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8/3/2019 projek kimia

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CHAPTER 9 : MANUFRACTURED

SUBSTANCES IN

INDUSTRY..Learning Objective

# understand the manufacture of sulphuric acid.

# synthesise the manufacture of ammonia and its

salts.

# understand alloys.

# evaluate the uses of synthetic polymers.

# apply the uses of glass and ceramics.

# evaluate the uses of composite materials.


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# UNDERSTAND THE MANUFACTURE OF

SULPHURIC ACID

Sulphuric acid .

Uses of sulphuric acid..

* Sulphuric acid is one of the most important

industrial

chemicals.*It is uses in industries to make

fertilizers,detergents ,

paints,chemicals and many other uses.

*Diagram 9.1 summmarises the uses of sulphuric

acid.

Diagram 9.1

Manufacture of sulphuric acid

1.Sulphuric acid can be prepared by using the

contact proses

using vanadium(V) oxide as a catalyst.


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2.There are three main stages in the manufacture

of sulphuric

acid namely .

a)combustion of sulphur

b)conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur

trioxide.

c)formation of sulphuric acid

3.The process at each stage is summarisedin table1.

Table 9.1 Three main stagesin manufactureof sulphuric acid

Stage 1

Combustion of sulphur

Stage 2

Conversion of sulphur

dioxide to sulphur

trioxide

Stage 3

Formation of sulphuric

acid

*Sulphur is burn in the

air to produce sulphur

dioxide.

*Sulphur dioxide must be

purified to remove

foreign compounds

which may poison the

catalyst

*The sulphur dioxide

produced together with

air are passed over

vanadium oxide

catalyst at the

temperature 450-500

to produce sulphur

trioxide.

* SO2(g)+O2(g)

*Sulphur trioxide is

dissolved in

concentrated to from

oleum(H2S2O7)

*SO3(g)+H2S2O2(l)

H2S2O7(l)

*Oleum is diluted with

water to produce


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CO] and other polyamides.

Refrigeration Usead for making ice,large scale

refrigeration plants,air-conditioning

units in buildings and plants.

Pharmaceutical Used in manufacture of drug such

antimalaria drugs and vitamins such as

vitamin B.

Pulp and paper Ammonium hydrogen

sulphite,NH4NO3.

Properties of Ammonium

1.Physical properties of ammonia:

a) Coluorless gas

b) Pungent smell

c) Very soluble in water

d) An alkaline gas

e) Less dense than air

2.Chemical properties of ammonia :

a)Reacting as a base


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Dissolves into water ti give an alkaline solution.

NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4 (aq) +OH (aq)

Undergoes neutralisation with acid to from ammonium salts

Ammonium + acid ammonium salts

b) Reacts with aqueous metal ions

Metal ions combine with the hydroxide ions from aqueous ammonium to

produce insoluble metal hydroxides.

Table 9.3 some example of ammonium salt

Ammonium salt Preparation

Ammonium sulphate a)Can be prepared by reacting

ammonia with sulphuric acid.

b)2NH4(aq) +H2SO4(aq)

(NH4)2 SO4(aq)

Ammonium nitrate a)Can be prepared by reacting ammonia

with nitric acid

b)NH3(aq)+HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)

Ammonium phosphate a)Can be preparred by reacting


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ammonia with phosphoric acid

b)NH3(aq)+H3PO4(aq)

NH4H2PO4(aq)

Urea a)Can be prepeared by reacting

ammonia with phosphoric acid

b)NH3(aq)+CO2(aq)

CO(NH2)2(aq)+H2O(l)

#UNDERSTAND ALLOYS

ALLOYS

>An alloys is a combination,either in solution or as a compound,


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of two or more elements,with at least one of which being a

metal,and the resulting material has metallic properties.

Arrangement of Atom in Alloys

1.One of the purpose of producing alloys is to increase the

strength and hardness of the pure metals.

2.in pure metals,all the atoms are of the same size arranged in

layers and easily slide over each other acted on by some force.

3.In an alloys, atoms with diffrent sizes are mixed in their

molten states produce different sizes of atoms in an alloy

preventing the atoms from sliding over each other.This

will make the alloy stronger and not malleable.

4.There are two ways of preparing or arranging atoms in alloys:

a)Homogenous alloys

-Different atoms are distributed uniformly throughout the

structure.


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b)Heterogeneous alloys

-Different atoms are not distributed uniformly.

+

pure metal pure matel

A B

alloys

Diagram 9.2 Preparing an alloys

Alloys Composition Properties Uses

Alniko Iron-(75-49%)

Aluminium-

Magnetic nature Magnet


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(6-12%)

Nickel-(14-13%)

Cobalt-(5-35%)

Constantan Copper-60%

Nickel-40%

High resistance Thermocouple

Brass Copper-70%

Zinc-30%

Resistance to

corrosion

Musical

instruments,

door knobs,

ship boilers.

Bronze Copper-90%

Tin-10%

Very hard

Resistance to

corrosion

Medals

Duralumin Aluminium-95%

Copper-3%

Manganese-1%

Magnesium-1%

High tensile

strength but light

Aircraft

Pewter Tin-91%

Antimony-7%

Copper-2%

Very hard

Shiny surface

Souvenirs

Steel Iron-73%

Carbon-1%

Very hard Concrete,

machinery,

vehicles

Stainless steel Iron-73%

Nickel-8%

Resistance to

corrosion

Knives, scissors

and cutlery


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Chromium-18%

Carbon-1%

# EVALUATE THE USES OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS.

Snythetic Polymers..

*Polymer is an term used to describe large molecules consisting

of repeating structural units called monomers, connected by

covalent bonds.

*Polymers can be prepared through a process called

polymerisation.

*During the polymerization, small molecules of the monomer

are linked to each other to from a polymer.

*Similar monomers can have various chemical consitituents.

The different between the monomers can affect properties such

as solubility, flexibility and strength.


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*Polymers can be divided into natural and synthetic polymers.

a natural polymer is found in nature while a synthetic polymer

is a man made polymer.

Some example of natural polymer

Polymer Properties and polymer structure

Celullose *Is a complex carbohydrate

*Major constituents of woody plants

*Consists of a long straight chain of glucose monomers

Starch *Is a complex carbohydrate

*Is mostly stored in plant seeds and tubers

*Consists of long straight chains of glucose monomers with different

ways of joining compared to cellulose

Natural

rubber

*Consists of long chains of isoprene monomers

H CH3 H

| | |

-C - C = C - C

| | |

H H H

Some example of synthetic polymer


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Polymers Properties and polymer structure

Polyethene *Consists of a long chain of ethane monomers

*The monomers are joined together by addition reaction

polypropene *consists a long chain of propene monomers

*The monomers are joined together by addition reaction

Perspex *Also known as polymethylmethacrylate

*Consists of a long chain methyl-2-methylpropenoate monomers

*transparent, strong and light

# APPLY THE USES OF GLASS AND CERAMICS.

GLASS.

1.Glass is a uniform solid material, usually produced when the

viscous molten material cools very rapidly to below its glass


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transition temperature.

2.Glass is a biologically inactive material that can be formed

into smooth and impervious surfaces.Glass is brittle and will

break into sharp shards.These properties can be modified or

changed with the addition of other compounds or heat

treatment.

3.The physical properties of glass depend on the proportions of

the various silicates present.

4.All types of glass have the following common properties:

a)Transparent to visible light

b)Inactive biologically and chemically

c)Good electric insulators

d)Hard but easily broken

e)Good heat insulators

Composition, properties and uses of the various types of glasses

Type of glass Composition Properties Uses

Fused glass Silicon

dioxide

(99%)

Boron

High melting

point

Transparent

Mirrors

Laboratory

glass

apparatus


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trioxide(1%)

Soda lime-

glass

Silicon

dioxide (75%)

Sodium oxide

(15%)

Calcium oxide

(10%)

Low melting

temperature

High thermal

expansion

Changes shape

easily

Windows

Mirrors

Bottles

Borosilicate

glass

Silicon

dioxide (80%)

Boron oxide

(15%)

Aluminium

oxide (5%)

High melting

point

Low thermal

expansion

Transparent to

visible light

Cooking glass

ware

Laboratory

glassware

Lead crystal

glass

Silicon

dioxide (55%)

Lead oxide

(30%)

Potassium

oxide (10%) Sodium oxide

(3%)

Aluminium

oxide (2%)

High density

High index of

refraction

Decorative

glass wares

Prisms

Special Glasses


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Ceramics

1.The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word keramikos.

The term covers inorganic non-metallic materials whose

formation is due to the action of heat.Ceramics are hardened

by heating them at high temperature.

2.Ceramics are made from clays such as kaolin.Clays contains

crystal kaolinite.

3.Many ceramic materials are hard and strong, chemically inert

and brittle.

General Uses of Ceramics

1.For convenience ceramic products are usually divided into

four groups, and these are shown below with some examples.

a)Structural,including bricks, pipes, floor and roof tiles.

b)Refractory, such as kilnlinings, gas fire radiants, steel and

glass making crucibles

c)Whitewares, including tableware, wall tiles, decorative art

objects and sanitary ware.

d)Medical field including artificial limbs, bones and teeth.

Special Ceramics.


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1)Special ceramics are made for specific purpose.Examples of

special ceramics are boron nitride, silicon nitride, carbon

nitride and perovskites.

2)Boron nitride, silicon nitride and carbon nitride are ceramics

that can be produced from Group 13 and 14 elements of the

periodic table.

3)These types of ceramics had been subjected to high

temperatures and can be used to build parts in car engine

such as valves and cams.

4)Perovskites are made from ceramic material belonging to a

class of superconductors.A superconductors is a material

that can transmit electricity with virtually no loss of energy.

# EVALUATE THE USES OF COMPODITE MATERIALS.


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COMPOSITE MATERIALS.

1.Composite materials are engineered materials made from two

or more constituent materials with significantly different

physical or chemical properties and which remain separate

and distinct within the finished.

2.A composite material combines the advantage of strength of

the two constituents materials without their weaknesses.

3.Composite materials are made for specific purpose.

Example of composite materials and their components

Composite materials Component Uses

Reinforced concrete Steel bar and concrete

To make concrete

stronger, they are

reinforced byputting a steel rod

at the centre which

is exposed to stress.

Used in the

construction

industry

Photochromic Combination of

glass and silver

chloride

Is used to make

spectacles

Optic fibres Combination of

silica dioxide,

sodium carbonate

and calcium oxide

Used in the

telecomunication

industry


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CHAPTER 8 :SALTS

# Synthesise salts.

# Snythesise qualitative analysis of salts.

# Practice to be systematic and meticulous when carrying out

activities.

What is salt ????.......


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Salt is formed during neutralisation when an acid reacts with a

base.It consists of one part from the base and one part from the

acid.

Base part

NaOH + HCI NaCI + H2O

Acid part

Uses of Salts..

Uses of salt in daily life

Field Salt Uses

Agriculture Ammonium

sulphate

Ammonium

phosphate

Copper(II) sulphate

Iron(II) sulphate

Sodium arsenic

Fertiliser

Fertiliser

Inoganic pesticide

Inoganic pesticide

Inoganic pesticide

Food industry Sodium nitrite

Sodium benzoate

Sodium glutamate

Food preservative

Food preservative

Food preservative

Medical

Calcium sulphate

Barium sulphate

Plaster for broken

bones

Is used to detect

stomach ulcers

Chemical Industry Sodium

hypochlorite

Toothpaste


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Tin(II) chloride Bleaching agent

Soluble and Insoluble Salts

1.Soluble salts are salts that can dissolve completely in water at

room temperature.

2.However, not all salts are found to be soluble in water.

Classification of salts

Type of salt Soluble Insoluble

Carbonate salts Sodium carbonate,

Na2Co3

Potassium carbonate,

K2Co3

Ammonium carbonate,

(NH4)2CO3

All other carbonate salts

Nitrate salts All nitrate salts All nitrate salts

Chloride salts All chloride salts except Silver chloride, AgCl

Lead(II) chloride, PbCl2

Sulphate salts All sulphate salts except Lead(II) sulphate, PbSO4

Clacium sulphate, CaSO4

Barium sulphate, BaSO4


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