfyk Dratlgrlaams, kom kcc wftlaut

gxbgptfao fo tlg [kmfrfyyk kmaptgm k stkobg fo ikvar ai fomgpgomgobg. ]lg iaccawgrs ai tlg

Okqsldkomfyk Dratlgrlaam ai Rlgfel Mgof Krskoav mgbckrgm tlghsgcvgs bcgkr appaogots

ai tlg Blgblgo kutlarftfgs kt tlg tfhg, tkefo` tlg stkobg tlkt rgcktfaos wftl Tussfk slaucmoat dg warsgogm. Iurtlgrharg, k`kfost tlg dkbe`rauom ai gsbkcktfo` pradcghs fo

Blgbloyk, tlg Tussfko kutlarftfgs sau`lt ta gxpcaft tlg sftuktfao wftlfo Ruifsh iar tlgfrawo goms. Kbbarmfo`cy, Kelhgm Krskoav, tlg `rkomsao ai Rlgfel Mgof Krskoav, wks

kppafotgm ks Tussfko prgsfmgot Darfs Vgctsfo's rgprgsgotktfvg fo Blgbloyk. ]lfs wks tlg

ifrst kttghpt iaccawfo` tlg bacckpsg ai tlg WRRT ta rgkbl aut ta tlg Blgblgos usfo` k

rgspgbtgm if`urg, aog ai tlg mgsbgomkots ai tlg Ruif slgfels (Ea`ko-Vksoff ;66)

@gzk-Elkmzlf irah Zkomkeseff. Ft slaucm dg oatgm tlkt khao` tlasg wla

blasg oat ta gxprgss ko apfofao ao tlg baoiraotktfao wks tlg dratlgrlaam ai Kdskt-slgfel

irah Kccgraf (kctlau`l tlg gotfrg foogr bfrbcg ai Kscko Hkselkmav wgrg

iaccawgrs ai tlfs slgfel), Rukfp-hucck irah Rlkcf kom Wshko-Elkmzlf irah Ckelk-Ogvrg

(gvgo fi Kscko Hkselkmav baosfmgrgm lfhsgci k hurfmai tlfs slgfel (;;) ).

]lg Ruif Dratlgrlaams mfm lawgvgr bcgkrcy gxprgss tlgfr pasftfaos murfo` tlg hfcftkry

apgrktfaos fo Blgbloyk dgtwggo ;66=-69, wlgo tlg Tussfko krhy gobrakblgm fota

Blgbloyk wftl tlg kfh ai puttfo` ko gom ta tlg sgpkrktfst havghgot fo tlg rgpudcfb, kom

drfo`fo` ft dkbe uomgr igmgrkc baotrac irah Hasbaw.

]lg suppart ai tlg Ruif Dratlgrlaams fo tlg wkr k`kfost Tussfk wks ko advfaus

plgoahgoao. Wofts okhgm iar tlg dratlgrlaams tlgy wgrg mrkwo irah gotgrgm tlgdkttcgifgcm. Wofts okhgm iar "Rlgfel Euot-Elkmzlf", "Rlgfel ]kslu-Elkmzlf", "Rlgfel

Kcf Hftkgv", "Rlgfel Vusup irah Easlegc'mf" kom atlgrs taae pkrt fo hfcftkry apgrktfaosfo Blgbloyk. Plfbl fs ta sky tlkt sgvgrkc Blgblgo hfcftkry uofts wgrg iarhgm ao tlg dksfs

ai tlgfr kccg`fkobg ta pkrtfbuckr Ruif Dratlgrlaams, rktlgr tlko kcao` tgrrftarfkc cfogs aratlgr igkturgs. Rahgtfhgs tlgsg uofts hf`lt dg irah just aog vfcck`g, dut stfcc iarhgm irah

tlg hurfms ai aog ar koatlgr slgfel. ]lg hghdgrs ai tlg uoft okhgm kitgr Rlgfel Kcf

Hftkgv wgrg hkfocy rgsfmgots ai tlg vfcck`g Mkmf-Vurt (Eahsahac'seag), fo tlg @umgrhgs

mfstrfbt. Plgrgks hghdgrs ai tlg uoft okhgm kitgr Rlgfel ]kslu Elkmzlf wgrg rgsfmgots

ai tlg Oazlkf-Vurt mfstrfbt, kom hurfmsai Rlgfel ]kslu-elkmzlf. Hghdgrs ai Vusup irahEaslegc'mf's uoft wgrg rgsfmgots ai tlg @umgrhgs kom Oazlkf-Vurt mfstrfbts ai Blgbloyk,

kom sa ao.


74/106

Ft waucm dg k hfstkeg ta tlfoe tlkt gvgry hurfm wftlaut gxbgptfao waucm lacm ta tlg

apfofao ai tlgfr slgfel. Ft fs, kitgr kcc, k pgrsaokc blafbg. Lawgvgr, tlg apfofaos ai tlg

slgfels slaucm oat dg gotfrgcy mfsbauotgm. ]lgfr foicugobg ao tlg acmgr `gogrktfao wks

lf`l. Plgtlgr ar oat tlfs wkr wks ta dg kbeoawcgm`gm ks "lacy" mgpgomgm ao law tlasg fo

tlg acmgr `gogrktfao waucm hkeg tlgfr mgbfsfao dgtwggo tlg slgfels kom tlg pacftfbfkos.]lg hkfo dksfs ao wlfbl tlg Huscfhs ai Blgbloyk waucm pkrtfbfpktg fo tlfs wkr wftl

Tussfk waucm gssgotfkccy dg k mgbckrktfao ai Jflkm. ]lg huitf ai Blgbloyk, Kelhkm-Elkmzlf Ekmyrav, taae ao tlfs hfssfao, bkccfo` tlg papucktfao ai Blgbloyk ta jflkm

k`kfost Tussfk.

Ft fs oa surprfsg tlkt tlg ifrst Rkckifst uoft wks iarhgm fo ;667 ao tlg pkttgro ai tlg Ruif

uofts fo Blgbloyk5 ft wks bahhkomgm dy Rlgfel Iktelf, wla, kctlau`l Blgblgo dy

oktfaokcfty, wks daro fo Jarmko.(;4)

Kbtukccy, tlfs jkhkkt(;4) wks iarhgm ks k sgpkrktg

gcghgot, oat ks pkrt ai tlg Blgblgo krhy. ]lgy baosfmgrgm tlghsgcvgs sgpkrktg, wftl tlgfrawo bahhkom strubturg, kom tlgy baosfmgrgm tlgfr sudarmfoktfao ta Blfgi ai Rtkii Kscko

Hkselkmav ta dg oahfokc, kt dgst. Fo koswgr ta tlg adjgbtfao tlkt tlfs mfsruptgm tlg dksfs

ai tlg Blgblgo Krhy's uofty, tlgy rgigrrgm ta tlg baostrubtfao ai tlg Blgblgo Krhy ao tlgprfobfpcg ai uofts iarhgm irah tlg iaccawgrs ai pkrtfbuckr slgfels, kom tlg brgktfao ai

tgrrftarfkc kom tgfp uofts.(;2)]lfs skhg strubturg ai mfspkrktg iarhktfaos kccawgm tlgh ta

fosfst ao tlgfr awo sgpkrktg sud-uoft ks ko Fsckhfb jkhkkt. ]lfs pkrtfbuckr gcghgot wks

hkmg up ai tlasg wla slkrgm tlg dgcfgis ai Rkckifsh.

]LG DTA]LGTLAAMR KOM ]LG ;660 GCGB]FAOR FO BLGBLOVK

Ruifsh fo Blgbloyk `rkplfbkccy mghaostrktgm fts pacftfbkc okturg kitgr tlg wkr. ]lg Ruif

ikbtar wks ikr irah dgfo` sgbaomkry kt tlg gcgbtfaos fo Jkoukry ;660. ]lg fomfvfmukc

bkomfmktgs mfm oat baobgkc tlkt tlgy wgrg dgfo` dkbegm dy pkrtfbuckr Ruif Dratlgrlaams.]lasg bkomfmktgs wla f`oargm tlg foput ai tlg Ruif Dratlgrlaams ikfcgm ta wfo gvgo aog

pgr bgot ai tlg avgrkcc vatg kt tlg gcgbtfao. ]lus, tlg bkomfmktg Rlkhfc Dkskygv

fhhgmfktgcy stkegm lfs lapgs ao kcc tlg vatgs ai tlg iaccawgrs ai Rlgfel Dkhkt-@frgf-

Elkmzlf Hftkgv kom Kcf Hftkgv. Lg rgbauotgm starfgs ai law lfs `rkomiktlgr lkm waregm

ta`gtlgr wftl tlg twa slgfels. Gvgrytlfo` fomfbktgm tlkt tlfs baucm fo ikbt lkvg dggo tlg

bksg. Baosfmgrfo` tlkt tlgfr iaccawgrs hkmg up k ckr`g prapartfao ai tlg papucktfao ai tlg

iaatlfccs rg`fao ai Blgbloyk,(;=)lg tlus dgbkhg tlg hkfo rfvkc ta Kscko Hkselkmav.

Zgcfhelko Vkomkrdfgv, tlg subbgssar ta ^rgsfmgot Mzlaekr Mumkygv, wla lkm dggo efccgmfo ;669, kcsa trfgm ta pcky ao tlg ikbt tlkt lg wks k cao`-tfhg iaccawgr ai Rlgfel Dkhkt-

@frgf-Elkmzlf, dut sgt k`kfost lfs mghkoms iar tlg fotramubtfao ai slkrfk ckw kom tlgiarhktfao ai ko Fsckhfb stktg, tlfs mfm oat sggh pkrtfbuckrcy baovfobfo`.

Cftgrkccy just dgiarg tlg gcgbtfaos, Kscko Hkselkmav's gcgbtfao bkhpkf`o tgkh hkok`gm ta

drfo` iaccawgrs ai tlg Hftkgvs' Ruif Dratlgrlaam avgr ta tlgfr sfmg kt k sgbrgt hggtfo` lgcm

fo @razoy, kt k prfvktg rgsfmgobg dgcao`fo` ta aog ai Rlgfel Kcf Hftkgv's iaccawgrs. PlgoHftkgv's hurfms cgkrot ai tlfs hggtfo`, kom ai tlgfr cgkmgr's pasftfvg mfspasftfao tawkrms

Hkselkmav, tlgy taae tlfs ks ko fostrubtfao ta vatg iar lfh. ]lfs bkhg ks k surprfsg ta


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prgsfmgotfkc bkomfmktg Rlkhfc Dkskygv, sfobg ks k rgsuct lg suiigrgm bahpcgtg mgigkt,

wftlaut gxbgptfao, fo gvgry papucktfao bgotgr wlgrg tlg hkjarfty ai rgsfmgots wgrg

iaccawgrs ai Rlgfel Hftkgv.

RWIFRH FO ETGHCFO ÂCFBV (]LG RGBAOM BLGBLGO HFCF]KTV

BKH^KF@O)Iaccawfo` tlg ikfcgm gxpgrfhgot ai ;66;, wlgo tlg `rkomsao ai slgfel Mgof Krskoav wks

kppafotgm ks tlg Tussfko prgsfmgot's rgprgsgotktfvg fo Blgbloyk, Hasbaw wgot iar draegkt tlg gom ai tlg ;66>s. Irah tlg stkrt ai tlg sgbaom hfcftkry bkhpkfò fo kutuho ;666, k

baursg wks sgt dy tlg Tussfko kutlarftfgs tawkrms ogutrkcfzfo` tlg Ruif gcghgot khao` tlg

rkoes ai tlg rgsfstkobg. Hasbaw wks kdcg ta ifom k bahprahfsg ifùrg fo Kelhkm-Elkmzlf

Ekmyrav, wla lkm dggo Huitf ai Blgbloyk sfobg ;667: lkvfo` hkmg tlg bkcc ta lacy wkr

k`kfost tlg Tussfko krhy fo ;667 lkm `kfogm lfh papuckrfty khao` tlg Blgblgo

bahpaogot ai tlg krhgm rgsfstkobg. ]lg hko wla wks rgbahhgomgm iar tlg past ai blfgi

huitf dy tlg Fblegrfko cgkmgrslfp fo tlg ùfsg ai Mzlaekr Mumkygv kom Rlkhfc Dkskygvturogm aut ta dg tlg hko wla baucm iucifcc tlfs ogutrkcfzfo` racg.

Fo tlg sgbaom hfcftkry bkhpkfò, tlg Tussfko kutlarftfgs wgrg kdcg ta ifom k bahhaockoùk`g wftl Ekmyrav, kom fo tlfs wky ta brgktg k sblfsh khao` tlg rkoes ai tlg

rgsfstkobg. Fo baotrkst ta tlg ifrst hfcftkry bkhpkfò, Kelhkm-Elkmzlf Ekmyrav

baosfmgrgm tlkt tlg wkr uocgkslgm dy tlg Rkckifsts wks oatlfo` atlgr tlko ko kttghpt ta

mgstray tlg icgm`gcfo` Blgblgo stktg tlrau`l Tussfko lkoms. Ft bko aocy dg kssuhgm tlkt kt

sahg pafot kt tlg vgry dg`foofo` ai tlg bkhpkfò lg stfcc dgcfgvgm tlkt ko gom hf`lt dg put

ta tlg Rkckifsts dy tlasg skhg Tussfko lkoms, kom tlkt lg hf`lt rghkfo kt tlg lgkm ai ko

fomgpgomgot Fblegrfko stktg. Fo spftg ai tlg ikbt tlkt Hasbaw's pckos iar Blgbloyk wgrg

bcgkr irah tlg vgry dg`foofo`. Hasbaw lkm oa fotgotfao ai gotgrfo` fota mfkcaùg wftl ko

fomgpgomgot cgkmgrslfp. ]lfs fs prgbfsgcy wly tlg Erghcfo, fo tlg ùfsg ai ^rgsfmgotYckmfhfr ûtfo, bktgàrfbkccy rgiusgm ta gotgr fota mfkcaùg wftl tlg ^rgsfmgot ai Fblegrfk,

Kscko Hkselkmav. Hasbaw lkm ta tkeg rgvgo`g iar tlg ifrst hfcftkry bkhpkfò ft cast fo

Blgbloyk, kom ta rg-gstkdcfsl Blgbloyk ks oatlfo` harg tlko k sudjgbt ai tlg Tussfko

Igmgrktfao. ]lfs wks ta sgrvg ks ko gxkhpcg ta koyaog wla hf`lt lkvg wkotgm ta tkce

kdaut fomgpgomgobg fo tlg iuturg. Hasbaw lkm mgbfmgm ta slaw tlkt tlg prfbg ai

fomgpgomgobg iar k Tussfko Igmgrktfao sudjgbt waucm dg gxbgssfvgcy lf`l.

Kelhkm Ekmyrav wks kdcg ta baovfobg k hkjarfty ai Ruifs fo tlg rgpudcfb tlkt Hasbaw

lkm oa mgsfòs ao tlgfr rf`lts. Iurtlgrharg, gvgrytlfo` wks prgsgotgm fo subl k wky ks tasu``gst tlkt tlg wkr uocgkslgm dy tlg fobursfao ai jkhkkts fota Mk`gstko hust ks k

baosgqugobg cgkm ta k wgkegofo` ai tlg Ruif hkjarfty's iarbgs fo tlfs wkr5 k wgkegofo`wlfbl, ft wks pckfo, tlg Rkckifsts waucm tkeg kmvkotk`g ai, kom wks fo ikbt tlgfr fotgot. Kom

sa, fo baotrkst ta tlg ifrst hfcftkry bkhpkfò, wlgrg tlg Ruif gcghgot wks ckr`gcy

rgprgsgotgm ks ko kotf-Tussfko fostruhgot fo tlg lkoms ai pacftfbfkos, fo tlg sgbaom

bkhpkfò, Ruifsh wks bahpcgtgcy uomgrhfogm dy tlg kbtfaos ai Ekmyrav.

GCGB]FAOR FO BLGBLOVK DG]PGGO 4>>2-4>>7


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Gssgotfkccy tlg skhg tlfo` tlkt lkppgogm kt tlg gcgbtfao ai Kscko Hkselkmav fo ;660 kcsa

abburrgm kt tlg 4>>2 gcgbtfaos fo Blgbloyk. Khao` tlg bkomfmktgs ta dgbahg prgsfmgot ai

k pra-Tussfko Blgbloyk wks k hko wla apgocy mgbckrgm tlkt lg fotgomgm ta rgcy ao aog ai

tlg df``gst Ruif Dratlgrlaams fo Blgbloyk, tlkt ai Rlgfel Hftkgv, wlasg hurfm lg

lfhsgci wks. ]lfs wks k wgcc-tlau`lt-aut havg. Kctlau`l k rgprgsgotktfvg ai tlg

[kmfrfyyk tkrfqk,tlg bkomfmktg Elusgfo Mzlkdrkfcav baucm sgburg tlg suppart ai iaccawgrsai sgvgrkc Okqsldkomfyk slgfels, taa. Iar gxkhpcg, twa iauomgrs ai Ruif Dratlgrlaams -

slgfel Dkhkt-@frgf Elkmzlf Hftkgv, ai tlg [kmfrfyyk, kom slgfel Maeu Rlkptuekgv, aitlg Okqsldkomfyk - wgrg bcasg irfgoms murfo` tlgfr cfigtfhgs. ]lfs fs prgbfsgcy wly

iaccawgrs ai [kmfrfyyk slgfel Dkhkt-@frgf Elkmzlf Hftkgv kcwkys ghplksfsg tlgfr

rgspgbtiuc kttftumg ta iaccawgrs ai tlg Okqsldkomfyk tkrfqk ai slgfel Maeu Rlkptuekgv.

]lg irfgomslfp dgtwggo tlg twa slgfels lks dggo trkosigrrgm ta tlg rgcktfaoslfp dgtwggo

tlg twa dratlgrlaams sahg aog luomrgm ygkrs cktgr. Fi Elusgfo Mzlkdrkfcav wgrg ta dg

suppartgm dy tlg Okqsldkomfyk kmlgrgots ai Maeu Rlkptuekgv, tlgrg waucm tlgo dg k

strao` passfdfcfty ai suppart irah k rgcktgm dratlgrlaam, tlkt ai Mgof Krskoav.

(;7)

Ks krgsuct, tlg bkomfmkturg ai Elusgfo Mzlkdrkfcav, wlfbl wks oat rktgm lf`lcy dy Hasbaw,

baucm lkvg lkm tlg hast rgkcfstfb praspgbts ai subbgss khao` tlasg wlah Hasbaw lkm

kccawgm ta pkrtfbfpktg fo tlg Blgblgo gcgbtfaos (^rkvavkfk Foftsfktfvk 4>>=). ]lfo`s lkmpra`rgssgm suiifbfgotcy ikr tlkt Hasbaw, sggfo` tlg rgkc mko`gr ai tlgfr awo bkomfmktg

ikfcfo`, mghkomgm fo ko uosudtcg wky tlkt Elusgfo Mzlkdrkfcav wftlmrkw irah tlg

gcgbtfao, tlg prgssurg dgfo` drau`lt ta dgkr dy hgkos ai k tlrgkt ta dcabekmg dusfogss

kbtfvfty wftlfo tlg Tussfko Igmgrktfao. Elusgfo Mzlkdrkfcav wks bahpgccgm ta wftlmrkw

lfs bkomfmkturg fo ikvar ai tlg Erghcfo's bkomfmktg Klhkm-Elkmzlf Ekmyrav

(Ogwsru.bah 4>>2).

]lg skhg sbgokrfa wks rgpgktgm k ygkr cktgr, kt tlg uosblgmucgm Blgblgo prgsfmgotfkc

gcgbtfaos fo 4>>=(;9)

wlgo, kt Hasbaw's fosfstgobg, k rgoawogm Blgblgo dusfogsshko irahHasbaw, Hkcfe Rkfmuckygv, wftlmrgw lfs bkomfmkturg fo ikvar ai tlg Erghcfo oahfogg

Kcu Kcelkoav (Ogwsru.bah 4>>= 4> .mabx). ]lg ikbt tlkt Hasbaw lkm oat

iuccy uomgrstaam tlg pcays ai bkomfmktgs irah tlg Ruif Dratlgrlaams su``gsts tlkt tlgy lkm

uomgrgstfhktgm tlg pawgr ai tlg Ruif ikbtar kt gcgbtfaos.

Kom sa ft fs vgry fhpartkot ta uomgrstkom tlg `gogrkc pfbturg ai law tlg fotgrgsts ai tlg

Ruif Dratlgrlaams fo Blgbloyk krg kcfògm. Ai baursg, oa-aog lks baomubtgm survgys aitlg papucktfao5 oa-aog lks iauom aut law hkoy hurfms krg fo tlg Ruif Dratlgrlaams ai

aog ar koatlgr slgfel. Dut ft bko dg kssuhgm, ao tlg dksfs ai tlg avgrkcc pfbturg, tlkt kbahprglgosfvg hkjarfty ai tlg rgpudcfb's papucktfao tamky stfcc fmgotfifgs ftsgci wftl k Ruif

strubturg. ûttfo` ft koatlgr wky, krauom 6> pgr bgot ai Blgblgos krg fovacvgm fo kbtukcpacftfbs tlrau`l tlg Ruif Dratlgrlaams wlfbl lkvg dggo kbtfo` ks - ar, harg prgbfsgcy, ks

sudstftutgs iar - pacftfbkc pkrtfgs avgr tlg ckst twa luomrgm ygkrs.

Fo Blgbloyk kt prgsgot tlgrg krg oa rgkc pacftfbkc pkrtfgs bkpkdcg ai rgprgsgotfo` tlg

fotgrgsts ai vkrfaus sgbtfaos ai tlg papucktfao: tlgfr pckbg fs tkego dy Ruif strubturgs. Komsa tlg purpasg ai kcc tlg pkrtfgs iarhgm dy tlg igmgrkc bgotgr fs purgcy ta kbt ks cgvgrs iar

tlg kmhfofstrktfvg rgùcktfao ai pacftfbkc prabgssgs, dypkssfo` tlg kbtukc okturg ai Blgblgo


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sabfgty kt tlfs tfhg. Plfcst tlg pkrtfgs gxfst ao pkpgr (Lkcg 4>>9), tlgy krg gxbcusfvgcy k

hgblkofsh wlgrgdy tlg fotgrgsts ai tlg igmgrkc bgotgr bko dg gxprgssgm, oatlfo` harg.

EKMVTAY KOM RWIFRH FO HAMGTO BLGBLOVK

Tkhzko Ekmyrav, tlg sao ai Kelhkm-Elkmzlf Ekmyrav, lks àog stfcc iurtlgr tlko lfsiktlgr. Lg lks dgbahg fo sahg sgosg tlg folgrftar fo tlg rgpudcfb ai lfs iktlgr's fmgks, kom

gojays bahpcgtg trust irah tlg Erghcfo, kom irah Yckmfhfr ûtfo pgrsaokccy. TkhzkoEkmyrav lks gcgvktgm Ruifsh ta tlg cgvgc ai k buct bgcgdrktfo` Tussfk's stktg pacfby fo

Blgbloyk.

Fo lfs kttghpts ta avgrbahg krhgm rgsfstkobg irah lfs gcgbtarktg, Tkhzko Ekmyrav dg`ko

ta usg Ruif trkmftfaos fo lfs prapk`komk. Hargavgr, tkefo` kmvkotk`g ai tlg wfmgsprgkm

trust slawo lfh dy igmgrkc iarbgs, lg dg`ko k ckr`g-sbkcg pra`rkh dufcmfo` hasqugs fo

gvgry papucktfao bgotgr, ar rgdufcmfo` hasqugs wlfbl lkm prgvfauscy gxfstgm. ]lfs gotkfcstlg baostrubtfao ai luomrgms ai hasqugs fo Blgbloyk. ]lfs tatkc fobcumgs subl `rkomfasg

gmfifbgs ks "]lg Lgkrt ai Blgbloyk", wlfbl bko kbbahhamktg tgo tlauskom pgapcg, kom fs

arokhgotgm wftl àcm kom wftl gxbcusfvg Rwkravseybrystkc blkomgcfgrs (Tasdkct.ru 4>>;4).

Ks pkrt ai tlfs prabgss ai rgturofo` ta tlg Ruif Dratlgrlaams tlgfr mug, Tkhzko Ekmyrav

rgbaostrubtgm buct adjgbts cfoegm ta aog ar koatlgr slgfel tlrau`laut tlg rgpudcfb. Fo tlg

warepckbg, stktg ghpcayggs fo hfofstrfgs kom atlgr fostftutfaos lkvg dggo bahpgccgm ta

kmapt oktfaokc bastuhg. Womgr lfs kg`fs, k tgcgvfsfao blkoogc lks dggo iauomgm fo

Blgbloyk wlfbl, uofqugcy khao` kcc Tussfko Igmgrktfao sudjgbts, drakmbksts 4= laurs k

mky. Fo kmmftfao, Tkhzko Ekmyrav lks gstkdcfslgm k spgbfkc Fsckhfb blkoogc, wlfbl

drakmbksts iar kchast twgcvg laurs k mky, slawfo` Fsckhfb ifchs muddgm fota Blgblgo.]lgrg fs k spgbfkc Fsckhfb prgss fo @umgrhgs, wlfbl pudcfslgs ware ao Ruifsh kom

rgcgksgs fmgaca`fbkc hktgrfkc kfhgm k`kfost Rkckifsh.

Womgr tlfs pacfby sgt dy Hasbaw, iar tlg ifrst tfhg Blgblgo Ruifs lkvg dgùo ta hkeg

baotkbt wftl Fsckhfb Ruifs fo tlg Ogkr Gkst, Oartl Kirfbk kom Hkckysfk. ]lfs fs k

plgoahgoao wlfbl lks oat abburrgm iar avgr aog luomrgm ygkrs, prgbfsgcy dgbkusg ai tlg

Tussfko pacfby ai dcabefo` kcc cfoes dgtwggo Tussfko Huscfhs kom tlg wfmgr Fsckhfbwarcm. Kt tlg skhg tfhg, hkjar Fsckhfb tlgaca`fkos wla kmlgrg ta tlg Ruif mfhgosfao ai

Fsckh lkvg dgùo ta rgbgfvg fovftktfaos ta vfsft Blgbloyk ta baomubt fotgroktfaokc Fsckhfbbaoigrgobgs.

Oaog ai tlfs waucm dg passfdcg wftlaut tlg kbtfvg suppart ai Tussfk's Hfofstry ai Iargfò

Kiikfrs. ]lg past ai @gogrkc Mfrgbtar wks brgktgm wftlfo tlg Hfofstry, gspgbfkccy, ft waucm

sggh, iar tlg Blgblgo prajgbt. ]lg pasftfao wks lgcm irah fts brgktfao fo Kuùst 4>>=

tlrau`l uotfc Rgptghdgr 4>>6 dy tlg iarhgr cgkmgr ai tlg Bahhuofst ^krty ai tlg

Blgblgo-Foùsl rgpudcfb, tlg Blgblgo Maeek Zkv`kgv, wla lkm gkrcfgr dggo rgbkccgmirah lfs past ks Tussfko Igmgrktfao khdksskmar ta ]kozkofk kom okhgm mgputy iargfò

hfofstgr ai tlg Tussfko Igmgrktfao. ]lkt fs, lfs racg fobcumgm, kcao`sfmg hkok`fo` tlg


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iargf`o hfofstry's ifokobfkc kiikfrs, warefo` ao prahatfo` tlg Erghcfo's prajgbt ai

"Tgstarfo` Blgbloyk" fota Fsckhfb trkmftfaos, kom gstkdcfslfo` baotkbts wftl tlg Fsckhfb

warcm. ]lg Fsckhfb warcm wks ta sgg Blgbloyk ks k pkrt ai Tussfk wlgrg Fsckh wks tlg

wky ai cfig.

Tkhzko Ekmyrav's kbtfvfty ao tlg fotgroktfaokc stk`g lks dggo sa fotgosfvg tlkt ft hf`ltsu``gst ta ko autsfmgr tlkt lgrg wks k bksg ai fomgpgomgot pacftfbs dgfo` baomubtgm ao ko

gqukc iaatfo` wftl cgkmgrs fo tlg Fsckhfb Gkst. ]lgrg lkvg dggo irgqugot hggtfo`s wftl tlgEfo` ai Rkumf Krkdfk, tlg Ghfr ai [ktkr, tlg Lgkm ai tlg Woftgm Krkd Ghfrktgs, kom

rgoawogm fotgroktfaokc spfrftukc cgkmgrs. ]lfs lks kcc dgbahg sa irgqugot kom usukc tlkt

tlgrg krg igw fo Blgbloyk wla maudt tlkt subl fotgrkbtfaos krg cfoegm ta Tkhzko

Ekmyrav's pgrsaokc qukcftfgs.

Lawgvgr, gvgo fo tlfs pacfby ai buctfvktfo` Ruifsh tlgrg krg ckbuokg ta wlfbl ogftlgr

Hasbaw oar @razoy wfsl ta mrkw kttgotfao, wlfbl wfcc uctfhktgcy cgkm ta rgsuctsmfkhgtrfbkccy appasgm ta tlasg fotgomgm. ]lg ikbt fs tlkt, fo lfs pacfby ai mahfoktfo`

Ruifsh, Tkhzko Ekmyrav fs pckbfo` lfs ckr`gst stkeg ao tlg Ruif [kmfrfyyk Dratlgrlaam ai

slgfel Euotk-Elkmzlf Efslfgv, wftlfo wlfbl lg lkppgos ta dg k hghdgr. ]lfs bko aocy dgk bkusg ai baobgro iar tlg ouhgraus atlgr Ruif Dratlgrlaams fo Blgbloyk, wlfbl kcwkys

caae wftl kckrh upao tlg rfsg ai koatlgr dratlgrlaam ta tlg lgf`lts ai pacftfbkc pawgr. Kom

sa, wfccfo`cy ar uowfccfo`cy, Tkhzko Ekmyrav fs lfhsgci brgktfo` appasftfao, fo tlg iarh

ai tlasg pgapcg ao wlasg dglkci lg fs astgosfdcy kbtfo`.

Ks iar tlg igkrgm prgvkcgobg ai aog dratlgrlaam upao tlg atlgrs, tlgrg fs fo ikbt oatlfo` ta

suppart tlg baobcusfaos mrkwo dy bgrtkfo gxpgrts ks ta tlg ouhgrfbkc supgrfarfty ai

kmlgrgots ai tlg [kmfrfyyk tkrfqkavgr tlg Okqsldkomfyk. Oa ware ar rgsgkrbl lks dggo

maog ao tlfs qugstfao, gftlgr fo tlg WRRT ar cktgr. Kom sa ft slaucm oat dg tkego ks rgkmwlgo baomubtfo` rgsgkrbl fota tlfs ikbtar fo Blgbloyk. Iurtlgrharg, murfo` ifgcmware fo

Blgbloyk ao tlg buct strubturgs ai Ruif slgfels, baomubtgm dgtwggo ;669 kom ;666, kitgr

hkoy luomrgms ai hggtfo`s kom fotgrvfgws fo kchast gvgry papucktfao bgotgr fo Blgbloyk,

tlg kutlar iarhgm tlg pgrsaokc fhprgssfao tlkt tlgrg wks ko kppraxfhktg gqukcfty fo

ouhdgr dgtwggo tlg iaccawgrs ai tlg twa tkrfqks. Fomggm, ft sgghgm ks tlau`l tlg

Okqsldkomfyk hky kbtukccy dg harg ouhgraus tlko tlg [kmfrfyyk. Dy rghkfofo` fo tlg

slkmaws kom oat pgriarhfo` zfer(;


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Oartl Bkubksus rgpgktgmcy fosfst upao. ]lg mgpkrturg ai ko kbtfvg, gmubktgm sg`hgot irah

Ruif splgrgs puslgs Ruifsh fota k``rgssfao mfrgbtgm kt fts awo baostftugoby. ]lg mgpkrturg

ai tlg gmubktgm mags oat kutahktfbkccy gquktg ta tlgfr kbbgptkobg ai Rkckifsh, ft fs ko kbt

ai pratgst k`kfost Ruifsh. ]lfs plgoahgoao fs tlg sudjgbt ai cfvgcy mfsbussfao khao`

Blgblgo bahhuoftfgs ao tlg fotgrogt. Iar gxkhpcg, rgkmfo` Rkckifst sftgs, aog bko

abbksfaokccy iarh tlg fhprgssfao tlkt tlgy lkvg oa atlgr goghfgs kpkrt irah Ruifs.

BAOBCWRFAOPlgo spgkefo` ai Fsckh fo Blgbloyk, ft slaucm dg darog fo hfom tlkt wlfcg ft lks hkoy

tgomgobfgs fo bahhao wftl tlg mgvgcaphgot ai rgcf`fao gcsgwlgrg fo Tussfko sabfgty, ft

kcsa lks lf`lcy spgbfifb kspgbts wlfbl lkvg gokdcgm tlg Ruif gcghgot ta dg stfcc harg

mahfokot kt tlg prgsgot tfhg.

]lg Ruif strubturg, wlfbl lks kmkptgm ftsgci ta tlg rgkc cfig ai Blgblgo sabfgty, lks dgbahg

harg ai k oktfaokc plgoahgoao, lkvfo` ta k `rgkt gxtgot cast tlg blkrkbtgrfstfbs aibckssfbkc Ruifsh. ]lg vgry ikbt tlkt ft lks tkego ao spgbfifb iuobtfaos kssabfktgm wftl

pacftfbkc pkrtfgs dgkrs wftogss ta fts gxbgssfvg pacftfbfzktfao. Barrgspaomfo`cy, tlfs lks cgm

ta tlg apfofao ai tlg Ruif gcghgot dgfo` tkego fota kbbauot fo tlg pacftfbkc mgbfsfaos hkmgfo Blgblgo sabfgty. Lawgvgr, tlg stkeg pckbgm ao just aog ai tlg hkoy dratlgrlaams wfcc

drfo` kdaut tlg appasftg rgsucts ta tlasg fotgomgm, sfobg kcc tlg atlgrs kbt fo appasftfao ta

tlg dratlgrlaam ao wlfbl tlg stktg lks hkmg fts dgt. ]lfs fs wly ft fs vftkc ta baosfmgr tlg

mg`rggs ai bcasgogss dgtwggo tlg vkrfaus Ruif Dratlgrlaams.

]lg rgkcftfgs ai prgsgot-mky cfig fo Blgbloyk mghkom tlg pkrtfbfpktfao ai fomfvfmukcs irah

hkoy, fi oat kcc, tlg Ruif Dratlgrlaams, wlfbl wfcc cfit tlg lfmmgo rgsfstkobg ai sahg

dratlgrlaams tawkrms atlgrs wlasg hghdgrs krg rgprgsgotgm fo pasftfaos ai pawgr.

Lawgvgr, aog slaucm oat dg bkrrfgm kwky dy tlg tlau`lt ai tlg Ruif Dratlgrlaams'

ahofpatgobg. ]lfs hky lkvg dggo passfdcg murfo` tlg pgrfam ai tlgfr rgsfstkobg k`kfost

kutlarfty up uotfc tlg Blgblgo wkrs ai tlg ;66>s. Lawgvgr, sfobg tlg kppgkrkobg ao

Blgblgo safc ai tlg Rkckifsts, tlg dratlgrlaams' gogr`fgs lkvg dggo mfvfmgm dgtwggo twa

iraots: k`kfost tlg kutlarftfgs kom k`kfost tlg Rkckifsts. Plfcg tlg Ruifs krg dgfo` usgm ks

kccfgs ai tlg kutlarftfgs, mfsfccusfaohgot wftl Ruifsh kom tlg swgccfo` ai tlg rkoes ai

rkmfbkc Rkckifsh wfcc baotfoug ta rfsg ks k mfrgbt rgsuct. Kom sa tlg racg ai tlg RuifDratlgrlaams wfcc kcsa dg susbgptfdcg ta blko`g, prapartfaokc ta tlg wgkegofo` ai tlgfr

pasftfao fo sabfgty.

DFDCFA@TK^LVKekgv, Y. (;66=) Rlgfel Euotk-Elkmzlf. Zlfzo' f ublgofg, @razoy.Kekgv, Y. (4>;;) Ruiffsekfk euc'turk ok Rgvgroah Ekvekzg: tgargtfblgsefg f prketfblgsefg kspgety. @razoy.Kelhkmav, F. kom Ckoseay, H. (4>;>) ]lg Blgblgo Rtru``cg, Fomgpgomgobg Pao kom Cast, Dksfo`staeg: ^kc`rkvg

Hkbhfccko.

Kelhgtelkoav, R. kom Muelkgv, K. (4>>0)^rkvgmoyfg prgmef. Gpaelk Rlkfelav., @razoy: Mjko`kr.Dkdfbl, F. kom Racavgvk, C. (gms) (4>>=) Fsckh f prkva v Tassff. ^rkvavaf stktus fsckhk ok Rgvgroah EkvekzgTgspudcfek Kmy`gfk f Ekdkrmfoa-Dkcekrffk, Hasevk: TWMO.


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Blgbloyktrkvgc (4>;4) Rgrmtsg Blgblof, blgbloyktrkvgc.bah , ;7 Jkoukry. Aocfog. Kvkfckdcg L]]^:3lttp://www.blgbloyktrkvgc.bah/taurfsh-fo-blgbloyk/sgrmbg-blgblof.lth? (kbbgssgm 4; Kuùst 4>;2).@gc'hko, Y. (4>>: 6;2-2>.Lkcg, L. (4>>9) Ply Oat ^krtfgs fo Tussfk1 Mghabrkby, Igmgrkcfsh, kom tlg Rtktg, Bkhdrfm`g: Bkhdrfm`gWofvgrsfty rgss.

Elkfdk (4>;4) Ru`kfp-Hucck @afsuhav, @razoy.Ea`ko-Vksoff, Y. (;66;2).Eazcav, Y., Eazcavkfk, G., âcfko, ^. kom Rlgrghgt, Y. (gms) (4>;;) Ykfokelf f fhpgrsekfk vckst': pradcghkBlgblof f Foùslgtff va voutrgoogf pacftfeg Tassff f RRRT, Hasevk: TARR^GO.Cgotk.ru (4>>2) Dfzogsshgo Elusgfo Mzlkdrkfcav sofkc svafu ekomfmkturu s vydarav prgzfmgotk Blgblof,Cgotk.ru, 4 Rgptghdgr. Aocfog. Kvkfckdcg L]]^: 3lttp://cgotk.ru/vydary/4>>2/>6/>4/mjkdrkfcav/? (kbbgssgm 2; Jucy4>;2).Huzkgv, ]. (;666) Blgblgoseff erfzfs - 66. âcftfblgseag pratfvastafkofg v Fblegrff: rksstkoavek sfc, elraofek,ikety, Hasevk: ^koarkhk.Oksuelkoav, H. (4>>>2) Ekomfmkt v ^rgzmfgoty Blgblof Elusgfo Mzlkdrkfcav atekzkcsfk at vydarav pascg rkzàvark sYacaslfoyh, Ogwsru.bah, 4 Rgptghdgr. Aocfog. Kvkfckdcg L]]^:3lttp://www.ogwsru.bah/russfk/>4sgp4>>2/lussgfo.lthc? (kbbgssgm 2; Jucy 4>;2).

Ogwsru.bah (4>>=) Hkcfek Rkfmucckgvk soavk og mapustfcf ma vydarav prgzfmgotk Blgblof. Ok gtat rkz fz-zkpkspartk, Ogwsru.bah, 44 Juog. Aocfog. Kvkfckdcg L]]^: 3lttp://www.ogwsru.bah/russfk/44juc4>>=/hkcfe.lthc? (kbbgssgm 4; Kuùst 4>;2).^rkvavkfk Foftsfktfvk (4>>=) Atblgt a rkdatg zk 4>>= àm. Aocfog. Kvkfckdcg L]]^:3lttp://www.srjf.ar`/kdaut/kooukc/4>>=?(kbbgssgm 2; Jucy 4>;2).Tkskoav, K.-T. (4>>6)Okscgmfg. Rlgfel Mgof f Dk`kummfo Krskoavy, Hasbaw.Tasdkct.ru (4>>>/;0/7229>=.lthc? (kbbgssgm 4; Kuùst 4>;2).Taslblfo, H. (4>;;) Blgbloyk v gpaelu Mumkgvk, fo F. ]geuslgv, E. Rlgvblgoea,Fsckh ok Rgvgroah Ekvekzg:

fstarffk f savrghgooast', ^rkùg: Hgmfuh Arfgot. Aocfog. Kvkfckdcg L]]^:3lttp://www.bkubksustfhgs.bah/FRCKH-FR]ATFKQRAYTGHGOAR].pmi? (kbbgssgm 2; Jucy 4>;2).

Yktblk`kgv, H. (4>>6) Rlgfelf f zffkrkty Blgblof, Hasevk.Yktblk`kgv, H. (4>;;) Yfrmavkfk strueturk eke pratatfp pacftfblgsefel pkrtff v Blgblog, fo H. Kcda`kblfgvk(gm.) Fsckh v Tassff f zk gg prgmgckhf: fstarffk f euc'turk adslblgstvk, Hk`ks-Rt. ^gtgrsdur`. Aocfog. KvkfckdcgL]]^: 3lttp://taprgigrkt.zoktg.ru/pkrsQmabs/rgis/7


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=. Daro fo k Mk`gstkof vfcck`g, Rkctfoseff, ko kssabfktg ai Fhkh Rlkhfc, lkm sgrvgm ygkrs ai lkrm ckdar fo

Rfdgrfk5 lg kttghptgm ta gstkdcfsl ko Fsckhfb tlgabrktfb stktg - ko ghfrktg - fo tlg Oartl Bkubksus, kcao` tlg cfogs aiRlkhfc's fhkhktg.

7. ]lg tftcg ]ureel sfòfifgs k cabkc cgkmgr ai aog ar koatlgr vfrm (aog ai tlg Ruif Dratlgrlaams wftlfo ktkrfqk). ]lgrg hky dg aog mrkwo irah k sfo`cg dratlgrlaam fo k vfcck`g, wlfcg fi tlg vfcck`g fs ckr`g, tlgo tlgrg hky

dg sgvgrkc tureelsmrkwo irah tlg skhg dratlgrlaam. Hast aitgo, fo k pkrtfbuckr papucktfao bgotgr, tlgrg wfcc dgsgvgrkc tureels, gkbl dgcao`fo` ta k mfiigrgot dratlgrlaam.

9.

Iaccawfo` tlg mgpartktfao ai tlg Blgblgos fo ;6==, tlg Ravfgt kutlarftfgs sgot Blgblgo slgfels dkbe taBlgbloyk, fo armgr tlkt tlgy usg tlgfr stkomfo` ta pgrsukmg tlasg Blgblgos wla lkm rghkfogm fo tlg hauotkfos tavacuotkrfcy surrgomgr kom ta jafo tlgfr ikhfcfgs fo gxfcg. Kt tlg skhg tfhg, tlasg skhg kutlarftfgs sau`lt ta mfsbrgmfttlg slgfels' pkrtfbfpktfao fo tlgsg apgrktfaos ks k dgtrkykc dy tlg slgfels ai tlgfr hurfms. Dy fosuctfo` komluhfcfktfo` tlgh, tlg kutlarftfgs wgrg bgrtkfo tlkt tlgy baucm mgprfvg tlg slgfels ai suppart irah tlgfr hurfms. Foikbt, tlg hurfmsrgjgbtgm tlg kutlarftfgs' prapk`komk kom kbbgptgm gvgrytlfo` tlkt tlg slgfels mfm ks k hfssfao ckfmupao tlgh dy tlg Kchf`lty.0. ]rkoscktar's oatg: k qkmf fs k jumfbfkc ifùrg wftl jurfsmfbtfao avgr Huscfhs.. ]lg `rkomsao ai tlfs slgfel - Rlkhsumfo Vusgi - dgbkhg tlg ifrst iargfò hfofstgr ai Fblegrffk, uomgrMumkygv.;;. Pg sgg tlus tlkt gvgo fi suif dratlgrlaam tkeg pacftfbkc stkobgs kom prahatg pacftfbkc fotgrgst, tlgy ma oatgosurg k uofqug pasftfao khao` tlgfr iaccawgrs : tlg ikbt tlkt k cgkmfo` pacftfbkc kbtar dgcao`s ta tlfs ar koatlgrdratlgrlaam mags oat mgtgrhfog tlg pasftfao ai tlg dratlgrlaam ftsgci, wlgrgks tlg pasftfao ai tlg dratlgrlaam magsoat strfbtcy mgtgrhfog tlg pacftfbkc pasftfao ai kcc tlg iaccawgrs.;4. Lg wks tlg mgsbgomkot ai hujklfrBlgblgos, wla iarbfdcy cgit tlg Tussfko Ghpfrg ta sgttcg fo tlg AttahkoGhpfrg kt tlg gom ai tlg ;6tl bgotury.;2. ]rkoscktar's oatg:jkhkktcftgrkccy hgkos "kssghdcy".;=. Aog gxkhpcg ai k tgfp-dksgm uoft wks tlg gcghgot iarhgm ta pratgbt Kscko Hkselkmav5 fts hghdgrs wgrg

kcc mrkwo irah tlg Kccgraf tgfp,kctlau`l tlgy wgrg irah mfiigrgot papucktfao bgotgrs fo tlg rgpudcfb, fobcumfo`hauotkfoaus krgks, vkccgys kom tlg ]grge rg`fao.

;7. ]lg mfstrfbts ai Rlkcf, Ygmgoa, @umgrhgs, Eurblkcaf ks wgcc ks @razoy k`rfbucturkc mfstrfbt;9. Rlgfel Maeu Rlkptuekygv kom slgfel Mgof Krskoav wgrg rgcktgm ta gkbl atlgr, kom sfobg datl rgbgfvgm tlgrf`lt ta dg slgfels irah slgfel Gcckel Hacck Mgdfrav, tlgfr iaccawgrs sgg gkbl atlgr ks okturkc kccfgs.;0. ]lgsg uosblgmucgm gcgbtfaos wgrg bkccgm ks k rgsuct ai tlg ksskssfoktfao ai Kelhkm Ekmyrav kt tlg hfcftkrypkrkmg fo @razoy ao tlg 6

tlai Hky 4>>=.

;


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Prometheus №20

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Transcript of Prometheus №20