Project Report (human resource management)

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Project Report 2012 Human Resource Management System

INTRODUCTION

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Dept.of Computer Engineering RWPTC,

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1. INTRODUCTION

Human Resource Management is the organizational function that deals with

issues related to people such as compensation, hiring, performance management, organization

development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration

and training. Human Resource Management (HRM) is seen by practitioners in the field as a

more innovative view of workplace management than the traditional approach. Its techniques

force the managers of an enterprise to express their goals with specificity so that they can be

understood and undertaken by the workforce and to provide the resources needed for them to

successfully accomplish their assignments. As such, HRM techniques, when properly

practiced, are expressive of the goals and operating practices of the enterprise overall. HRMS

also seen by many to have a key role in risk reduction within organizations software

consulting and recruiting agencies match the requirements of the client firms with the skills of

their employees and set up the interview between their employees and set up the interview

between their employees and the client firm. Interviews are then conducted, and the

candidates selected in the interview are recruited as consultants in the clients firm for the

duration of the project. The recent downsizing in businesses and other organizations has

resulted in an increase in consulting business for two reasons. Many experienced and wellqualified professionals have found that offering their services on a consulting basis meets

booth their career and financial needs.Secondly,after downsizing, organizations find it

economical and flexible to use consultants rather than full-time employees to fill their

fluctuation technical, management and operation needs. The above factors have led to the

consulting industry becoming one of the fastest growing business sectors worldwide. Hence

the consulting firms are attempting to automate as much routine activities as possible. An

effective web application can be a proper medium for bringing all the above parties together.

Web-based applications are web sites with user interactivity.

The key advantage of the web-based application is its availability, as it can be accessed

by anyone connected to the Internet and multiple users can access it at the same time. The

web-application can be designed as a three-tier architecture, which includes a web client,

network servers, and a back-end information system supported by a suite of databases. The

goal of this project is to develop a user friendly web-based application that automates the

activities for an IT consulting firm.

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Most of these solutions provide features such as,

Employee database with the advanced search option

Company database with the advanced search option

Job search capability

Interview scheduling

Contracts management

Performance reports

These solutions can also be customized where in any of the above mentioned features

can be selected to suit the recruiting companys business needs. A package that includes a

minimum set of features could cost approximately $1000 per user. A small size consulting

firm has a minimum of 5 to10administrators who need to be registered users for the

application products, in order to perform different tasks needed for their consulting firm.

Additional features such as automated e-mail notification and calendar updates can be added

for an additional price, which makes this an increasingly expensive product to purchase. This

project implements features such as employee database, company management ,interview

planning and scheduling, job vacancies and contract management and performance review

reports, that are required to perform most of the operations in an IT consulting firm. A

consulting firm has three kinds of users that access the system, the Employee Applicant, the

Employer contact and the Administrator.

Employee Applicants are those who apply for the jobs through the consultancy. The

Applicant can update the existing details in the Applicants database including their personal

information, skills and resume. Client is the company that seeks the services of the employees

of a consulting firm. A client firm may have many employees, Employer contacts which

require access to the system in order to add or update job or company information. The

Administrator matches the skill of its employee with the skills required by the client

company for a particular job and arranges an interview process, the Administrator will

facilitate the consummation of the contract between the employee and employer.

To design the application, the relational database must be designed first. The data

model and the process model are part of the design process. The data model focuses on how

the database is structured while the process model deals with how the data is processed. In the

context of the relational database, the data model is used to design the relational tables and

the process model is used to design the queries that access and perform during the initial

phases of the database development process. The data model focuses mainly on whatinformation

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should be stored in the database. The information needed to build the data model is gathered

during the requirement analysis. A comprehensive data model should take into account the

current and future needs of an organization in order to support the business process within an

organization. In order to protect access to the system, the users such as Employees,

Administrator, and employers must first be authenticated .An employee applicant updates

his/her skill and personal details including the degree attained and experience. An Employer

contacts adds a new job including details like the skill requirements for the job, the start and

the end date, the experience required and the number of vacancies. An administrator

schedules an interview for an applicant, who possesses the skills required for the job. Upon a

successful interview, the applicant and the contact enter into a contract for the job. Aftercompletion of the job, employee applicant is evaluated on his/her performance.

Depending on the role selected in the login page the user is directed to the respective

subsystem, the employee applicant subsystem, the administrator subsystem or the employer

contact subsystem. If the user logs into the system as an employee applicant, then the user is

directed to the page with the applicant menu. The applicant can update his/her profile. They

can also view information about any interview schedule for them. The contact can update

his/her personal or company information, add new job or update existing job and add

evaluations. The contact can also view the interview the interview schedule and evaluation of

the applicants. The pages are displayed with the current user information stored in the

database. If the update button is selected, the new information is updated in the database and

the page is displayed again with this updated information. If the cancel button is selected the

page is redisplayed with the original information. A contact can view the schedule of the

interviews that are yet to be conducted. The contact can also view the details of the

corresponding applicants like experience, degree attained and so on. After completion of a

job, the contact can evaluate an applicant on his/her performance. The contact can select the

applicant from the drop down list and add a performance report for the applicant. The drop

down list contains the name of all the applicants that are presently contracted by the contact

company.

If the user logs into the system as an administrator, the user is directed to the page

with the administrator menu. An authenticated administrator can update his/her personal

information, add new user profiles and terminate existing user logins. Administrator can also

add new or update existing interview schedules. The administrator can also view user

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profiles, job orders, and evaluation of applicants. After an interview is conducted the

administrator can

add the details of the interview such as who conducted the interview, whether the applicant

was selected and if the applicant accepted the job. Upon a successful interview, the applicant

selected in the interview is recruited as consultant by the contact firm for the duration of the

project. The administrator first selects the applicant and based on the selected applicant the

job ID drop-down list is populated. After selecting the job ID the administrator must enter the

start date and end date and the negotiated terms for the project.

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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

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2. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

INTRODUCTION:-

System is an assembly of methods, procedures or techniques unified by

regulated interaction to form an organized whole. A system means an orderly arrangement of

interrelated components linked together accordingly to a plan to develop an object. The

components may be hardware, software, items etc. System analysis is general term that refers

to an orderly structured process for identifying and solving problems in order to achieve a

specific goal. It is a detailed study of various operations performed by a system and their

relationships within the system with the goal of determining how to make it work better.

To understand system development, we need to recognize that a candidate system has a life

cycle, just like a living system or a new product. There are many stages of system

development life cycle. The stages are sometimes also referred to as system study. System

analysis and design are keyed to the system life cycle for software engineering. This phased

model is sometimes also called a Waterfall model, the implications being that products

cascade from one level to the next in smooth progression. Modeled after the conventional

engineering cycle, the life cycle paradigm encompasses the following activities.

SYSTEM ENGINEERING AND ANALYSIS:-

Because software is always a part of a larger system, work begins by

establishing requirements to software. This system view is essential when software must

interface with other elements such as hardware, people and databases.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS:-

The requirement gathering process is concerned with identifying the basic

functions of the software component in a hardware/software/people system. Emphasis is

placed on what the software is to do and the constraints under which it will perform its

function.

DESIGN:-

Design is concerned with identifying the components (functions, data streams,and data stores), specifying relationships among components, specifying software structure,

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maintaining a record of design decision and proving a blue print for the implementation

phase.

IMPLEMENTATION:-

This involves the translation of design specifications into source code, and

debugging and unit testing of the source code.

TESTING:-

Once code has been generated program testing begins. The testing process

focuses on the logical internals of the software, ensuring that all programs have been tested,

and on the functional externals, that is conducting tests to uncover errors and ensure that the

defined inputs will produce actual result that agree with required results.

MAINTENANCE:-

Software will undoubtedly undergo a change after it delivered to the customer,

change may occur because errors have been encountered, because the software must be

adapted to accommodate changes in its external environment, or because the customer

requires functions or performance enhancements. Software maintenance reapplies each of the

preceding life cycle steps to an existing program rather than a new one.

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FEASIBILITY STUDY

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3. FEASIBILITY STUDY

Depending on the results of the initial investigation the survey is now

expanded to a more detailed feasibility study. FEASIBILITY STUDY is a test of system

proposal according to its workability, impact of the organization, ability to meet needs and

effective use of the resources. It focuses on these major questions:

1. What are the users demonstrable needs and how does a

candidate system meets them?

2. What resources are available for given candidate system?

3. What are the likely impacts of the candidate system on the organization?

4. Whether it is worth to solve the problem?

During feasibility analysis for this project, following primary areas of interest

are to be considered. Investigation and generating ideas about a new system does this.

Steps in feasibility analysis:-

Eight steps involved in the feasibility analysis are given below.

1) Form a project team and appoint a project leader.

2) Prepare system flowcharts.

3) Enumerate potential proposed system.

4) Define and identify characteristics of proposed system.

5) Determine and evaluate performance and cost effective of each proposed

system.

6) Weight system performance and cost data.

7) Select the best-proposed system.

8) Prepare and report final project directive to management.

Technical feasibility :-

A study of resource availability that may affect the ability to achieve an acceptable system.

This evaluation determines whether the technology needed for the proposed system is

available or not.

Can the work for the project be done with current equipment

existing software technology & available personal?

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Can the system be upgraded if developed?

If new technology is needed then what can be developed?

This is concerned with specifying equipment and software that will

successfully satisfy the user requirement. The technical needs of the system may include

Front-end and back-end selection :-

An important issue for the development of a project is the selection of suitable front-end and

back-end. When we decided to develop the project we went through an extensive study to

determine the most suitable platform that suits the needs of the organization as well as helps

in development of the project. The aspects of our study included the following factors.

Front-end selection :

1. It must have a graphical user interface that assists employees that are not from IT

background.

2. Scalability and extensibility.

3. Flexibility.

4. Robustness.

5. According to the organization requirement and the culture.

6. Must provide excellent reporting features with good printing

support.

7. Platform independent.

8. Easy to debug and maintain.

9. Event driven programming facility.

10. Front end must support some popular back end like My SQL.

According to the above stated features we selected PHP as the front-end fordeveloping our project.

Back-end Selection:

1. Multiple user support.

2. Efficient data handling.

3. Provide inherent features for security.

4. Efficient data retrieval and maintenance.

5. Stored procedures.

6. Popularity.

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7. Operating System compatible.

8. Easy to install.

9. Various drivers must be available.

10. Easy to implant with the Front-end.

According to above stated features we selected My SQL as the backend.

The technical feasibility is frequently the most difficult area encountered at this

stage. It is essential that the process of analysis and definition be conducted in parallel with an

assessment to technical feasibility. It centres on the existing computer system (hardware,

software etc.) and to what extent it can support the proposed system.

Economical feasibility:-

Economic justification is generally the Bottom Line consideration for most

systems. Economic justification includes a broad range of concerns that includes cost benefit

analysis. In this we weight the cost and the benefits associated with the candidate system and

if it suits the basic purpose of the organization i.e. profit making, the project is making to the

analysis and design phase.

The financial and the economic questions during the preliminary investigation areverified to estimate the following:

1) The cost to conduct a full system investigation.

2) The cost of hardware and software for the class of application

being considered.

3) The benefits in the form of reduced cost.

4) The proposed system will give the minute information, as a result the

5) Performance is improved which in turn may be expected to provide

increased profits.

This feasibility checks whether the system can be developed with the available funds. The

HRMS does not require enormous amount of money to be developed. This can be done

economically if planned judicially, so it is economically feasible. The cost of project depends

upon the number of man hours required.

Operational Feasibility:-

It is mainly related to human organizations and political aspects. The points to be

considered are

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What changes will be brought with the system?

What organization structures are disturbed?

What new skills will be required? Do the existing staff members have these skills?

If not, can they be trained in due course of time?

The system is operationally feasible as it very easy for the end users to operate it.

It only needs basic information about Windows platform.

Schedule feasibility

Time evaluation is the most important consideration in the development of project. The

time schedule required for the developed of this project is very important since more

development time effect machine time, cost and cause delay in the development of other

systems. A reliable HRMS can be developed in the considerable amount of time.

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SYSTEM ANALYSIS

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4. SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Analysis may be defined as the process of dividing into parts, identifying each

part and establishing relationship between the parts. In other words, analysis is taking known

facts concerning a system, breaking these into their elements, and establishing logical

relationships between the elements with the objective of producing a specification of

requirements. At each logical step in analysis, it is necessary to identify the relevant facts, and

establish the relationship between them. Compare that set of facts with the set at each

adjoining step and establish the relationships between the facts in these sets.

Analysis starts with the objective of the systems. In the analysis phase, the entire problem

under consideration is studied, the objective of the system and criteria for the system

effectiveness are systematically investigated and the alternative approaches are evaluated in

terms of effectiveness and cost. The advanced method of system analysis, which is a

development method for the analysis of existing manual system, leading to the development

of specifications for a new modified system. Structured analysis is essential for documenting

an existing system and determining information requirement.

For analyzing the existing system and collecting the needed data, the concerned staff

members are interviewed and a review of the existing system was prepared. In this analysis,

several techniques and graphical tools used in the analysis of the existing system such as Data

Flow Diagram, Data Dictionary etc. The goal of any system development is to develop and

implement the cost effectively; user friendly and most suited to the users analysis is the heart

of the process. Analysis is the study of the various operations performed by the system and

their relationship within and outside of the system. During analysis, data collected on the

files, decision points and transactions handled by the present system. Different kinds of tools

are used in analysis of which interview is a common one.

Existing system:-System analysis is a detailed study of the various operations performed by a system and their

relationships within and outside of the system and their relationship within and outside of the

system. Here the key question is-What all problems exist in the present system? What must

be done to solve the problem? Analysis begins when a user or manager begins a study of the

program using existing system. During analysis, data collected on the various files, decision

points and transactions handled by the present system. The commonly used tools in the

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system are Data Flow Diagram, interview, etc.Training; experience and common sense are

required for collection of relevant information needed to develop the system. The success of

the system depends largely on how clearly the problem is defined,thoroughlyinvestigated and

properly carried out through the choice of solution.A good analysis model should provide not

only the mechanism of problem understanding but also the frame work of the solution. Then

the proposed system should be analyzed thoroughly in accordance with the needs.

System analysis can be categorized into four parts.

System planning and initial investigation

Information gathering

Applying analysis tools for structured analysis

Feasibility study

Limitations of existing system:-

Lack of security of data.

Time consuming

Consumes large volume of paper work

Manual work

No direct role for the higher officials.

To avoid all these limitations and make the system working more accurately it

needs to be computerized.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:-

The drawback of the existing system is that it is very difficult to retrieve data from case files.

It is difficult to handle the whole system manually and it is less accurate and to keep the data

in case files for future reference because it may get destroyed. Moreover it is very difficult to

retrieve data. Redundancy of data may occur and this may lead to the inconsistency. The

manual system is so time consuming .The proposed system is very easy to operate .Speed and

accuracy are mainadvantages of proposedsystem. Thereis no redundancy of data. The data

are stored in the computers secondary memories like hard disk, etc.It can be easily receive

and used at any time. The proposed system will easily handle all the data and the work done

by the existing systems. The proposed systems eliminate the drawbacks of the existing system

to a great extent and it provides tight security to data.

The following are the main advantages:-

Ensure data accuracys.

Administrator controls the entire system.

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Reduce the damages of the machines.

Minimize manual data entry.

Greater efficiency.

User friendly and interactive.

Minimum time required.

Data security.

Goals of Proposed System

1. Planned approach towards working:-The working in the organization will well plan and

organized. The data will be stored properly in data stores which will help in retrieval of

information as well as its storage.

2. Accuracy:-The level of accuracy in the proposed system will be higher .ALL operation

would be done correctly and it ensures that whatever information is coming from the center is

accurate.

3. Reliability:-The reliability of the proposed system will be high due to the above stated

reasons. The reason for the increased reliability of the system is that now there would be

proper storage of information.

4. No Redundancy:-In the proposed system outmost care would be that no information is

repeated anywhere, in storage or otherwise. This would assure economic use of storage space

and consistency in the data stored.

5. Immediate retrieval of information:-The main objective of proposed system is to provide

for a quick and efficient retrieval of information. Any type of information would be available

whenever the user requires.

6. Immediate storage of information:-In manual system there are many problems to store the

largest amount of information.

7. Easy to operate:-The system should be easy top operate and should be such that it can be

developed within short period of time and fit the limited budget of the user.

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REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

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5.REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS is the first technical step in software process

.It at this point that a general statement of software scope is refined into concrete specification

that becomes the foundation of all software engineering activities that follows. Software

requirement engineering is the process of discovery, refinement, modeling and specification.

The system requirement and the role allocated to the software, initially established by the

system engineer are refined in detail. Models in the required data, information and control

flow and operational behavior are created .Both the developer and customer have to take an

active part in software requirement engineering. Requirement analysis is a software

engineering task that bridges the gap between the customer and developer. Facilitation

Application Specification Techniques (FAST) was applied at the time of requirement analysis

as the developer and the customer or the user worked together as a unit .The success of a

system depends largely on how accurately a problem is defined, thoroughly investigated, and

properly carried out through the choice of solution. User requirement analysis and need

identification are concerned with what the user needs rather than what he/she wants. Not until

the problem has been identified, defined & evaluated should the analyst think about solutionsand whether the problem is worth solving. This step is indented to help the user and the

analyst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms.

What kind of information do we require?

Before one determines where to go for information or what tools to use, the first requirement

is to figure out what information to gather .much of the information we need to analyze

relates to the organization in general, like acknowledge about the people who run the presentsystem-their job functions and information requirements the relation ship of their job to their

existing system.

For HRMS, system should be interactive and users friendly so that the training period for

users should be less & they can easily learn & use our system, because our job is to reduce

their complexity & workload not to increase it. The data related to the employee changes

frequently because of retirements, deputations, training and new recruitments. So, the system

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should be flexible so that further changes without affecting the current data can be done

easily.

Strategies for determining information requirements:-

There are two key strategies or general approaches for eliciting information regarding the

users requirements:

1) Asking

2) Getting information from existing information system.

This strategy obtains information from users by simply asking them about the

requirements. It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome

biases in defining their problem.

What kind of information is required?

a) What fields should be included in the module?b) What is qualification for particular designation?

c) What all information they want from the program?

d) What information they want to be automatically generated?

e) Different categories of the departments?

3) Brain stroming is a technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general

information requirement. This method is appropriate for eliciting non-conventional solutions

to problems.A guided approach to brain stroming asks people involved in the project to define

ideal solutions and then select best feasible one. It works well for users who have difficulty

accepting new ideas. Then with the help of the different methods of feasibility the best or the

most feasible approach is taken. This debate is continued until participants responses have

converged enough. This method has advantages over brainstorming in that participants are

not subjected to psychological pressure from others with presumed authority or influence.

Getting information from the existing information system:-

Determining information from an existing application has been called the data

analysis approach. It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what

other information is required. It relies heavily on the user to articulate information needs. The

analysts examine all reports, discusses with the user each piece of information examined, and

determines unfulfilled information needs by interviewing the existing flow of data to the user.

In contrast to this method is decision analysis. This breaks down a problem into parts, which

allows the user to focus separately on the critical issues. It also determines policy and

organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific step

required to the complete each major decision. Then the analyst and the user refined the

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decision process and the information requirements for the final statement of information

requirements. The data analysis method is ideal for making structured decisions, although it

requires that users articulate their information requirements. A major drawback is a lack of

established rules for obtaining and validating information needs that are not linked to

organizational objectives. In the decision analysis method, information needs are clearly

linked to decision and organizational objectives. It is useful for unstructured decisions and

information tailored to the users decision-making style. The major drawback, though, is that

information requirements may change when the user is promoted or replaced .

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SYSTEM REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

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6. SYSTEM REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS:- Operating System : Win-XP.

Front end : PHP

Back end : My SQL

Design Tool : Data Flow Diagram

HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS:

Processor : Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV or

Higher

RAM : 512 Mb or Higher

Hard disk : 60 GB, 7200 rpm

Monitor : VGA/SVGA

Keyboard : 104 Keys

Mouse : 2 buttons/ 3 buttons

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TECHNOLOGIES TO BE USED

This project will be a desktop application to be developed in PHP having MY SQL as

backend.

Features of PHP

Public, protected, and private properties and methods: - Allows the use of common OOP

access modifiers to control access to methods and properties.

Interfaces: - Gives the ability for a class to fulfill more than one is-a relationship. A class

can inherit from one class only but may implement as many interfaces as it wants.

Abstract classes: - A class may be declared as abstract so as to prevent it from being

instantiated.

Class type hints: - Function declarations may include class type hints for their

parameters. If the functions are called with an incorrect class type an error occurs.

Static properties and methods: - Classes definitions can include static members

(properties), accessible via the class. Static methods can be defined which allows them to

be called from non-object context.

Final properties and methods: -The final keyword allows marking methods so that an

inheriting class can't overload them. After declaring a class as final, it can't be inherited.

Advantages of PHP

PHP is designed specifically for web development and can also be called a Web oriented

tool. It is built with the needs of the web developers and solves complex problem

scenarios faster and easier than comparable technologies.

There is no notion of an application in PHP. Each page is a script, executed in its own

memory environment. That means PHP is great for dynamic web site, whereas server

Java is sold for server-centric applications, which is a different class of problem.

With the introduction of the PHP 5 version the object oriented programming has been

introduced which makes PHP quite similar to its existing counterparts.

It also provides separation of layers with neat template systems like Smarty. We can use

Smarty or other template systems to completely separate code from display.

It is much easier to find a good third-party host for PHP than Java.

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PHP applications need much fewer resources and PHP environment is much smaller than

a J2EE environment. Many more virtual servers (dynamic websites) can be created on a

single physical server using PHP.

Most small to medium applications and websites do not need the multithreading, session

pooling, 1000s of standardized APIs, distributed caching, cluster through multicasting

features of java which makes PHP even more great for implementing websites of

medium size.

It's fast, easy to use and easy to deploy a PHP application and it is considered to be the

fastest of the scripting languages. One can really feel the speed after implementing the

scripts live on the web.

Coding a site in PHP is less complicated, less expensive and less bugs in the end. The

PHP APIs are also simpler and productive, unlike Javas cumbersome and complicated

APIs.

PHP supports various platforms, which means PHP can be installed on almost all

operating systems such as Windows-x and Linux, wejust need to choose theappropriate

version to download and follow the instructions given in the Manual accordingly

PHP is open source. So the users are given a free license to remodel or recode PHP,

according to their wishes.

Examples of websites which are using PHP currently are Yahoo and Friendster.

Disadvantages of PHP

PHP can be used to make very clean, reusable and maintainable software but the level of

discipline needed to do that is way higher than needed when using java. Some rules must

be set for oneself and one must abide by them strictly otherwise the PHP application can

degrade very fast into a bunch of scripts that are not very useful.

PHP code compiles each time it loads so does not catch errors at compile time as there is

no compile time as opposed to JAVA.

No control over multi threading, session pooling, distributed caching unlike Java.

MY SQL

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My SQL Data base server is the worlds most widely used open source data base.

Its ingenious software architecture makes it extremely fast and easy to customize. Extensive

reuse of code of code within the software and minimalist approach to produce functionality

rich features have resulted in DBMS unmatched in speed, compactness, stability and ease of

deployment. The unique separation of the core server from the table handler makes it possible

to run My SQL under strict transaction control or with ultra fast transaction less disk access,

whichever most appropriate for the situations.

My SQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) that runs a server

providing multi-user access to a number of databases. My SQL is officially pronounced My

S_Q_L but it also pronounced as My sequel. It is named after developer Michael Widinius

daughter, My. The SQL phrase stands for structured query language.

My SQL development projects have made its source code available under the formsof the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreement. My

SQL was owned and sponsored by a single for profit firm .The Swedish company My SQL

AB now owned by oracle co-operation. Free software projects that require a full featured

dbms system often use My SQL where the project may lead to something in commercial use,

the license term need careful study.

My SQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications and is a central

component of widely used LAMP web application software stack-LAMP is

acronym for Linux, Apache, My SQL, PHP/Python My SQL is used in some of the most

frequently visited web sites on internet. It is written in C and C++.Its SQL parser is written

in yacc.My SQL works on different system platforms including AIX,BSDi,Free BSD,HP-US

Microsoft Windows.NET BSD,Novell Netware etc.

Many programming languages with language APIs including libraries for accessing

My SQL database. These include My SQL connector/Net for integration with Microsofts

visual studio (Languages such as C and VB are most commonly used) and the ODBC driver

for java. In addition an ODBC interface called My ODBC allows additional programming

languages that support ODBC interface to communicate with My SQL database, such as ASP

or Cold fusion.

Features

A broad subset of ANSI SQL 99 as well as extensions.

Cross platform support.

Stored procedures.

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Triggers.

Cursors.

Updatable views.

True varchar support.

Information schema.

Strict mode.

X/open XA distributed transaction processing (DTP) support.

Independent storage engines.

SSL support.

Query caching.

Replication support with one master per slave, many slaves per master, no

automatic support for multiple masters per slave.

Embedded DB library.

Partial Unicode support.

Partial acid compliances.

Shared nothing clustering through My SQL cluster.

DREAMWEAVERAdobe Dreamweaver is a web development application originally created by

macromedia, and is now developed by Adobe Systems, which acquired Macromedia in 2005.

Dreamweaver is available for both Mac and Windows operating system. Recent

versions have incorporated support for web technologies such as CSS, Java Scripts, and

various server-side scripting languages and frame works including ASP, Cold Fusion and

PHP.

Dreamweaver allows users to preview websites in locally installed web browsers. Itprovides transfer and synchronization features, the ability to find and replace the lines of text

or code by search terms and regular expressions across the entire site, and a templating

feature that allows single-source update of shared code and layout across entire site without

server-side includes or scripting. The behaviors panel also enables use of basic JavaScript

without any coding knowledge, and integration with Adobes Spry Ajax framework offer

easy access to dynamically-generated content and interface.

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Dreamweaver can use third party Extension to extend core functionality of the

application, which any developer can write (largely in HTML and JavaScript). Dreamweaver

is supported by a large community of extension developers who make extensions available

for most web development tasks from simple rollover effects to full-featured shopping carts.

Dreamweaver, like other HTML editors edits files locally then uploads them to the

remote web server using FTP, SFTP or WebDAV. Dreamweaver CS4 now supports the

Subversion (SVN) version control system.

HTML

HTML, which stands for Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant

markup language for web pages. HTML is the basic building-blocks of WebPages. A markup

language is a set of markup tags, and HTML uses markup tags to

describe web pages. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags,

enclosed in angle brackets (like ), within the web page content. HTML tags normally

come in pairs like and . The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the

end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags).

The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them

into visual or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses thetags to interpret the content of the page.

HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images

and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to

create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings,

paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts in languages such as

JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML WebPages.

Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the

appearance and layout of text and other material. The W3C, maintainer of both the HTML

and the CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicitly presentational HTML

markup.

An HTML element is an individual component of an HTML document. HTML

documents are composed of a tree of HTML elements and other nodes, such as text nodes.

Each element can have attributes specified. Elements can also have content, including other

elements and text. HTML elements represent semantics, or meaning. For example, the title

element represents the title of the document.

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In the HTML syntax, most elements are written with a start tag and an end tag, with the

content in between. Tags are composed of the name of the element, surrounded by angle

brackets. An end tag also has a slash after the opening angle bracket, to distinguish it from the

start tag. For example, a paragraph, which is represented by the p element, would be written

as

In the HTML syntax, most elements are written ...

However, not all of these elements require the end tag, or even the start tag, to be present.

Some elements, the so-called void elements don't have an end tag. A typical example is the br

element, which represents a significant line break, such as in a poem or an address. For

example, the address of the dentist in Finding Nemo would be written as

P. Sherman
42 Wallaby Way
Sydney

Attributes are specified on the start tag. For example, the abbr element, which represents an

abbreviation, expects a title attribute with its expansion. This would be written as

HTML

HTML

(Hypertext Markup Language)

Filename extension .html, .htm

Internet media type text/html

Type code TEXT

Uniform Type

Identifier

public.html

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Developed by World Wide Web Consortium &

WHATWG

Type of format Markup language

Extended from SGML

Extended to XHTML

Standard(s) ISO/IEC 15445

W3C HTML 4.01

W3C HTML5 (draft

In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee, who was a contractor at CERN,

proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE, a system for CERN researchers to use and share

documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an Internet-based hypertextsystem. Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in the last

part of 1990. In that year, Berners-Lee and CERN data systems engineer Robert Cailliau

Collaborated on a joint request for funding, but the project was not formally adopted by

CERN. In his personal notes from 1990 he lists "some of the many areas in which hypertext is

used" and puts an encyclopedia first.

If you're doing business on the Internet, taking the time to learn how to design your own web site and

write your own HTML code (hypertext markup language) will play a major role in your success. Not

only will learning HTML coding provide you with the freedom to update your own HTML

documents, but it will also save you a great deal of money, as you will be able to avoid hiring a

professional web designer.If you're looking for some HTML tags to spice up your web site, you've

come to the right place.

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You will find a variety of HTML codes and tips to assist you below.

However, before reviewing the HTML tags, if you're new to HTML and web site design, the

following section will assist you in creating an HTML web page. For additional web site

design information, make sure you don't miss the web design articles and tutorials at the

bottom of this page.

Basic HTML Document Code Structure

Begin writing your HTML tags by creating your document's basic layout. Copy

and paste this code into your text or HTML editor.

YourPageTitle

This area will contain everything that will be visible through aweb browser, such as text and graphics. All of the information will be HTML

coded.

For a complete list of HTML codes, tags and examples, see the HTML

chart below.

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Apache as a web Server

The Apache HTTP Server commonly referred to as Apache, is web server software

notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. In 2009 it became

the first web server software to surpass the 100 million web site milestone. Apache was thefirst viable alternative to the Netscape Communications Corporation web server (currently

known as Oracle iPlanet Web Server), and has since evolved to rival other web servers in

terms of functionality and performance. Typically Apache is run on a Unix-like operating

system.

Apache is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under

the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation. The application is available for a wide

variety of operating systems, including Unix, GNU, FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, Novell

NetWare,AmigaOS,Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, OS/2,TPF, and eComStation. Released

under the Apache License, Apache is characterized as open-source software.

Features

Apache supports a variety of features, many implemented as compiled modules which

extend the core functionality. These can range from server-side programming language

support to authentication schemes. Some common language interfaces support Perl, Python,

Tcl, and PHP. Popular authentication modules include mod_access, mod_auth, mod_digest,

and mod_auth_digest, the successor to mod_digest. A sample of other features include SSL

and TLS support (mod_ssl), aproxy module (mod_proxy), a URL rewriter (also known as a

rewrite engine, implemented under mod_rewrite), custom log files (mod_log_config), and

filtering support (mod_include and mod_ext_filter).

Popular compression methods on Apache include the external extension

module, mod_gzip, implemented to help with reduction of the size (weight) of web pages

served overHTTP. ModSecurity is an open source intrusion detection and prevention engine

for web applications. Apache logs can be analyzed through a web browser using free scripts

such as AWStats/W3Perl orVisitors.Virtual hostingallows one Apache installation to serve many

different actual websites. For example, one machine with one Apache installation could

simultaneously serve www.example.com, www.test.com, test47.test-server.test.com, etc.

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Apache features configurable error messages, DBMS-based authentication databases, and content

negotiation. It is also supported by several graphical user interfaces(GUIs).

Performance

Although the main design goal of Apache is not to be the "fastest" web server, Apache doeshave performance comparable to other "high-performance" web servers. Instead of implementing a

single architecture, Apache provides a variety of Multiprocessing Modules (MPMs) which allow

Apache to run in a process-based, hybrid (process and thread) or event-hybrid mode, to better match

the demands of each particular infrastructure. This implies that the choice of correct MPM and the

correct configuration is important. Where compromises in performance need to be made, the design of

Apache is to reduce latency and increase throughput, relative to simply handling more requests, thus

ensuring consistent and reliable processing of requests within reasonable time-frames.

The Apache version considered by the Apache Foundation as providing high-performances is

the multi-threaded version which mixes the use of several processes and several threads per process

While this architecture works faster than the previous multi-process based topology (because

threads have a lower overhead than processes), it does not match the performances of the event-based

architecture provided by other servers, especially when they process events with several worker

threads.

This difference can be easily explained by the overhead that one thread per connection brings (as

opposed to a couple of worker threads per CPU, each processing many connection events). Each

thread needs to maintain its own stack, environment, and switching from one thread to another is also

an expensive task for CPUs.

DBMS

A Data Base Management System is a set of computer programs that controls the creation,

maintenance and the use of a database. It allows organizations to place control of database development

in the hands of Database administrator and other specialists.

A DBMS is a system software package that helps the use of integrated collection of datarecords and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the

same database.

DBMS may use any of a variety of data model, such as network model or relational model. In

large systems, a dbms allows users and other software to store retrieve data in a structured way.

Instead of having to write computer programs to extract informations user can ask simple questions in

a query language. Thus many DBMS packages provide 4 th generation programming languages (4GLs)

and other application development features. It helps to specify the logical organization for DB and use

the information with in a DB.

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Types of Database

Numeric & textual data base.

Multimedia data base.

Geographic information system data base.

Data warehouses.

Real and active data bases.

Features

Query ability: Querying is the process of requesting attribute information from various

perspective and combinations of factors. A database query language and report writer allow users to

interactively interrogate the data base,analyse its data and update it according to the users privileges on

data.

Rule enforcement: Often one wants to apply rules to attribute so that the attributes are clean and

reliable.

Security: For security reasons, it is desirable to limit who can see a change specific attributes a

group of attributes.

Computation: Common computations request on attributes are counting, summing, averaging,

sorting, grouping, referencing and so on.

Changes and access logins: This describes who accessed which attributes, what was changed, and

when it was changed. Login services allow this by keeping a record to access occurrences and changes.

Automated optimization: For frequently occurring usage patterns or requests, some DBMS can

adjust themselves to improve the speed of those interactions. In some cases DBMS will merely

provides tools of monitor performance, allowing a human expert to make the necessary adjustments

after reviewing the statistics collected.

DBMS functionality

It define data base in terms of data types, structure and constraints.

It constructs or loads the db on secondary storage medium.

It can also manipulate the db by querying, generating reports, insertions, deletion and

modification to its content.

There is a concurrent processing and sharing by a set of users and programs yet DBMS keep

all data valid consistent.

It provides security or protection to prevent unauthorized access.

It provides proper presentation and visualization of data.

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Scripting Language

A scripting language, script language or extension language is

a programming language that allows control of one or more applications. "Scripts" are distinct

from the core code of the application, as they are usually written in a different language andare often created or at least modified by the user. Scripts are often interpreted from source

code orbyte code, whereas the application is typically first compiled to native machine code.

The name "script" is derived from the written script of the performing arts, in which

dialogue is set down to be spoken by human actors. Early script languages were often

called batch languagesorjob control languages. Such early scripting languages were created

to shorten the traditional edit-compile-link-run process.

Server-side scripting

Server-side scripting is a web servertechnology in which a user's request is

fulfilled by running a script directly on the web server to generate dynamic web pages. It is

usually used to provide interactive web sites that interface to databases or other data stores.

This is different from client-side scripting where scripts are run bythe viewing web browser,

usually in JavaScript. The primary advantage to server-side scripting is the ability to highly

customize the response based on the user's requirements, access rights, or queries into data

stores.

From security point of view, server-side scripts are never visible to the browser as these

scripts are executed on the server and emit HTML corresponding to user's input to the page.

When the server serves data in a commonly used manner, for example according to

the HTTP orFTP protocols, users may have their choice of a number of client programs (most

modern web browsers can request and receive data using both of those protocols). In the case

of more specialized applications, programmers may write their own server, client, and

communications protocol that can only be used with one another.

Programs that run on a user's local computer without ever sending or receiving data over a

network are not considered clients, and so the operations of such programs would not be

considered client-side operations.

Client-side scripting

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Client-side scripting generally refers to the class ofcomputer programs on

the web that are executedclient - side, by the user's web browser, instead ofserver-side (on

the web server).[1] This type of computer programming is an important part of the Dynamic

HTML (DHTML) concept, enabling web pages to be scripted; that is, to have different and

changing content depending on user input, environmental conditions (such as the time of day),

or other variables.

Web authors write client-side scripts in languages such

as JavaScript (Client-side JavaScript) and VB Script.

JavaScript

JavaScript is an implementation of the ECMAScript language standard and is

typically used to enableprogrammatic access to computational objects within a host environment. It

can be characterized as aprototype-basedobject-oriented[6] scripting language that isdynamic,weakly

typed and has first-class functions. It is also considered a functional programming language[1] like

Scheme andOCaml because it has closures and supports higher-order functions.[7]

JavaScript is primarily used in the form of client-side JavaScript, implemented as part of a web

browser in order to provide enhanced user interfaces and dynamic websites. However, its use in

applicationsoutside web pagesfor example in PDF-documents,site-specific browsers and desktop

widgetsis also significant.

JavaScript uses syntax influenced by that ofC. JavaScript copies many names and naming

conventions from Java, but the two languages are otherwise unrelated and have very different

semantics. The key design principles within JavaScript are taken from the Self and Scheme

programming languages.[8]

The primary use of JavaScript is to write functions that are embedded in or included from HTML

pages and that interact with the Document Object Model (DOM) of the page. Some simple examples

of this usage are:

Opening orpopping upa new window with programmatic control over the size, position,

and attributes of the new window (e.g. whether the menus, toolbars, etc. are visible).

Validating input values of a web form to make sure that they are acceptable before being

submitted to the server.

Changing images as the mouse cursormoves over them: This effect is often used to draw

the user's attention to important links displayed as graphical elements.

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vaScript#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client-side_JavaScripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Formathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-specific_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_widgethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_widgethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop-up_adhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_validationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_(web)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollover_(web_design)


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Because JavaScript code can run locally in a user's browser (rather than on a remote server), the

browser can respond to user actions quickly, making an application more responsive. Furthermore,

JavaScript code can detect user actions which HTML alone cannot, such as individual keystrokes.

Applications such as Gmail take advantage of this: much of the user-interface logic is written in

JavaScript, and JavaScript dispatches requests for information (such as the content of an e-mail

message) to the server. The wider trend ofAjax programming similarly exploits this strength

OPERATING SYSTEM

Windows XP is a line of operating systems developed by Microsoft for use on

general purpose computer systems, including home and business desktops, notebook

computers and media centers. The letters XP stand for experience. Windows XP is the

successor to both Windows 2000 and Windows Me and is first consumer oriented operating

system produced by Microsoft to be built on the Windows NT kernel and architecture. The

most common editions of operating systems are Windows XP home edition, which is targeted

at home users, and Windows XP professional, which has additional features such as, support

for Windows server domain and two physical processors and is targeted at power users and

business clients. Windows XP Tablet PC edition is designed to run the inkaware Tablet PC

platform. Two separate 64 bit versions of Windows XP were also released.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJAX


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SYSTEM DESIGN

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7. SYSTEM DESIGN

The most creative and challenging phase of the system life cycle is system design.

The term design describes a final system and the process by which it is developed. It refers to

the technical specifications that will be applied in implementing the candidate system. It also

includes the construction of programs and program testing. The key question involved here is

"How the problem should be solved".

System design is a solution for the question of how to approach to the creation of a

new system. This important phase is composed of several steps. It provides the understanding

and procedural details necessary for implementing the system recommended in the feasibility

study. Emphasis is on translating the performance requirements into design specifications.

Design goes through logical and physical stages of development. Logical reviews the present

physical system, prepares input and output specifications, security and control specifications,

details the implementation plan, and prepares a logical design walk. Physical design maps out

the details of the physical system, plans the system implementation, devices a test and

implementation plan and specify any new hardware and software.

The first step is to determine how the output is to be produced and in what format.

Samples of output and input are presented. Second, input data and master files have to be

designed to meet the requirement of the proposed output. The operational phases are handled

through program construction and testing, including a list of programs needed to meet the

system's objectives and complete documentation. Finally, details related to justification of the

system and estimate of the impact of the candidate system on the user and

organization are documented and evaluated by management.

As a step towards implementation. The final report prior to the implementation phases

includes procedural flowcharts, record layout and a workable plan for implementing the

candidate system.Information on personal, money, hardware, facilities and their estimated cost

must also be available. At this point, projected costs must be close to actual costs of

implementation.

Logical Design

In logical design the proposed system is pictorially represented. Drawing the

Data Flow Diagrams of the proposed system does this.

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Data Flow Diagrams

The DFD is also known as the bubble chart. It is a simple graphical formalism that can beused to represent a system in terms of the input data to the system, various processing carried

out in these data and the output data generated by the system. The main reason why this DFD

technique is so popular is probably because of the facts that DFD is very simple formalism. It

is simple to understand and use. A DFD model uses a very limited number of primitive

symbols to represent the functions performed by a system and the data flow among these

systems. Starting with a set of high-level functions that a system performance of DFD model

in hierarchically it represents various sub functions. The Data Flow Diagramming technique

also follows a simple a simple set of intuitive concepts and rules.

Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is used to show how data flow through the system and theprocesses that transfer the input data into output. Data Flow Diagrams are a way of

expressing system requirements in a graphical manner. DFD represents one of the most

ingenious tools used for structural analysis.

In a normal convention, logical DFD can be completed using only four notations:

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Represents source or destination of

data

Represents Data Flow

Represents a process that transforms

incoming data into outgoing data

Represents Data Source


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A function is represented using a circle. This symbol is called a process or

a bubble. Bubbles are annotated with the names of corresponding functions.

External Entity Symbol:-

An external entity such as a librarian, library member etc is represented by a

rectangle. The external entities are essentially those physical entities external to the software

system, which interact with the system by inputting data to the system or by consuming the

data produced by the system. In addition to the human users the external entity symbols can

be used o represent external hardware and software such as application software.

Data Flow Symbol:-A directed arc or an arrow is used as a Data Flow Symbol. This represents the data

flow occurring between two processes or between an external entity and a process in direction

of the Data Flow Arrow. Data Flow symbols are annotated with corresponding data names.

Data Store Symbol:-

A Data Store represents a logical file; it is represented using two

parallel lines. A logical file can represent either Data Store Symbol, which can represent

either data structure or a physical file on disk. Each data store is connected to a process by

means of a Data Flow Symbol. The direction of the Data Flow Arrow shows whether data is

being read from or written into a Data Store and hence arrows connecting to a data store need

not be annotated with the names of the corresponding dataitems.

Output Symbol:-

The output symbol is used when a hardcopy is produced andthe user of the copies

cannot be clearly specified or there are several users of the output. The DFD at the simplest

level is referred to as the Context Analysis Diagram. These are expanded by level, each

explaining in process in detail. Processes are numbered for easy identification and are

normally labeled in block letters. Each data flow is labeled for easy understanding.

Context Diagram:-

The context diagram is the most abstract data flow representation of a system. It

represents the entire system as a single bubble. This bubble is labeled according to the main

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function of the system. The various external entities with the system interact and the data

input to the system and the data output from the system are represented as incoming and

outgoing arrows. These data flow arrows should be annotated with the corresponding data

names. The name context diagram is well justified because it represents the context in which

the system is to exist, i.e. the external entities who would interact with the system and the

specific data items they would be supplying to the system and the data items they would be

receiving from the system. The context diagram is also called the Level 0 DFD.

To develop the context diagram of the system, we have to analyze the SRS

Document to identify the different types of users who would be using the system and the kind

of data they would be inputting to the system and the data they would be receiving from the

system. Here, the term users of the system, also includes the external systems, which supply

data to or receive data from the system.

Level-1 DFD

To develop the LEVEL-1 DFD, examine the high level functional requirements. It

is between three to seven high-level functional requirements then these can be directly

represented as bubbles as in the LEVEL-1 DFD. We can examine the input data to these

functions and the data output by these functions, and represent them appropriately in the

diagram.

If a system has more than seven high-level requirements, then some of the related

requirements have to be combined represented in the form of a bubble in the level-1 DFD.

These can be split in the lower DFD levels. If a system has less than three high-level

requirements, then some of the high-level requirements need to be split into their sub

functions so that we have roughly about five to seven bubbles on the diagram.

How to develop a DFD model of a system:

1. The SRS document is examined to determine:

Different high-level functions that the system need to perform.

Data input to every high-level function

Data output from every high-level functions

Interactions among the identified high-level functions

These aspects of the high-level functions are then represented in a diagrammatic form. This

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forms the top level Data Flow Diagram, usually called DFD.

2. The high-level functions described in the SRS Documents, and then each of the high-

level functions can be represented in form of a bubble. If there are more than seven bubbles,

then som

Project Report (human resource management)

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