Prokaryote vs. EukaryoteProkaryote vs. Eukaryote

Take out your notebook and open to Take out your notebook and open to the prokaryote and eukaryote the prokaryote and eukaryote discussion notes.discussion notes.

Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cellsProkaryotic cellsCheck your classification!Check your classification!

Cells reproduce by binary fission (asexual Cells reproduce by binary fission (asexual reproduction where 1 cell divides into 2 reproduction where 1 cell divides into 2 identical cells) identical cells)

Cells size is typically small (0.2 – 2.0 um) Cells size is typically small (0.2 – 2.0 um) Smaller in size (1-10 um)Smaller in size (1-10 um)

Contain no membrane-bound organellesContain no membrane-bound organelles Has cell wallsHas cell walls Cells of most unicellular organismsCells of most unicellular organisms Thought to be the earliest living organisms on Thought to be the earliest living organisms on

EarthEarth BacteriaBacteria Contains DNAContains DNA

Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells

Plant Cell Animal Cell

Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cellsCheck your Check your

classification!classification! Has a true nucleus that has a nuclear membrane Has a true nucleus that has a nuclear membrane and nucleolusand nucleolus

Contains membrane-bound organelles Contains membrane-bound organelles Has cell walls (plant cells)Has cell walls (plant cells) Cells: Reproduce through asexual binary fissionCells: Reproduce through asexual binary fission Organisms: Reproduce through sexual Organisms: Reproduce through sexual

reproduction resulting in non-identical daughter reproduction resulting in non-identical daughter cellscells

Cell size is typically large (2.0 um – 1.0 mm)Cell size is typically large (2.0 um – 1.0 mm) Cells of most multi-cellular organisms Cells of most multi-cellular organisms Animals and plants Animals and plants Contains DNA Contains DNA

BOTH – Prokaryotes and BOTH – Prokaryotes and EukaryotesEukaryotes

Additionally, prokaryotes and some eukaryotes (plants) both have cell walls

-Are (typically) membrane-bound -Are (typically) membrane-bound structures with particular functions structures with particular functions within within eukaryotic eukaryotic cells.cells.-Are on the surface of cells as well as -Are on the surface of cells as well as inside the cell membrane.inside the cell membrane.

OrganellesOrganelles

Surrounding the Surrounding the CellCell

Cell Membrane Cell Membrane (Animal and Plant)(Animal and Plant)

Job:Job:– Boundary between the inside and the outside of a cellBoundary between the inside and the outside of a cell – Is Is selectively permeableselectively permeable: (think Mr. Warren!): (think Mr. Warren!)

Location:Location: Outside of the cell Outside of the cell Composed of:Composed of:

– Phospholipid bilayerPhospholipid bilayer– Transport proteins-Transport proteins- move substances & waste materials move substances & waste materials

through the plasma membranethrough the plasma membrane– Integral proteins- Integral proteins- proteins embedded in membrane that act proteins embedded in membrane that act

as surface markers (ID’s) or receptors for chemical signalsas surface markers (ID’s) or receptors for chemical signals

The model of the cell membrane is called the The model of the cell membrane is called the Fluid-Fluid-Mosaic Model.Mosaic Model. ( (fluidfluid – phospholipids move w/in the – phospholipids move w/in the membrane, membrane, mosaicmosaic – patters created proteins on – patters created proteins on membrane surface)membrane surface)

http://www.susanahalpine.com/anim/Life/memb.htm

Composition of a phospholipid

Cell Wall (Plant)Cell Wall (Plant) Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteriaMost commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Job:Job: Supports & protects cells, almost acts as a Supports & protects cells, almost acts as a

shellshell Location:Location: Exterior of the cell Exterior of the cell Composed of: Composed of: Cellulose fibrilsCellulose fibrils

Cilia and Flagella Cilia and Flagella (Animal and Prokaryotes)(Animal and Prokaryotes)

Job:Job: Helps cells move and aids in fluid transport Helps cells move and aids in fluid transport – CiliaCilia = many little hairs on the cell body = many little hairs on the cell body– FlagellaFlagella = few/one tail(s) = few/one tail(s)

Location:Location: On the exterior of the cell – in the cell matrix. On the exterior of the cell – in the cell matrix. Composed of:Composed of: membrane bound cylinders membrane bound cylinders

Inside the CellInside the Cell

Nucleus (Plant and Nucleus (Plant and Animal)Animal) Job:Job:

– Directs cell activities, Directs cell activities, storage of genetic info/DNA storage of genetic info/DNA (the brain of the cell)(the brain of the cell)

Location:Location: – Separated from the Separated from the

cytoplasm by the nuclear cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane (envelope)membrane (envelope)

Composed of:Composed of: – Chromatin/chromosomes Chromatin/chromosomes

(DNA) which is the (DNA) which is the blueprint for proteinsblueprint for proteins Chromatin- uncondensed DNAChromatin- uncondensed DNA Chromosomes- condensed Chromosomes- condensed

DNADNA

Cytoplasm (Plant and Cytoplasm (Plant and Animal)Animal)

Job:Job: – Suspension of eukaryotic organellesSuspension of eukaryotic organelles– Site of numerous chemical reactions (in cytosol Site of numerous chemical reactions (in cytosol

or organelles)or organelles) Location:Location:

– Inside the cell membrane, inside individual Inside the cell membrane, inside individual organellesorganelles

Composed of:Composed of: Cytosol and OrganellesCytosol and Organelles– Water, salts, protein filaments, and organic Water, salts, protein filaments, and organic

compoundscompounds– ~ 70% of a cell’s volume~ 70% of a cell’s volume

Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (Animal and Plant)(ER) (Animal and Plant)

Job:Job: site of cellular site of cellular chemical reactions, chemical reactions, assembly of proteinsassembly of proteins– Rough:Rough: protein synthesis protein synthesis – Smooth:Smooth: numerous numerous

biochemical activities, biochemical activities, production and storage production and storage of lipidsof lipids

Location: Location: in the cytoplasmin the cytoplasm Composed of: Composed of: A highly A highly

folded membrane, folded membrane, Rough Rough ER ER has ribosomes has ribosomes embedded in it, smooth has embedded in it, smooth has no ribosomesno ribosomes

Two Types: Rough ER- Produces proteins & phospholipids (makes digestive enzymes)Smooth ER- Builds lipids (cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone)

Ribosomes Ribosomes (Plant and Animal)(Plant and Animal)

Each cell contains Each cell contains thousandsthousands

Job: Job: Make proteinsMake proteins Location: Location: Found Found

on the ER, on the on the ER, on the nuclear envelope & nuclear envelope & floating throughout floating throughout the cellthe cell

Composed of:Composed of: simple structure of simple structure of 2 subunits:2 subunits:– RNA RNA – proteinprotein

Mitochondria Mitochondria (Plant and Animal)(Plant and Animal)

Job:Job: – Produces energy (ATP) Produces energy (ATP)

through chemical reactions through chemical reactions known as known as cellular respirationcellular respiration

– Breaks down sugar Breaks down sugar moleculesmolecules

Location:Location: – in the cytoplasmin the cytoplasm

Composed of:Composed of: – Double membrane (outer, Double membrane (outer,

and a highly-folded inner and a highly-folded inner membrane) and specific membrane) and specific enzymesenzymes

Facts:Facts: – Occur in various amounts Occur in various amounts

depending on cell functiondepending on cell function– Has its own DNAHas its own DNA

Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus (Plant and Animal)(Plant and Animal)

Job: Job: Packaging Packaging plantplant– Sorts proteins into Sorts proteins into

packages and packs packages and packs them into vesicles to them into vesicles to be sent where they be sent where they are neededare needed

Location:Location: In the In the cytoplasmcytoplasm

Composed of:Composed of: System like a flat System like a flat stack of tubesstack of tubes

Lysosomes (Animal)Lysosomes (Animal) Job:Job:

– Digestive factory and breaks down waste (proteins, fats, and Digestive factory and breaks down waste (proteins, fats, and carbohydrates) with enzymescarbohydrates) with enzymes

– Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removalTransports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Location:Location: In the cytoplasm In the cytoplasm Composed of:Composed of: Digestive enzymes enclosed in a protective Digestive enzymes enclosed in a protective

membrane and a lipid bilayermembrane and a lipid bilayer Cell breaks down if lysosomes explode - this is how a Cell breaks down if lysosomes explode - this is how a

tadpole looses its tail when it turns into a frog!tadpole looses its tail when it turns into a frog!

Vacuoles (Plant and Vacuoles (Plant and Animal)Animal)

Job:Job: – Storage, Storage,

digestion, and digestion, and waste removalwaste removal

– Helps plants Helps plants maintain their maintain their shapeshape

Location:Location: – In the cytoplasmIn the cytoplasm

Composed of:Composed of: – Water & a thin Water & a thin

membranemembrane

Chloroplast (Plant)Chloroplast (Plant)

Job:Job: – Capture light energy (in Capture light energy (in

thylakoid membranesthylakoid membranes) ) and convert it into and convert it into chemical energy chemical energy through through photosynthesisphotosynthesis..

Location:Location: – In the cytoplasm In the cytoplasm

Composed of:Composed of:– A double membraneA double membrane– GranaGrana – stacks of – stacks of

membranous sacs membranous sacs called thylakoids.called thylakoids.

Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton (Plant and Animal)(Plant and Animal)

Job:Job: – Support and structure (think tent poles!)Support and structure (think tent poles!)– Cell division and transportCell division and transport– Anchors organellesAnchors organelles

Location:Location: – In the cytoplasmIn the cytoplasm

Composed of:Composed of: – MicrotubulesMicrotubules: thin hollow cylinders made of protein: thin hollow cylinders made of protein– MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments: smaller, solid protein fibers: smaller, solid protein fibers

Let’s compare…Let’s compare…