Prologue: The Story of Psychology A Short History, But a Long Past.
Prologue: The Story of Psychology A Short History, But a Long Past
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Transcript of Prologue: The Story of Psychology A Short History, But a Long Past
Prologue:The Story of Psychology
A Short History, But a Long Past
Definition of Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Ancient Greeks
Aristotle derived ideas from observations
Said that knowledge is not preexisting
Developed ideas about personality, memory, motivation, and emotion
Prescientific Psychology
Scientific RevolutionThe influence of NewtonThe influence of Locke
EmpiricismKnowledge comes from experience via the senses
Science flourishes through observation and experiment
Foundations of Modern Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Liepzig (c. 1879)
Contemporary Psychology
Psychology’s Perspectives Biological
NeuroscienceEvolutionaryBehavior Genetics
Behavioral Psychodynamic Cognitive Socio-cultural
Contemporary Psychology Psychology’s Perspectives
A lot depends on your viewpoint
From “schools” to “perspectives”
StructuralismFunctionalismGestaltBehaviorismPsychoanalysis
Cognitive
BehavioralPsychodynamicBiologicalSocial-culturalHumanistic
Cognitive Perspective
Structuralism Studied immediate
experience Used introspection
(looking in) to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
Founded Wundt’s student E.B Titchener
Cognitive Perspective
Functionalism Focused on the
function of mental processes
Founded by William James in 1898
Heavily influenced by Charles Darwin
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=OSG-t2PMvxQ
Cognitive Perspective
Gestalt Founded by Max Wertheimer and others
in 1910 Argued that the analysis of the mind
could not be broken into its component parts
The whole is greater than the sum of its partsThe mind seeks to synthesize informationThe mind is an active agent, not a passive
receptacle
Gestalt Psychology
Cognitive Perspective
Cognitive Perspective Origins can be traced to Gestalt
Psychology Study the intervening mental processes
between stimulus inputs and response outputs
Significant contributions made in the areas of language, development, and memory
Jean Piaget: child development expert
Behavioral Perspective
Early Behaviorism Founded by American
John Watson in 1913 Shifted attention
from mental activity to observable behavior
Behavior can be shaped by manipulating and changing the environment
Watson on Behaviorism
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take anyone at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select; doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant. And yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, tendencies, abilities, and race of his ancestors”
- 1925
Behavioral Perspective
Behavioral PsychologyExplain behavior by assessing the effects of external stimuli
Deal with directly observable behavior
B.F. Skinner: most influential behaviorist
Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychoanalysis Developed outside the
university setting Founded by Sigmund
Freud in 1895 Freud concluded that
unconscious mental forces direct our behavior
Utilized free-association and hypnosis
Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychodynamic perspective Human behavior is primarily determined
by unconscious processes Theory not based on experimental
evidence and many aspects are untestable
Influential to modern psychotherapy Carl Jung, Karen Horney, Alfred Adler
prominent “Neo-Freudians”
Biological Perspectives
Biological Perspective Neuroscience Evolutionary Behavior genetics
Explain behavior by describing underlying biochemical and neurological causes
Reductionists: observable behavior reduced to physiological explanations
Roger Sperry: won Nobel Prize for split-brain research
Social-Cultural Perspective
Social-Cultural How behavior and thinking vary across
situations and culture Recognizes the power of the situation in
determining human behavior Studies the interaction between the
environment and actions Albert Bandura, Philip Zimbardo
Other Perspectives
Humanistic approach ??????? Emerged in the 1950’s Viewed behavior as a product of free will
and opposed determinism of behaviorism and psychoanalysis
Focused on mental health and positive outcomes
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Currently reemerging as Positive
Psychology