Proliferation of Public Offices-libre

8/12/2019 Proliferation of Public Offices-libre

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Proliferation of

Public Officesand

Concentration of

Power

Dr Wong Chin HuatFellow, Penang Institute

Puli Foru o Caiet Reshuffle

Organised by REFSA

KLSCAH, Kuala Lumpur. 2014-06-10


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Expansion, Not Reshuffle

Adjustment in Office-holders

Reshuffle

MovementAddition

Removal

Adjustment in Size

Expansion

Addition

Downsizing

Removal


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Why do we need Cabinet Ministers?

Administrative Explanation(benefit)

To run ministries and government

agencies Political Explanation (cost)

To sustain the government

Power-sharing (Parliamentary System)Rewarding supporters


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Proliferation of Public Offices

Aspect Normal

Countries

Malaysia

Cabinet Size Fixed Open

Room forrewarding

Limited Unlimited

Payroll Controlled Growing

Weight ofeach minister Fixed Declining withincrease

PMs power Fixed Growing with

increase


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Malaysia -- Najib Razak's Cabinet 2014 Australia -- Tony Abbott's Cabinet 2013Portfolio N Concurrent Portfolio N Concurrent

Prime Minister 1 Prime Minister 1

Deputy Prime Minister 1 Deputy Prime Minister 1

Ministers in the Prime Minister's Department 10

Attorney-General 1

Treasurer 1

Ministers of Finance 2*#1 PM Minister for Finance 1

Ministers of Education 2*#1 DPM Minister for Education 1

Minister of Transport 1 Minister for Infrastructure and Regional

Development

1 DPM

Minister of Works 1

Minister of Rural and Regional Development 1

Minister of Plantation Industries and

Commodities

1 Minister for Agriculture 1

Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry 1

Minister of Home Affairs 1 Minister for Immigration and Border Protection 1

Ministry of Communication and Multimedia 1 Minister for Communications 1Minister of Energy, Green Technology and Water 1

Minister of International Trade and Industry 1 Minister for Industry 1

Minister of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and

Consumerism

1 Minister for Small Business 1

Minister for Trade and Investment 1

Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation 1

Minister of Natural Resources and Environment 1 Minister for Environment 1

Minister of Tourism and Culture 1 Minister for the Arts 1 AG

Minister of Defence 1 Minister for Defence 1

Minister of Health 1 Minister for Health 1

Minister of Youth and Sports 1 Minister for Sport 1 M of Health

Minister of Human Resources 1 Minister for Employment 1

Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local

Government

1

Minister of Women, Family and Community

Development

1 Minister for Social Services 1

Minister of Foreign Affairs 1 Minister for Foreign Affairs 1

Minister of the Federal Territories 1

Minister for Indigenous Affairs 1

Total, Ministerial Positions 37 2Total, Ministerial Positions 22 3

Total, Ministers 35 Total, Ministers 19


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Malaysia -- Najib Razak's Cabinet 2014 India -- Narenda Modi's Cabinet 2014Portfolio N Concurrent Portfolio N Concurrent

Prime Minister 1 Prime Minister of India 1

Deputy Prime Minister 1

Ministers in the Prime Minister's Department 10 Minister for Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions 1 PM

Minister of Atomic Energy 1 PM

Minister of Space 1 PM

Minister of Parliamentary Affairs 1 M of UD

Minister of Minority Affairs 1

Minister of Law and Justice 1Minister of Tribal Affairs 1

Ministers of Finance 2 #1 PM Minister of Finance 1

Minister of Corporate Affairs 1 M of Finance

Minister of Transport 1 Minister of Road Transport and Highways 1

Minister of Works 1 Minister of Shipping 1 M of RT & Hw

Minister of Railways 1

Minister of Civil Aviation 1

Ministers of Education 2 #1 DPM Minister of Human Resource Development 1

Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities 1 Minister of Agriculture 1

Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry 1 Minister of Food Processing Industries 1

Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers 1

Minister of Home Affairs 1 Minister of Home Affairs 1

Ministry of Communication and Multimedia 1 Minister of Communications and Information

Technology

1 M of Law & J

Minister of Energy, Green Technology and Water 1 Minister of Water Resources, River Development and

Ganga Rejuvenation

1

Minister of Rural and Regional Development 1 Minister of Rural Development 1 M of RT & Hw

Minister of International Trade and Industry 1 Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises 1

Minister of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism 1 Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public

Distribution

1

Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises 1

Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation 1

Minister of Natural Resources and Environment 1 Minister of Mines 1

Minister of Steel 1 M of Mines

Minister of Tourism and Culture 1Minister of Defence 1 Minister of Defence 1 M of Finance

Minister of Health 1 Minister of Health and Family Welfare 1

Minister of Women, Family and Community Development 1 Minister of Women and Child Development 1

Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment 1

Minister of Youth and Sports 1

Minister of Human Resources 1 Minister of Labour and Employment 1 M of Mines

Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government 1 Minister of Urban Development 1

Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation 1 M of UD

Minister of Foreign Affairs 1 Minister of External Affairs 1

Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs 1 M of EA

Minister of the Federal Territories 1

Total, Ministerial Positions 37 2Total, Ministerial Positions 36 13

Total, Ministers 35 Total, Ministers 23


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How can other countries work

with much fewer ministers?

Malaysia

Population: 30 million

N of Ministries*: 26

N of Ministerial Positions:37

N of Ministers: 35

N of Ministries with >1

Ministers: 3

N of Ministers with >1

Ministries: 2

Australia




N of Ministers: 13


Ministers:0


Ministries: 3

* The offices of PM and DPM treated as ministries of their own, alongside PMD

# Mamohan Sighs last aiet has 29 iisters, 7 with ultiple portfolios


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How can other countries work

with much fewer ministers?

Malaysia




N of Ministers: 35


Ministers: 3


Ministries: 2

India

Population: 1.2 billion



N of Ministers: 23


Ministers:0


Ministries: 7

* The offices of PM and DPM treated as ministries of their own, alongside PMD

# Mamohan Sighs last aiet has 29 iisters, 7 with ultiple portfolios


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More Offices,

Greater Concentration of Power

Proliferation of Public offices:

Under-employmentof public officials

Concentration of power:

the larger the N, the harder to organise collectiveaction

Realms of Job Creation to buy off supporters oreven challengers

Civil service

Cabinet/Executive

Parliament


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Consideration 1: effectiveness of Parliament Consideration 2: quality of representation

How big should the Parliament be?

11

An average MP spoke and was heard for

2012

023137

The Dewan Rakyat met for

5605800

Should we have MOREMPs

so that each can speak LESS?

By Nicholas Chan


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Redelineation First,

Seat Increase LaterPeninsula andLabuan

Sabah Sarawak

Constituency Redelination

1stNotice of Display 2002.08.08 2002.08.08 2005.01.07

2ndNotice of Display 2003.01.16 2002.12.26 2005.04.22

EC report laid before Dewan

Rakyat

2003.04.03 2003.04.03 2005.06.23

Draft Order passed by Dewan

Rakyat

2003.04.08 2003.04.08 2005.07.04

Order Gazetted 2003.05.01 2003.05.01 2005.08.01

Seat Increase

Amendment of Article 46

passed by Dewan Rakyat

2003.06.19 2003.06.19 2005.09.29

Amendment of Article 46

Gazetted

2003.08.14 2003.08.14 2005.12.31

Acknowledgement: Parliamentary Library of Malaysia; The Malaysian Bar especially Dr Pathmavathy Satyamoorthy, SanthiLatha and Anusha Gopalan Krishnan; Lu Wei Hoong and Cheng Eng Aun


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Why the Confusions?Issue Consideration Decision Maker

Pre-1962 Post-1973

(by design)

2003 & 2005

Redelineation

(in practice)

Total Seats Effectiveness of

Parliament;Quality of

Representation;

Step 1:

Parliament(Article 46)*2/3 majority

Step 1:

Parliament(Article 46)*2/3 majority

Step 2:

*ElectionCommission*

(Article 46)*2/3 majority

Interstate

Apportionment

Electorate Size

and Power of

State

Step 2:

Election

Commission(Article 116)Districting(issues of gerrymandering +

Intra-state

malapportionment)

Electorate Size

and Local Ties

Step 2:

Election

Commission

(13thSchedule)*50% approval

Step 1:

Election

Commission

(13thSchedule)*50% approval


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Lets have more politial jos?
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