PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES

PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINESDefinition of Straight line:

A straight line is the shortest distance between two points. -Top views of two end points of a straight line, when joined, give the top view of the straight line.

-Front views of the two end points of a straight line, when joined, give the front view of the straight line.

-Both the above projections are straight lines.

Orientation of Straight Line in Space- A line in space may be parallel, perpendicular or inclined to either the H.P. or V.P. or both.

- It may be in one or both the reference Planes.

- Line ends may be in different Quadrants.

- Position of Straight Line in space can be fixed by various combinations of data like distance of its end points from reference planes, inclinations of the line with the reference planes, distance between end projectors of the line etc.

Notatioans used for Straight Line True length of the line:

Denoted by Capital letters. e.g. AB=100 mm, means that true length of the line is 100 mm.

Front View Length: Denoted by small letters. e.g. a’b’=70 mm, means that Front View Length is 70 mm.

Top View Length: Denoted by small letters. e.g. ab=80 mm, means that Top View Length is 80 mm.

Inclination of True Length of Line with H.P.: It is denoted by θ. e.g. Inclination of the line with H.P. (or Ground) is given as 30º means that θ = 30º.

Inclination of Front View Length with XY :

It is denoted by α. e.g. Inclination of the Front View of the line with XY is given as 50º means that α = 50º.

Inclination of Top View Length with XY :

It is denoted by β. e.g. Inclination of the Top View of the line with XY is given as 30º means that β = 30º.End Projector Distance: It is the distance between two projectors passing through end points of F.V. & T.V. measured parallel to XY line.

Inclination of True Length of Line with V.P.: It is denoted by Φ. e.g. Inclination of the line with V.P. is given as 40º means that Φ = 40º.

Line in Different Positions with respect to H.P. & V.P.

CLASS A: Line perpendicular to (or in) one reference plane & hence parallel to both the other planes

(1) Line perpendicular to P.P. & (hence) parallel

to both H.P. & V.P.

(2) Line perpendicular to V.P. & (hence) parallel to both H.P. & P.P.

(3) Line perpendicular to H.P. & (hence) parallel to both V.P. & P.P.


CLASS B: Line parallel to (or in) one reference plane & inclined to other two planes

(1) Line parallel to ( or in) V.P. & inclined to H.P. by .

(2) Line parallel to ( or in) H.P. & inclined to V.P. by .

(3) Line parallel to ( or in) P.P. & inclined to H.P. by & V.P. by .


CLASS C: Line inclined to all three reference planes ( Oblique lines )

Line inclined to H.P. by , to V.P. by and also inclined to profile plane.

P.P..

H.P.

V.P.

Y

X

BA

a’b’

ba

b”a”

z x

Y

Class A(1) : Line perpendicular to P.P. & hence parallel to both the other planes

X

Y

a’

b’

H.P.

V.P.

a

b


P.P.

a”, b”

Y1

.

H.P.

V.P.

a’

b’

ab

X

Y


a’ b’

a b

a”, b”

X Y1

.F.V. L.H.S.V.

T.V.

Y


X Y

Profile Plane

a’

30

b’

aT.V.=T.L.

F.V.=T.L.

20

10

Y1

Y1

50

Data given :-

(1)T.L. = 50mm

(2)Point A 20 below H.P.

30mm Behind V.P.

(3)Line is perpendicular to P.P.(4)Line is 10mm left of P.P.

Scale :- 1:1

Exercise 1 :- A Line AB, 50mm long is perpendicular to the profile plane. The end A is 20mm below H.P. , 30mm behind V.P. & 10mm to the left of P.P. Draw the projections of straight line AB (i.e. Front View & Top View).

.

..b

.

V.P.

H.P.

Y

X

A

B

b

a

a’, b’.

Y

XClass A(2):Line perpendicular to V.P. & (hence) parallel to both the other Planes(i.e. H.P. & P.P.)

a’, b’

X

Y

V.P.

H.P.

a

b

.

Class A(2):Line perpendicular to V.P. & (hence) parallel to both the other Planes

V.P.

H.P.

a’, b’

X Ya

bT.V.

F.V..

Class A(2):Line perpendicular to V.P. & (hence) parallel to both the other Planes

.

50 a

b

c

a’,b’,c’

2060

YX

Exercise 2 :- A Line ABC, 80mm long is perpendicular to V.P & 50mm below H.P. Point B, 20mm from A is on V.P. A is in 4th quadrant. Draw the projections of line ABC.

Data given :-(1)T.L. = 80mm

(3)Point B is in V.P.

- Line is perpendicular to V.P.

(4)Line is 50mm below H.P.

Scale :- 1:1

(2)AB = 20, BC = 60

- Point A is in 4th quadrant

.

.

.

H.P.

a,b.

V.P.

A

B

a’

b’

X

Y

Class A(3):Line perpendicular to H.P. & (hence) parallel to both the other Planes

Y

X

a,b.H.P.


V.P.

a’

b’

Y

X

X Y

a’

b’

a, b.

H.P.

V.P.


Exercise 3:- A Line AB, 50mm long is perpendicular to H.P. & it is below H.P. Point A is on H.P. & 30mm behind V.P. Draw the projections of the line AB.

a’

a,b

X Y

b’

F.V.=T.L.

3050

Data given :-

(1)T.L. = 50mm

(2) Point A On H.P.

30mm BehindV.P.

(3) Line is perpendicular to H.P.

Scale :- 1:1

.

.

.

H.P.

V.P.

a’

b’

X

Y

a

b

X

Y

A

B

Class B(1): Line contained by ( or parallel to) V.P. & inclined to H.P. by

θ

Y

X

V.P.

b’

a’a

bθ

H.P.


V.P.

b’

a’ba

V.P.

X Y

θ


20

==30º

b’

a’

ba

F.V.=T.L.

T.V.X Y

Exercise 4 :- A Line AB, 75mm long, is in V.P. It makes an angle of 30º with the H.P. Point A is 20mm above H.P. Draw the projections of line AB.

Data given :-(1)T.L. = 75mm

Scale :- 1:1

(2) = 30º

(3)Point A = 20mm above H.P.

- Line AB is in V.P...

V.P.

H.P.

A Ba’

H.P.

V.P.

=a b

b’ a’ b’

a

b

X

Y

ø

YX

X

Y

Class B(2) : Line parallel to (or contained by) H.P. & inclined to V.P. by

10X Y

a

b

b’a’

P.L. = T.L

=

F.V.

40

Data given :-

(1)T.L. = 120mm

(3) Point B 10 above H.P.40mm in Front of V.P.

- Line is parallel to H.P.- Point A is behind V.P.

Scale :- 1:1

(2) = 50º

Exercise 5 :- A Line AB, 120mm long, is parallel to H.P. and inclined to V.P. by 50º. Point B is 10mm above H.P. and 40mm on in front of V.P. Point A is behind V.P. Draw the projection of line AB.

.

.

..

H.P.

V.P.

P.P.

Class B(3): Line parallel to (or contained by) P.P.,

inclined to H.P. by & to V.P. by

Y

X

A

B

a”

b”

Y

XZb

a

b’

a’

V.P.

H.P.

P.P.

Class B(3): Line parallel to (or contained by) P.P.,

inclined to H.P. by & to V.P. by

XY

a’

b’

a

b

b”

a”

Exercise 6 :- The distance between the end projectors of line MN is zero. Point M is 40 mm below H.P. & 25 mm behind V.P. Point N is 15 mm below H.P. & 65 mm behind V.P. Draw its projections and find the angle of the line with H.P. and V.P. Also find the true length of the line.

Data given :-

(1) Point M 40 below H.P.25 mm behind V.P.

(2) Point N 15 below H.P.65 mm behind V.P.

(3) End projector dist. = 0.

.

.

.

.

.Y

X

2565

1540

n’

m’

m

n

n”

m”

45

T.L.F.V.

T.V.

H.P.

V.P.

X

Y

a b

a’

b’

Y

X

B

A

Class C:Line inclined to H.P. by & V.P. by ( i.e. Line inclined to both the planes)

a

b

H.P.

X

Y

V.P.

a’

b’


X Ya

b

b’

H.P.

V.P.

a’


2515

Φ

α

β

Exercise 7:- A Line AB, 90 mm long, is inclined to H.P. by 30° and inclined to V.P. by 45º. The line is in first quadrant with Point A 15 mm above H.P. and 25 mm in front of V.P. Draw the projection of line AB.

a’

a

b’ b1’

YX

b b2

θ

Locus of b’

Locus of b

Data Given :-

(1) T.L.=90 mm

(2) Θ =30°(3) Φ =45°

(4) Point A 15 above H.P.25 mm in Front of V.P.

F.V.

T.V.

Answers :-

(1) F.V.= 64 mm

(2) T.V = 78 mm(3) = 45° (4) = 55°

T.L.= 90

b2’

b1 .

.

Exercise 8 :- The distance between the end projectors of a straight line AB is 80mm. Point A is 10mm above H.P. and 30mm in front of V.P. Point B is 40mm above H.P. and 50mm behind V.P. Draw the projections and find the inclination of straight line AB with H.P & V.P. and the true length of the line. Data given :-

(1) E.P.D. = 80mm

(3) Point B 40 above H.P.50mm behind V.P.

X Y

(2) Point A 10 above H.P.30mm in front of V.P.

80

3010

a

a’

b1b

4050

b’

Locus of b

b2’

Answers :- (1) =

(2) =

(3) T.L. =

15º

43º

117mm

.

.

.Locus of b’ .

b2

b1’F.V.

T.V.

YX

b2’

HB

b’

a’a

bL

Data Given :-(1) Length of the room=L=5m

(2) Breadth of the room=B=4.5m

(3) Height of the room=H=4m

Answer :-(1) Diagonal distance between

opposite corners of the room

Exersice 9 : A room is 5m X 4.5m X 4 m high. Determine by method of projections of straight lines, distance between diagonally(solid) opposite corners of the room.

a’b2’= 7.826m

Scale :- 1:100

b2

Locus of b’

θ

C

c2’

Exercise 10 :- Two unequal legs AB and AC, hinged at A make an angle of 135º between them in their elevation and plan. Leg AB is perpendicular to the Profile Plane. Determine the real angle between them.

Data Given :-(1) = 135º

(2) = 135º- AB is perpendicular to P.P.- Legs are unequal (AB > AC)

Answer :-- The real angle between two

unequal legs = BAC=125º

B,b’ A,a’

ab

c

c’

YX

Locus of cScale :- 1:1

c3’

Locus of c’

c2

c3

T.L.

T.L.

T.L.

0.5m

1m 1.25

m

0.75

mq2’F.V.

T.V.

q

q’

p’

p

YX

G L

Exercise 11 :- Two Mangoes on a tree, planted near the compound wall of a bunglow, are 1m and 1.25m above the ground and 0.5m & 0.75m from a 15cm thick compound wall but on the opposite sides of it. The distance between Mangoes measured along the ground and parallel to the wall is 1m. Determine the real distance between centres of two mangoes.

Data Given :-(1) E.P.D. = 1m

Answer :-- the real distance between

centres of two mangoes =p’q2’= 1.63m1m

Locus of qScale :- 1:20

(2) Point P 1m above ground

0.5 behind wall

(3) Point Q 1.25m above ground

0.75m in front of wall

15cm

(4) Wall thickness = 15cm

Locus of q’

q2

Exercise 12 : The F.V. of a line MN, 90 mm long, measures 65 mm. Point M is in V.P. and 20 mm below H.P. Point N is in the first quadrant. Draw the projections and find inclinations of line with H.P. and V.P. Data Given:

(1) Point M 20mm below H.P.

In V.P.(2) T.L.= 90 mm (3) F.V.= 65 mm (4) α = 45°

(5) Point N is in first Quadrant

X Y

m’

m

20

n’ n1’

n1

n2

n2’

n

θ

Answers:(1) Θ = 31°

(2) Φ = 44°

T.V.

F.V.

.

.α

Locus of n’

Locus of n

Φ

Scale:- 1:1

TRACES OF A LINE

Definition: When a line is inclined to a plane, it will meet that plane, produced if necessary. The point where the line or line produced meets the plane is called trace.

Horizontal Trace: The point of intersection of the inclined line with the H.P. is called Horizontal Trace or simply H.T.

Vertical Trace: The point of intersection of the inclined line with the V.P. is called Vertical Trace or simply V.T.

V.P.

V.P.

H.P..

.

a b

b’

a’B

A

Y

X

Example to illustrate the concept of traces

F.V.

T.V.

H.T.

h

v

V.T.

IMPORTANT POINTS REGARDING TRACES OF A LINE

- If a line is inclined to both H.P. & V.P. then its Front view, h’ and V.T. must be on the same straight line.

e.g. if front view of a line AB is a’b’, then h,a’,b’ and V.T. must be on a same straight line.

- If a line is inclined to both H.P. & V.P. then its Top view, v and H.T. must be on the same straight line.

e.g. if Top View of a line AB is ab, then v, a, b and H.T. must be on a same straight line.


(1) If a line is parallel to any of the plane, it has no trace upon that plane.

e.g. If the line is parallel to horizontal plane then that line will not meet H.P and hence there will be no H.T. and only V.T.

V.P.

H.P.

A

B

b

a

a’, b’.

V.T.

Y


(1) If a line is parallel to any of the plane, it has no trace upon that plane.

e.g. If the line is parallel to horizontal plane then that line will not meet H.P and hence there will be no H.T. and only V.T.

V.T.

A Ba’

a b

b’

ø

.


e.g. If the line is parallel to Vertical Plane then that line will not meet V.P and hence there will be no V.T. and only H.T.

Y

X H.P.

a,b.

V.P.

A

B

a’

b’

H.T.


e.g. If the line is parallel to Vertical Plane then that line will not meet V.P and hence there will be no V.T. and only H.T.

20

= =30º

b’

a’

ba

F.V.=T.L.

T.V.h’

H.T.

Exercise 13 : A line AB, 80 mm long is seen as a straight line of length 55mm in its front view and of length 65 mm in its top view. Its end A is 10 mm above H.P. & is in first quadrant where as end B is 25 mm behind V.P. and is in Second Quadrant. Draw its projections and find out its inclinations with H.P. & V.P. and also locate its traces.

Data Given:(1) T.L.=80 mm (2) F.V. = 55mm (3) T.V. = 65mm

(4) End A10 mm above H.P.??? I.F.O V.P.

(5) End B??? above H.P.

25mm behind V.P.

X Y

b’

b

Locus of b’

Locus of b

b1’

25

b165

H.T.

a

F.V.V.T.

vT.V.

10a’

.

.

b2’

b2

h

Answers:(1) = 36°

(2) = 46°

(3) H.T.=46mm I.F.O. V.P.

(4) V.T.=36mm above H.P.

Exercise 14 : The end projectors distance of a line MN is zero. Its end M is 25mm below H.P. & 40mm behind V.P. where as end N is 10 above H.P. & 55mm in front of V.P. Draw its projections and find out its inclinations with H.P. & V.P. and also locate its traces.

.

v

1040

25 m’

.

.

..

.X Y

m

n’

n

n”

m”

Z

Z

V.T. H.T.

h55

. .

Data Given:

(1) End M25 below H.P.40 behind V.P.

(2) End N10 above H.P.

55mm I.F.O.V.P.

(3) E.P.D. = 0

Answers:(1) = 20° (2) = 70°

(4) H.T.=27mm I.F.O. V.P.

(5) V.T.=12mm below H.P.

..

(6) + = 90°

(3) T.L.= 101mm

Exercise 15 : A divider instrument of a compass box having two equal arms AB & BC hinged at B is kept in H.P. on its needle point A & C with the line joining A & C is perpendicular to V.P. It is seen in front view as a straight line 100mm long inclined at 30° to H.P. while it is seen in top view as an angle abc with <abc = 60°. Draw its front view and top view and find;

(1) The height of point B above H.P.

(2) The apart distance between the needle points

A & C

(3)The lengths of arms AB & BC with real

between them

Data Given:

(1) F.V.=100 mm f(2) = 30°

(3) <abc =2 = 60°

(4) ac is perpendicular to V.P. a,A

a’,c’

c,C

b1’

b1, B

b’

X Y

H

F.V.

60°

Locus of b’

Locus of b’

b2A

B d

ist.

Answers:

(1) AB = 112mm

(2) 2 = 53°

(3) AC = 100 mm

Exercise 16 : The end A of a straight line AB, 120mm long, is 50 mm behind V.P. & 35 mm below H.P. The line is inclined to H.P. by 30° & has a point C on it in both the reference planes. Draw the projections of the line and find out its inclinations with V.P. Also locate its traces.

Data Given:

(2) T.L.=120 mm(3) = 30°

(1) End A35 below H.P.50 behind V.P.

(4) C on AB in both ref. Planes

Answers:(1) = 45°

(2) H.T.= in V.P.& H.P.

(3) V.T.= in V.P. & H.P.

35

a’

a

b

b’

C,c’,c

c1

50

b2

X Yc1’

b1’

b1

b2’

.

.

Locus of b’

Locus of b’

F.V. of AC

T.V. of AC

H.T. & V.T..

PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES

PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES

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