Projectile Motion Projectile motion: a combination of horizontal motion with constant horizontal...
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Transcript of Projectile Motion Projectile motion: a combination of horizontal motion with constant horizontal...
Projectile Motion
• Projectile motion: a combination of horizontal motion with constant horizontal velocity and vertical motion with a constant downward acceleration due to gravity.
• Projectile motion refers to the motion of an object that is thrown, or projected, into the air.
• We restrict ourselves to objects thrown near the Earth’s surface so that gravity can be considered to be constant.
Projectile Motion
• The motion of a projectile is determined only by the object’s initial velocity and gravity.
• The vertical motion of a projected object is independent of its horizontal motion.
• The vertical motion of a projectile is nothing more than free fall.
• The one common variable between the horizontal and vertical motions is time.
Horizontal velocity vector (remains constant)
Vertical velocity vector (steadily increasing)
Projectile motion problems are best solved bytreating horizontal and vertical motion separately.
*IMPORTANT*Gravity only affects vertical motion.
There are two general typesof projectile motion situations.
1. object launched horizontally2. object launched at an angle
Path of a Projectile
• A projectile moves horizontally with constant velocity while being accelerated vertically. A right angle exists between the direction of the horizontal and vertical motion; the resultant motion in these two dimensions is a curved path. – The path of a projectile is called its trajectory.– The trajectory of a projectile in free fall is a
parabola.
Object Launched Horizontallyvx = initial horizontal velocity
Rx = horizontal range
h = initial height above ground
t = total time in the airIMPORTANT FACTS
There is no horizontal acceleration.There is no initial vertical velocity.The horizontal velocity is constant.
Time is the same for both vertical and horizontal.
horizontalRx = vxt
vertical
h = 0.5gt2
Motion in 2D…
• Throw a ball on a moving truck demo• Monkey shooting
For Objects Shot Horizontally:
• vx constant
• Dy negative Dy = -height
tvxsm
0vtx
v
x
yix
2tg0.5Δy
For Objects Shot Horizontally:
• When hits at bottom:– Vyf should be negative– vo = resultant velocity
2yf
2xo
yf
vvv
gtv
For Objects Shot Horizontally:
• q with horizontal:
• q with vertical:
x
yf1
v
vtan
yf
x1
vv
tan
Projectile Motion
Motion in two dimensions
© 2006 Certiport.com
When a projectile is launched at an angle the object moves both up and down and side to side at the same time
The vertical component (Vy) controls how high the object rises. This is the objects maximum height. It occurs half way through the projectiles path.
**The path of a projectile is called its trajectory
This means, when a projectile is launched at an angle, it’s velocity has a vertical and horizontal component
Since the maximum height (dy) occurs half way through the trajectory, vertical equations use time for only half the trip.
total time=4s
ty=2s
The horizontal component (Vh) controls how far over the object travels. This is called the object’s range. It occurs at
the end of the entire trajectory.
Since the object’s range (dx), occurs over the entire trip, horizontal equations must use the time for the total trip.
tx=4s
Changing the angle at which the projectile is launched effects the vertical and horizontal distances the object travels
Fill in the x & y velocity vectors
Path of a Projectile
Path of a Projectile
• vo = initial velocity or resultant velocity• vx = horizontal velocity• vyi = initial vertical velocity• vyf = final vertical velocity• R= maximum horizontal distance (range)• x = horizontal distance• Dy = change in vertical position• yi = initial vertical position• yf = final vertical position• q = angle of projection (launch angle)• H = maximum height• ag = gravity = 9.8 m/s2
Path of a Projectile
• The horizontal distance traveled by a projectile is determined by the horizontal velocity and the time the projectile remains in the air. The time the projectile remains in the air is dependent upon gravity.
• Immediately after release of the projectile, the force of gravity begins to accelerate the projectile vertically towards the Earth’s center of gravity.
Path of a Projectile
• The velocity vector vo changes with time in both magnitude and direction. This change is the result of acceleration in the negative y direction (due to gravity). The horizontal component (x component) of the velocity vo remains constant over time because there is no acceleration along the horizontal direction
• The vertical component (vy) of the velocity vo is zero at the peak of the trajectory. However, there is a horizontal component of velocity, vx,
at the peak of the trajectory.
Path of a Projectile
Horizontal velocity component:
• vx is constant because there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction if air resistance is ignored.
cos ox vv
Vertical velocity component:
• At the time of launch:
• After the launch:
– If vy positive, direction of vertical motion is up; if vy negative, direction of vertical motion is down; if vy = 0, projectile is at highest point.
θsinvv oyi
tasinθvv goyf
Horizontal position component:
• If you launch the projectile horizontally:– then vo = vx
– vyi = 0 m/s– = 0o
tθcosvx
tvx
o
x
Vertical position component:
2
goif
2gyiif
if
ta0.5tθsinvyy
ta0.5tvyy
yyΔy
Determining vo from vx and vy
• If the vertical and horizontal components of the velocity are known, then the magnitude and direction of the resultant velocity can be determined.
• Magnitude: 2
y2
xo vvv
Determining vo from vx and vy
• Direction: from the horizontal
• Direction: from the vertical
x
y1
v
vtanθ
y
x1
v
vtanθ
Range and Angle of Projection
Range and Angle of Projection
• The range is a maximum at 45 because sin (2·45) = 1.
• For any angle other than 45, a point having coordinates (x,0) can be reached by using either one of two complimentary angles for , such as 15 and 75 or 30 and 50 .
Range and Angle of Projection
• The maximum height and time of flight differ for the two trajectories having the same coordinates (x, 0).
• A launch angle of 90° (straight up) will result in the maximum height any projectile can reach.
For Situations In Which Dy Positive
• At any point in the flight: sinvvcosvv oyiox
2yf
2xo
x
x
gyiyf
22o
g2
2gyi
vvv
constantv
tvx
tavv
cosθv2
axtanθxΔy
ta0.5tvΔy
What angle gives the projectile maximum range?
Excel Spreadsheet
Angle Time Velocity Vertical Distance Range15 2 4.5 2.33 1.0330 2 4.5 4.50 1.7945 2 4.5 6.36 2.0760 2 4.5 7.79 1.7975 2 4.5 8.69 1.03
And the winner is ….
• A 45 degree angle gives the projectile maximum range
• In nature, frogs naturally jump at approximately a 45 degree angle to help them cover maximum distance on flat ground