Projecting contact matrices in 177 geographical regions: an updateand comparison with empirical data for the COVID-19 era

Supplementary Material

Kiesha Prem, Kevin van Zandvoort, Petra Klepac, Rosalind M Eggo, Nicholas G Davies,Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases COVID-19 Working Group,

Alex R Cook, Mark Jit∗

Contents1 Materials and methods 1

1.1 Population age structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Household age structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 Working population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.4 School-going population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.5 Age- and location-specifc contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.6 Age- and location-specifc contacts by rural and urban areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.7 Age-stratified compartmental model of the physical distancing interventions for COVID-19 . 8

2 Results 102.1 Household age matrix (HAM) validation for POLYMOD and DHS countries . . . . . . . . . . 102.2 Household age matrix (HAM) urban and rural comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.3 Updated age- and location-specifc contact matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712.4 Comparison of the empirical and 2017 synthetic age-specific contact matrices in ten geographical

regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2492.5 Age-specifc infection attack rate of COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

References 255

1 Materials and methods

1.1 Population age structure

The United Nations Population Division provides the population age composition in five-year age intervalsPa (i.e.,number of individuals in age group a) for the 177 geographical regions in this study [1]. They alsopresent the estimation of rural and urban population age compositions for the 177 geographical regions [2].

∗Correspondence to mark.jit@lshtm.ac.uk.

1

1.2 Household age structure

1.2.1 Household data

We extracted the household data from POLYMOD contact study [3]—for the eight POLYMOD countries:Belgium, Germany, Finland, the United Kingdom, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Poland. TheDemographic Household Surveys (DHS) provides nationally-representative household surveys of the wholepopulation for several low- and middle-income countries [4]. Table 1 lists the 43 DHS countries included in thestudy. The largest survey conducted in India in 2015 included ~3 million individuals from ~600,000 households.The DHS also provides data for rural and urban areas, allowing us to derive rural-urban household agematrices.

1.2.2 Household age matrix (HAM)

To estimate the age-specific contacts at home for county c, we need to first construct the household age matrix(HAM) for country c. The HAM of country c, hca,α, represents the mean number of household members of ageα of an individual aged a. Although this can be easily derived for the 8 POLYMOD and 43 DHS countries, itis not straightforward for other countries or geographical regions without available household structure data.In Prem et al. [5], we provide detailed steps to project a country’s household age structure.

1. Population ratio matrices: For the 51 POLYMOD and DHS countries, we first derive their populationratio matrices Πc

a,α by dividing the elements of HAM (hca,α) by the proportion of the population ofcountry c aged a, P ca . The population ratio matrix of a country measures the propensity of having ahousehold member aged α for an individual aged a after adjusting for the population age structure.Because we know the population age composition for the 177 geographical regions, we can project theirHAM by extrapolating the relationship between P ca and hca,α as estimated from the POLYMOD andDHS countries, and applying that to the country’s population age profile. We could simply use themean population ratio matrix of the POLYMOD and DHS countries to derive the HAM of country c,hca,α, as follows P caΠc

a,α.2. HAM weights: However, as household age structures vary across countries in different stages of

development and with different demographics, we use 14 country characteristics from the World Bankand United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics (UIS)databases [6] to quantify the similarity of these 126 geographical regions (with no available householddata). The 14 country characteristics include gross domestic product per capita, total fertility rateand adolescent fertility rate, population density, population growth rate, under-five mortality rate,the life expectancy of males and females, mortality rates of males, risk of maternal death, mortalityfrom road traffic injury, the incidence of tuberculosis, as proxies for overall health, internet penetrationrate, and secondary school education attainment levels in the country. We then calculate the pairwiseEuclidean distances of each of the 14 standardized variables of these 126 geographical regions with the51 POLYMOD and DHS countries. We generated 10 000 bootstrap samples of the pairwise distancesbetween countries (between indicators) and selected the combination that maximized the correlationbetween P ca and

∑α P

cαhca,α. For each of the 126 geographical regions, the reciprocal of the bootstrapped

pairwise distances provides the weights which we then use to derive the weighted mean of the populationratio matrices of the 51 POLYMOD and DHS countries.

3. HAM projection: Using the derived weighted mean of the population ratio matrices, we project theHAM hca,α for geographical region c.

1.2.3 Household age matrix (HAM) validation for POLYMOD and DHS countries

In section 1.2.2, we describe the methods used to project the HAM of a country.

We perform internal validation using leave-one-out validation to verify that the HAM describing householdstructure could be reverse-engineered for the POLYMOD and DHS countries for which empirical household

2

Table 1: Description of Demographic Household Surveys from 43 countries.Country Country Survey Survey Number of Number of

code? year Type households individuals

Afghanistan AFG 2015 Standard DHS 24395 203708Angola AGO 2015 Standard DHS 16109 74902Bangladesh BGD 2014 Standard DHS 17300 81624Benin BEN 2017 Standard DHS 14156 74673Bolivia (Plurinational State of) BOL 2008 Standard DHS 19564 77757

Cambodia KHM 2014 Standard DHS 15825 74122Cameroon CMR 2011 Standard DHS 14214 72622Chad TCD 2014 Standard DHS 17233 99620Colombia COL 2015 Standard DHS 44614 162459Congo COG 2011 Standard DHS 11632 51449

Democratic Republic of the Congo COD 2013 Standard DHS 18171 95949Dominican Republic DOM 2013 Standard DHS 11464 41267Ethiopia ETH 2016 Standard DHS 16650 75224Ghana GHA 2017 Standard DHS 11835 43945Guatemala GTM 2014 Standard DHS 21383 102510

Guinea GIN 2018 Standard DHS 7912 49543Guyana GUY 2009 Standard DHS 5632 22845Haiti HTI 2016 Standard DHS 13405 59547Honduras HND 2011 Standard DHS 21362 100555India IND 2015 Standard DHS 601509 2869043

Indonesia IDN 2017 Standard DHS 47963 197723Kenya KEN 2014 Standard DHS 36430 153840Kyrgyzstan KGZ 2012 Standard DHS 8040 35805Lesotho LSO 2014 Standard DHS 9402 40197Liberia LBR 2013 Standard DHS 9333 48219

Malawi MWI 2015 Standard DHS 26361 120492Maldives MDV 2016 Standard DHS 6050 32656Mali MLI 2018 Standard DHS 9510 54571Nepal NPL 2016 Standard DHS 11040 49064Niger NER 2012 Standard DHS 10750 64011

Nigeria NGA 2018 Standard DHS 40427 188010Pakistan PAK 2017 Standard DHS 14540 100869Peru PER 2012 Continuous DHS 27218 103211Philippines PHL 2017 Standard DHS 27496 120273Senegal SEN 2017 Continuous DHS 8380 78950

Sierra Leone SLE 2013 Standard DHS 12629 75299South Africa ZAF 2016 Standard DHS 11083 38850Timor-Leste TLS 2016 Standard DHS 11502 61496Togo TGO 2013 Standard DHS 9549 46577Uganda UGA 2016 Standard DHS 19588 91167

Viet Nam VNM 2005 Standard AIS 6337 26833Zambia ZMB 2018 Standard DHS 12831 65454Zimbabwe ZWE 2015 Standard DHS 10534 43706

3

age matrices were available. The steps involve projecting that country’s household age structure as if itwere unknown (i.e., following steps 1–3 described in section 1.2.2) and then comparing against the empiricalhousehold data to assess the method’s performance.

1.3 Working population

We allow the number of age-specific contacts made at the workplace to depend on the age structure of theworkforce. To derive the working population matrices for each geographical location, we used the 2019labour force participation rate by sex and 5-year age groups wa for the 177 geographical regions from theInternational Labour Organization (ILO) [7] to compute a joint distribution of the working population, W.The working population, Wc, a square matrix with elements describing the probability of encounters betweentwo ages—a and α—in the workforce of country/geographical region c, is given by

Wca,α = wca × wcα.

After constructing the working population distribution of ages Wc, we project the age-specific contactpatterns in the workplace for non-POLYMOD countries.

1.4 School-going population

Similarly, for age-specific contact patterns at school, we construct the age-specific school-going population,including teachers, before projecting the contact patterns in schools. Information on enrolment rates, ageranges of students, pupil-to-teacher ratios by education levels (i.e. pre-primary, primary, secondary, andtertiary) were obtained from UIS [6] and the distribution of teachers by age from Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development (OECD) [8].

To project the school population, we perform the following steps:

1. Number of students estimation: We first estimate the proportion of students in each age intervalusing the country-specific enrolment rates and the starting and ending ages of students by educationlevel. Together with the population age structure P ca , we then estimate the number of students sca ageda in country c. We also estimate the number of students in each education level l, scl , for the educationlevels pre-primary, primary, secondary, and tertiary.

2. Number of teachers estimation: After estimating the number of students for each education levelin country c, scl , we use the country-specific pupil-to-teacher ratio to estimate the number of teachers foreach education level, l, tcl . Together with labour force participation rates by aged and the distributionof teachers by ages, we then estimate the number of teachers tca aged a in country c.

3. School-going population construction: We project the school population distribution of ages, asfollows:

Sca,α =(

sca∑i sci

+ tca∑i tci

)×(

scα∑i sci

+ tcα∑i tci

).

The elements of Sca,α present the probability of encounters between two ages within schools.

1.5 Age- and location-specifc contacts

In Prem et al. (2017) [5], we employed a Bayesian hierarchical modelling framework to estimate modellingto estimate the proclivity of age- and location-specific contact patterns in the POLYMOD countries. Theframework estimates both individual-level and population-level parameters and addresses the multi-levelstructure of the data, accounting for repeat measurements of contacts made in different settings by the sameindividual in the data. The parameter λLa,α is the key estimand in the model, and it quantifies typical contactrates between individuals of age groups a and α at location L. With the projected populations at home, work

4

and school available for the 177 geographical regions (listed in Table 2), we can now deduce the possible age-and location-specific contact matrices:

• Age-specific contacts at home: Given the projected HAM hca,α for country c, we can now deducethe possible age-specific contact patterns at home for country c to be:

µH,ca,α = λHa,α × hca,α.

• Age-specific contacts in the workplace: Having projected the age-specific working populations forthe 177 geographical regions Wc

a,α, we can infer the age-specific contact in the workplace for country cby the following expression:

µW,ca,α = λWa,α × Wca,α × P cα

PPOLYMODα

.

• Age-specific contact in school: With the projected school-going population available for the 177geographical regions Sca,α, we can now deduce the possible age-specific contact patterns in school forcountry c, as follows:

µS,ca,α = λSa,α × Sca,α × P cαPPOLYMODα

.

• Age-specific contact ar other locations: We estimate the possible age-specific contacts at otherlocations (i.e., non-home, work, or school) for country c, as follows:

µO,ca,α = λOa,α × P cαPPOLYMODα

.

5

Table 2: Geographical regions included in the studyRegions County code Regions County code

Afghanistan AFG Ecuador ECUAlbania ALB Egypt EGYAlgeria DZA El Salvador SLVAngola AGO Equatorial Guinea GNQArgentina ARG Eritrea ERI

Armenia ARM Estonia ESTAustria AUT Eswatini SWZAzerbaijan AZE Ethiopia ETHBahamas BHS Fiji FJIBahrain BHR Finland FIN

Bangladesh BGD France FRABarbados BRB Gabon GABBelarus BLR Gambia GMBBelgium BEL Georgia GEOBelize BLZ Germany DEU

Benin BEN Ghana GHABhutan BTN Greece GRCBolivia (Plurinational Stateof)

BOL Guatemala GTM

Bosnia and Herzegovina BIH Guinea GINBotswana BWA Guinea-Bissau GNB

Brazil BRA Guyana GUYBrunei Darussalam BRN Honduras HNDBulgaria BGR Hungary HUNBurkina Faso BFA Iceland ISLBurundi BDI India IND

Cabo Verde CPV Indonesia IDNCambodia KHM Iran (Islamic Republic of) IRNCameroon CMR Iraq IRQCanada CAN Ireland IRLCentral African Republic CAF Israel ISR

Chad TCD Italy ITAChile CHL Jamaica JAMChina CHN Jordan JORChina, Hong Kong SAR HKG Kazakhstan KAZChina, Macao SAR MAC Kenya KEN

Colombia COL Kuwait KWTComoros COM Kyrgyzstan KGZCongo COG Lao People’s Democratic

RepublicLAO

Costa Rica CRI Latvia LVACôte d’Ivoire CIV Lesotho LSO

Croatia HRV Liberia LBRCuba CUB Libya LBYCyprus CYP Lithuania LTUCzechia CZE Luxembourg LUXDem. People’s Republic ofKorea

PRK Madagascar MDG

Democratic Republic of theCongo

COD Malawi MWI

Denmark DNK Malaysia MYSDjibouti DJI Maldives MDVDominican Republic DOM Mali MLI

6

Regions County code Regions County code

Malta MLT Sri Lanka LKAMauritania MRT State of Palestine PSEMauritius MUS Sudan SDNMexico MEX Suriname SURMongolia MNG Sweden SWE

Montenegro MNE Switzerland CHEMorocco MAR Syrian Arab Republic SYRMozambique MOZ Tajikistan TJKMyanmar MMR Thailand THANamibia NAM Timor-Leste TLS

Nepal NPL Togo TGONetherlands NLD Tonga TONNew Zealand NZL Trinidad and Tobago TTONicaragua NIC Tunisia TUNNiger NER Turkey TUR

Nigeria NGA Turkmenistan TKMNorth Macedonia MKD Uganda UGANorway NOR Ukraine UKROman OMN United Arab Emirates AREPakistan PAK United Kingdom GBR

Panama PAN United Republic of Tanzania TZAPapua New Guinea PNG United States of America USAParaguay PRY Uruguay URYPeru PER Uzbekistan UZBPhilippines PHL Vanuatu VUT

Poland POL Venezuela (BolivarianRepublic of)

VEN

Portugal PRT Viet Nam VNMPuerto Rico PRI Yemen YEMQatar QAT Zambia ZMBRepublic of Korea KOR Zimbabwe ZWE

Republic of Moldova MDARomania ROURussian Federation RUSRwanda RWASaint Lucia LCA

Saint Vincent and theGrenadines

VCT

Samoa WSMSao Tome and Principe STPSaudi Arabia SAUSenegal SEN

Serbia SRBSierra Leone SLESingapore SGPSlovakia SVKSlovenia SVN

Solomon Islands SLBSouth Africa ZAFSouth Sudan SSDSpain ESP

7

1.6 Age- and location-specifc contacts by rural and urban areas

The population age structure at the various locations—in the household, workplaces, schools, generalcommunity—varies by rural and urban subregions of country. Hence, we would expect the contact patternswithin a country to also vary by rural and urban subregions. To account for these differences, we also stratifiedthe age- and location-specific contact matrices by rural-urban areas.

The United Nations Population Division provides the estimation of rural and urban population age compo-sitions for the 177 geographical regions [2]. The nationally-representative DHS household surveys providedata for rural and urban areas, allowing us to derive rural-urban HAM and project rural-urban HAM for thecountries with no available household data (following steps 1–3 described in section 1.2.2). ILO providestheage-specific labour force participation rates by rural and urban regions [9], allowing us to determine theworking population age structure, Wc

a,α, for country c by rural-urban subregions. Using the differences inrural and urban schools’ pupil-to-teacher from the OECD [10], we construct rural and urban school-goingpopulation age structures, Sca,α.

After projecting the populations at home, work and school for rural and urban subregions, we can thendeduce the possible age- and location-specific contact matrices following the steps detailed in section 1.5.

1.7 Age-stratified compartmental model of the physical distancing interven-tions for COVID-19

We adapt a discrete-time Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) compartmental model [11,12]presented in Figure 1. The model population is closed, and it ignores all demographic changes in thepopulation (i.e., births, deaths, and ageing). The model stratifies the population into (i) disease states:susceptible, exposed (infected but not yet infectious), infectious (i.e., preclinical, clinical, or subclinical), andrecovered (or died/removed) states; and (ii) 5-year age groups until age 70 years and a single category aged≥ 75 years, resulting in 16 age bands.

We implement the model stochastically and allow it to select random values of parameters from the set ofuncertainty distributions presented in Table 3, adapted from [11,12].

Figure 1: Age-stratified stochastic SEIR model. Adapted from Davies et al. (2020) [11].

As described in [11,12], susceptible individuals might acquire the infection when they come in contact with an

8

Table 3: Parameters of the age-stratified SEIR model.Description Values References

∆t Time step for simulation 0.25 days or 6 hoursdE Latent period in days dE ∼ Gamma(4, 4) [14–16]

Duration of infectiousness in daysdP (i) during the preclinical phase dP ∼ Gamma(1.5, 4) [17]dC (ii) during the clinical phase dC ∼ Gamma(3.5, 4) [14–16]dS (iii) during the subclinical phase dS ∼ Gamma(5.0, 4) Assumed to be the same as

the total duration ofinfectiousness for clinicalcases (i.e., dP + dC)

ya Probability of clinical symptoms on Age-dependent, as [18]infection for individuals aged a estimated in [18]

f Relative infectiousness of subclinical 50% Assumedcases

u Probability of transmission per contact Refer to text Derivedwith an infectious individual

Na Number of individuals aged a Demographic data [1]ca,α Number of contacts per day with Empirical and

individuals aged α by an individual synthetic contactage a matrices

R0 Basic reproduction number R0 ∼ Normal(2.6, 0.52) [13]Proportion of hospitalised cases requiring 30% [20]critical careDuration of disease in days(i) severe, non-critical disease ∼ Gamma(8, 8) NHS Digit(ii) severe, critical disease ∼ Gamma(10, 10) [20]Delay from symtom onset(i) to becoming a severe case (days) ∼ Gamma(7, 7) [19,20](i) to death (days) ∼ Gamma(22, 22) [19,21]

infectious person and enter the exposed disease state before they become infectious and later either recoveror die. The time step of the model is 6 hours. We assume age-specific mixing patterns of individuals altertheir likelihood of being exposed to the virus given a certain number of infectious people in the population.The force of infection defined as the rate at which susceptible individuals become exposed t, and is given byfor any age group a and time increment t as

λa,t = u×∑α

ca,α × IPα + ICα + f × ISαNα

where u is the probability of transmission per contact with an infectious person, ca,α denotes the number ofcontacts per day with individuals aged α by an individual in age group a per time increment (drawn from thecontact matrix), and (IPα +ICα +fISα)

Nαis the probability that any age α individual contacted is infectious, with f

denoting the relative infectiousness of subclinical cases, compared to clinical cases. The basic reproductionnumber R0 is defined as the average number of secondary infections generated by an infectious individual ina fully susceptible population, we calculated it as the absolute value of the dominant eigenvalue of the nextgeneration matrix, which was derived by linearising the system at epidemic equilibrium [13]. For any stochasticrun, u is derived from the ratio of this eigenvalue and the R0 value selected for that run. We considered sixcontact matrices when modelling the interventions to the COVID-19 pandemic: the empirically-constructedcontact matrices at the study-year and adjusted for the 2020 population, the 2017 synthetic matrices, andthe updated synthetic matrices at the national, rural, or urban settings.

The duration (in days) an individual spends in states E, IP , IC, or IS is drawn from distributions dE , dP ,dC and dS , respectively (Table 3) [14–17]. After the latency period, infected individuals are divided into

9

clinical (symptomatic) and sub-clinical (asymptomatic) states with probability ya and 1 − ya, respectively[18]. Clinical individuals will first experience a preclinical phase where they are still infectious (denoted asIP in Figure 1), followed by a clinical and infectious phase (denoted as IC in Figure 1). We assume thatsubclinical individuals, represented as IS in Figure 1, are half as infectious as clinical cases. Clinical andsubclinical individuals have the same duration of infectiousness, and we assume that their clinical severity donot affect their infectiousness. These individuals will later recover or die, and we assume that all individualswho have recovered (or have left the infectious phase) are immune until the end of the simulations. Weaccount for delays in the transitions to different clinical disease states (such as symptom onset to severe case,critical or not; and from onset of severe symptoms to recovery or death) [19–21]. These delays are drawn fromdistributions reported in the literature; however, they do not change the force of infection or transmissibility.

2 Results

2.1 Household age matrix (HAM) validation for POLYMOD and DHS coun-tries

The empirical household age structures (i.e., from the data) and the modelled household age structures(i.e., the leave-one-out validation, assuming no available household data) for each POLYMOD and DHScountries are represented in the first and second panels respectively of the figures in this section. In the thirdpanel, a scatter plot of the entries in the observed (x-axis) and modelled (y-axis) HAM. Using the methodsdescribed in section 1.2.2, we reconstructed the empirical household age structures for the POLYMOD andDHS countries with high fidelity (median correlation between the observed and modelled HAM 0.92, with aninterquartile range 0.85–0.95).

10

HAM of Belgium

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.83(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

HAM of Germany

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.8(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

HAM of Finland

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.79(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

11

HAM of United Kingdom

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.85(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

HAM of Italy

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.7(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

HAM of Luxembourg

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.87(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

12

HAM of Netherlands

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.8(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

HAM of Poland

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.54(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

HAM of Afghanistan

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.92(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

13

HAM of Angola

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.93(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

HAM of Bangladesh

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.88(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

HAM of Benin

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.98(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

14

HAM of Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.88(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

HAM of Cambodia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.88(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

HAM of Cameroon

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.97(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

15

HAM of Chad

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.92(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

HAM of Colombia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.83(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75

HAM of Congo

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.97(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

16

HAM of Democratic Republic of the Congo

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.95(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

HAM of Dominican Republic

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.88(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

HAM of Ethiopia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.95(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

17

HAM of Ghana

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.96(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

HAM of Guatemala

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.95(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

HAM of Guinea

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.95(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

18

HAM of Guyana

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.83(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

HAM of Haiti

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.96(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

HAM of Honduras

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.95(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

19

HAM of India

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.85(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

HAM of Indonesia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.83(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

HAM of Kenya

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.96(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

20

HAM of Kyrgyzstan

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.86(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

HAM of Lesotho

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.93(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

HAM of Liberia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.97(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

21

HAM of Malawi

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.94(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

HAM of Maldives

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.73(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

HAM of Mali

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.93(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

22

HAM of Nepal

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.92(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

HAM of Niger

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.87(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

HAM of Nigeria

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.97(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

23

HAM of Pakistan

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.95(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

HAM of Peru

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.85(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

HAM of Philippines

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.92(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

24

HAM of Senegal

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.9(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

HAM of Sierra Leone

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.96(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

HAM of South Africa

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.88(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

25

HAM of Timor−Leste

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.93(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

HAM of Togo

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.98(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

HAM of Uganda

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.92(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

26

HAM of Viet Nam

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.75(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

HAM of Zambia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.94(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

HAM of Zimbabwe

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Modelled HAM(b)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Empirical POLYMOD / DHS data

Mod

elle

d H

AM

r = 0.93(c)

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

27

2.2 Household age matrix (HAM) urban and rural comparison

Using rural-urban stratified population and household data, we present the population age compositions andhousehold age matrices for rural and urban areas by the rural and urban subregions for countries with recentDHS household surveys.

Empirical DHS household data: Afghanistan

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

5

10

15

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

28

Empirical DHS household data: Angola

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

29

Empirical DHS household data: Bangladesh

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

30

Empirical DHS household data: Benin

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

31

Empirical DHS household data: Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

32

Empirical DHS household data: Cambodia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

33

Empirical DHS household data: Cameroon

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

34

Empirical DHS household data: Chad

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

35

Empirical DHS household data: Colombia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

36

Empirical DHS household data: Congo

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

37

Empirical DHS household data: Democratic Republic of the Congo

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

38

Empirical DHS household data: Dominican Republic

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

39

Empirical DHS household data: Ethiopia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

40

Empirical DHS household data: Ghana

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

41

Empirical DHS household data: Guatemala

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

42

Empirical DHS household data: Guinea

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

43

Empirical DHS household data: Guyana

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

44

Empirical DHS household data: Haiti

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

45

Empirical DHS household data: Honduras

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

46

Empirical DHS household data: India

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

47

Empirical DHS household data: Indonesia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

48

Empirical DHS household data: Kenya

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

49

Empirical DHS household data: Kyrgyzstan

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

50

Empirical DHS household data: Lesotho

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

51

Empirical DHS household data: Liberia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

52

Empirical DHS household data: Malawi

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

53

Empirical DHS household data: Maldives

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

0

5

10

15

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

54

Empirical DHS household data: Mali

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

55

Empirical DHS household data: Nepal

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

56

Empirical DHS household data: Niger

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

57

Empirical DHS household data: Nigeria

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

58

Empirical DHS household data: Pakistan

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

59

Empirical DHS household data: Peru

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

60

Empirical DHS household data: Philippines

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

61

Empirical DHS household data: Senegal

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

0

5

10

15

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

5

10

15

20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

5

10

15

20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

62

Empirical DHS household data: Sierra Leone

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

63

Empirical DHS household data: South Africa

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

64

Empirical DHS household data: Timor−Leste

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

65

Empirical DHS household data: Togo

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

66

Empirical DHS household data: Uganda

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

67

Empirical DHS household data: Viet Nam

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

68

Empirical DHS household data: Zambia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

69

Empirical DHS household data: Zimbabwe

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban Households(a)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Rural Households(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of household member

Age

of h

ouse

hold

mem

ber

Urban & Rural(c)

Mean number of household membersin a specific age group

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

Median & IQR(d)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(e)

0

2

4

6

8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Mea

n nu

mbe

r of

HH

mem

bers

Age of individual

(f)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(g)

Age

Proportion of urban population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(h)

Age

Proportion of rural population (%)

Male Female

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(i)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

70

2.3 Updated age- and location-specifc contact matrices

The 2017 synthetic matrices provide validated approximations to age-and-location-specific contact matrices for152 geographical regions. We have therefore updated these matrices with the most recent data—DemographicHousehold Surveys, World Bank and UN Population Division—extending the coverage to 177 geographicallocations, covering 97.2% of the world’s population.

71

Afghanistan

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

72

Albania

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

73

Algeria

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

74

Angola

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

75

Argentina

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

76

Armenia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

77

Austria

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

78

Azerbaijan

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

79

Bahamas

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

80

Bahrain

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

81

Bangladesh

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

82

Barbados

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

83

Belarus

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

84

Belgium

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

85

Belize

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

86

Benin

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

87

Bhutan

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

88

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

89

Bosnia and Herzegovina

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

90

Botswana

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

91

Brazil

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

92

Brunei Darussalam

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

93

Bulgaria

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

94

Burkina Faso

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

95

Burundi

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

96

Cabo Verde

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

97

Cambodia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

98

Cameroon

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

99

Canada

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

100

Central African Republic

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

101

Chad

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

102

Chile

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

103

China

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

104

China, Hong Kong SAR

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

105

China, Macao SAR

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

106

Colombia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

107

Comoros

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

108

Congo

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

109

Costa Rica

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

110

Côte d'Ivoire

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

111

Croatia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

112

Cuba

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

113

Cyprus

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

114

Czechia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

115

Dem. People's Republic of Korea

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

116

Democratic Republic of the Congo

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

117

Denmark

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

118

Djibouti

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

119

Dominican Republic

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

120

Ecuador

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

121

Egypt

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

122

El Salvador

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

123

Equatorial Guinea

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

124

Eritrea

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

125

Estonia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

126

Eswatini

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

127

Ethiopia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

128

Fiji

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

129

Finland

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

130

France

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

131

Gabon

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

132

Gambia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

133

Georgia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

134

Germany

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

135

Ghana

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

136

Greece

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

137

Guatemala

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

138

Guinea

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

139

Guinea−Bissau

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

140

Guyana

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

141

Honduras

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

142

Hungary

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

143

Iceland

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

144

India

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

145

Indonesia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

146

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

147

Iraq

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

148

Ireland

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

149

Israel

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

150

Italy

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

151

Jamaica

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

152

Jordan

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

153

Kazakhstan

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

154

Kenya

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

155

Kuwait

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

156

Kyrgyzstan

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

157

Lao People's Democratic Republic

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

158

Latvia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

159

Lesotho

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

160

Liberia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

161

Libya

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

162

Lithuania

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

163

Luxembourg

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

164

Madagascar

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

165

Malawi

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

166

Malaysia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

167

Maldives

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

168

Mali

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

169

Malta

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

170

Mauritania

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

171

Mauritius

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

172

Mexico

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

173

Mongolia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

174

Montenegro

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

175

Morocco

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

176

Mozambique

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

177

Myanmar

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

178

Namibia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

179

Nepal

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

180

Netherlands

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

181

New Zealand

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

182

Nicaragua

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

183

Niger

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

184

Nigeria

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

185

North Macedonia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

186

Norway

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

187

Oman

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

188

Pakistan

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

189

Panama

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

190

Papua New Guinea

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

191

Paraguay

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

192

Peru

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

193

Philippines

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

194

Poland

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

195

Portugal

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

196

Puerto Rico

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

197

Qatar

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

198

Republic of Korea

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

199

Republic of Moldova

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

200

Romania

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

201

Russian Federation

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

202

Rwanda

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

203

Saint Lucia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

204

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

205

Samoa

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

206

Sao Tome and Principe

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

207

Saudi Arabia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

208

Senegal

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

209

Serbia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

210

Sierra Leone

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

211

Singapore

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

212

Slovakia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

213

Slovenia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

214

Solomon Islands

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

215

South Africa

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

216

South Sudan

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

217

Spain

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

218

Sri Lanka

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

219

State of Palestine

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

220

Sudan

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

221

Suriname

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

222

Sweden

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

223

Switzerland

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

224

Syrian Arab Republic

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

225

Tajikistan

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

226

Thailand

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

227

Timor−Leste

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

228

Togo

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

229

Tonga

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

230

Trinidad and Tobago

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

231

Tunisia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

232

Turkey

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

233

Turkmenistan

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

234

Uganda

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

235

Ukraine

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

236

United Arab Emirates

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

237

United Kingdom

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

238

United Republic of Tanzania

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

239

United States of America

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

240

Uruguay

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

241

Uzbekistan

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

242

Vanuatu

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

243

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

244

Viet Nam

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

245

Yemen

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

246

Zambia

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

247

Zimbabwe

15 10 5 0 5 10 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100(a)

Age

Proportion of population (%)

Male Female

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Home(b)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Work(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

School(d)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

Other Locations(e)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age group of individual

Age

gro

up o

f con

tact

All locations(f)

248

2.4 Comparison of the empirical and 2017 synthetic age-specific contact matri-ces in ten geographical regions

The 2017 synthetic matrices provide validated approximations to age-and-location-specific contact matricesfor 152 geographical regions. We compare the normalised empirical matrices with to the normalised 2017synthetic matrices.

249

Empirical contact surveynormalised

Synthetic 2017normalised

Chi

na

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age

of c

onta

ct

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical contact survey

Syn

thet

ic 2

020

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

r = 0.49

Fra

nce

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age

of c

onta

ct

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical contact survey

Syn

thet

ic 2

020

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

r = 0.85

Chi

na, H

ong

Kon

g S

AR

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age

of c

onta

ct

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical contact survey

Syn

thet

ic 2

020

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

r = 0.57

Ken

ya

0−5 6−15 16−20 21−50 51−80

0−5

6−15

16−20

21−50

51−80

Age

of c

onta

ct

0−5 6−15 16−20 21−50 51−80

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical contact survey

Syn

thet

ic 2

020

0−56−1516−2021−5051−80

r = 0.83

Per

u

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of individual

Age

of c

onta

ct

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Age of individual

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical contact survey

Syn

thet

ic 2

020

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

r = 0.78

Nomalised mean number of contacts0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

250

Empirical contact surveynormalised

Synthetic 2017normalised

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Age

of c

onta

ct

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical contact survey

Syn

thet

ic 2

020

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−74

r = 0.91

Sou

th A

fric

a

0 10 20 30 40 50

0

10

20

30

40

50

Age

of c

onta

ct

0 10 20 30 40 50

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical contact survey

Syn

thet

ic 2

020

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−49

r = 0.9

Uga

nda

0−5 6−10 11−15 16−25 26−35 36−45 46−55 56−65 66−80

0−5

6−10

11−15

16−25

26−35

36−45

46−55

56−65

66−80

Age

of c

onta

ct

0−5 6−10 11−15 16−25 26−35 36−45 46−55 56−65 66−80

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical contact survey

Syn

thet

ic 2

020

0−56−1011−1516−2526−3536−4546−5556−6566−80

r = 0.85

Vie

t Nam

0−5 6−15 16−25 26−34 35−49 50−64 65+

0−5

6−15

16−25

26−34

35−49

50−64

65+

Age

of c

onta

ct

0−5 6−15 16−25 26−34 35−49 50−64 65+

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical contact survey

Syn

thet

ic 2

020

0−56−1516−2526−3435−4950−6465+

r = 0.85

Zim

babw

e

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Age of individual

Age

of c

onta

ct

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Age of individual

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Empirical contact survey

Syn

thet

ic 2

020

0−45−910−1415−1920−2425−2930−3435−3940−4445−4950−5455−5960−6465−6970−7475−79

r = 0.63

Nomalised mean number of contacts0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

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2.5 Age-specifc infection attack rate of COVID-19

The age-specific infection attack rate for the unmitigated epidemic under different contact matrices is shownin the boxplots with boxes bounded by the interquartile range (25th and 75th percentiles), the median inwhite and, whiskers spanning the 2.5 − 97.5th percentiles (Figure 2). Six contact matrices were consideredin the COVID-19 modelling: the empirically-constructed contact matrices at the study-year and adjustedfor the 2020 population, the 2017 synthetic matrices, and the updated synthetic matrices at the national,rural, or urban settings. Models parameterised with the empirical and synthetic matrices generated similarfindings with few differences observed in the age-specific infection attack rate (Figure 2) in age groups wherethe empirical matrices have missing or aggregated age groups (Table 4). This finding means that syntheticcontact matrices may be used in modelling outbreaks in settings for which empirical studies have yet to beconducted.

Figure 2: Age-specifc infection attack rate of COVID-19.

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Table 4: Possible reason for discrepancies in age-specific infection attack ratesDiscrepancies in age-specificinfection attack rates

Survey-specific details Possible reason fordiscrepancies

Underestimation of infectionattack rate in the oldest agegroup (i.e., 75+ year-olds) inChina, and Hong Kong SAR,China

Synthetic matrices report a lowerproportion of contacts in otherlocations for individuals 75+year-olds compared to empiricalmatrices in Shanghai and HongKong SAR

Individuals 75+ year old in twohighly densely populated cities inChina appear to report morecontacts outside home and workthan their counterparts in thePOLYMOD surveyed countries inEurope. In the HK SAR survey,this may be due to a much largerproportion of older individualschoosing to use paper rather thanonline questionnaires; the surveyfound that individuals usingpaper surveys reported muchhigher numbers of contacts thanthose using online questionnaires.

Overestimation of infectionattack rate in the 10–20-year-oldsin China

Synthetic matrices report ahigher proportion of contacts inother locations for individuals10–20-year-olds compared toempirical matrices in Shanghai,China

Individuals 10–20-year-olds inShanghai, China appear to reportfewer contacts at other locationsthan their counterparts in thePOLYMOD surveyed countries inEurope.

Differences in infection attackrate in individuals 50+ year-oldsin Kenya

In the study in Kilifi, Kenya,individuals aged 21–50 wereaggregated and the oldest agegroup in the survey is 51+year-olds.

These differences are observed inage groups where the empiricalmatrices have aggregated agegroups, which may obscure largedifferences within ages in thataggregated age group.

Differences in infection attackrate in individuals aged70–74-year-olds in Peru

The study in San Marcos,Cajamarca-Peru did not surveyany individuals aged70–74-year-old.

These differences are observed inage groups where the empiricalmatrices have missing age groups.Contacts in 70-74 year olds in theempirical matrices are based onassuming reciprocity of contactsfor younger people reportingcontacts with this age group,which we know from othersurveys may lead to incorrectestimations.

253

Discrepancies in age-specificinfection attack rates

Survey-specific details Possible reason fordiscrepancies

Differences in infection attackrate in individuals aged20–24-year-olds in Russia

The study in Tomsk, Russia didnot survey any individuals aged20–24-year-old.

These differences are observed inage groups where the empiricalmatrices have missing age groups.Contacts in 20-24 year olds in theempirical matrices are based onassuming reciprocity of contactsfor other people reportingcontacts with this age group,which we know from othersurveys may lead to incorrectestimations.

Differences in infection attackrate in individuals 50+ year-oldsin South Africa

The oldest age group in thesurvey conducted in a SouthAfrican township is 45+year-olds. After adjusting for theSouth African 2020 populationage composition, the differencesnarrow.

These differences are observed inage groups where the empiricalmatrices have aggregated agegroups, which may obscure largedifferences within ages in thataggregated age group.

Differences in infection attackrate in individuals 65+ year-oldsin Uganda

The oldest age group in thesurvey conducted in a SheemaNorth Sub-District, Uganda is65+ year-olds. These differencesnarrow after adjusting forUganda’s 2020 population agecomposition.

These differences are observed inage groups where the empiricalmatrices have aggregated agegroups, which may obscure largedifferences within ages in thataggregated age group.

Differences in infection attackrate in individuals 65+ year-oldsin Vietnam

In the study in Red River Delta,North Vietnam, individuals aged50–64 were aggregated and theoldest age group in the survey is65+ year-olds. After adjustingfor the Vietnamese 2020population age composition, thedifferences narrow.

These differences are observed inage groups where the empiricalmatrices have aggregated agegroups, which may obscure largedifferences within ages in thataggregated age group.

Differences in infection attackrate in individuals 65+ year-oldsin Zimbabwe

Compared to the empiricalmatrices in Manicaland,Zimbabwe, the synthetic matricesunderestimate the number ofcontacts for individuals 65+year-olds at other locations. Thedifferences narrow after adjustingfor the 2020 population agecomposition in Zimbabwe. Thesurvey was administered duringthe school holiday in one of thetwo sites; they found a lowernumber of contact was reportedin schools. As school-goingchildren are not in school, theycould be spending more time athome and possibly with theirgrandparents; and this could beone possible reason for the highcontacts in older individuals withthe younger population.

Synthetic matrices report fewercontacts in other locations forindividuals aged 65+ yearscompared to the empiricalmatrices in Manicaland,Zimbabwe. The differencesnarrow after adjusting for the2020 population age compositionin Zimbabwe. The survey wasadministered during the schoolholiday in one of the two sites;they found a lower number ofcontact was reported in schools.As school-going children are notin school, they could be spendingmore time at home and possiblywith their grandparents; and thiscould be one possible reason forthe high contacts in olderindividuals with the youngerpopulation.

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