Project partners Funded by - solarwirtschaft.de · Solar power in the country is in great demand...
Transcript of Project partners Funded by - solarwirtschaft.de · Solar power in the country is in great demand...
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Funded by Project partners
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Published by:
eclareon GmbH
Albrechtstrasse 22
10117 Berlin, Germany
T: + 49 30 8866740-0
Fax: + 49 30 8866740-11
www.eclareon.com
Person responsible for content under §55 paragraph 2 RStV: Christoph Urbschat (eclareon)
Funding body: Federal Foreign Office (German: Auswärtiges Amt)
Project funding number: ZMV I 6 - 2519AA0650
Design: Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft e.V., eclareon GmbH
Place and date of publication: Berlin, January 2020
Authors:
Ulf Lohse, Tatiana Andreeva, Alik Aylarov, Christoph Urbschat, eclareon GmbH
We thank for support in preparing the study:
Delegation der Deutschen Wirtschaft in Zentralasien
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Page Content
Objectives of the ENABLING PV Project 8
1. Electric Power Sector of Kazakhstan 9
Sector Infrastructure 10
Energy Sector of Kazakhstan 10
Electricity Market Stakeholders 13
Energy Sector Regulator 14
Commercial Infrastructure Organisations 14
Technology Infrastructure Organisations 14
Energy Producers 15
Grid infrastructure 16
Electricity Sales Companies 16
Electricity Consumption and Demand 16
On-Grid Power Generation 17
Off-Grid Power Generation 17
Electricity Markets, Prices, Tariffs and Costs 18
Wholesale and Retail Markets 18
1.3.1.1 Decentralised Electricity Market 20
1.3.1.2 Centralised Electricity Market 20
1.3.1.3 Balancing Electricity Market 20
1.3.1.4 Market for System and Support Services 21
1.3.1.5 Electric Power (Capacity) Market 21
1.3.1.6 Formation of electricity prices 22
1.3.1.7 Electricity Tariffs for End Users 23
Investment Framework for PV 25
Solar Irradiation 25
Participants of PV Market in Kazakhstan 26
Groups of potential users of solar power generation 30
2. Regulatory and Business Framework 31
Regulation and Support Schemes for PV and RES 31
Auction Bidding Mechanism 33
Codes and Standards 36
Rules of Power Transmission and Technological Connection to the
Grid 36
State Standards for Solar Energy 36
Terms of Trade, Investment and Import 36
Inflation and Interest Rates 36
Import Conditions for Photovoltaic Modules 36
Financing of Photovoltaic Power Plants 37
3. References 38
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List of Figures
Figure 1 Schematic world map and Kazakhstan on the world map 9
Figure 2 Total installed capacity of power generation facilities and total annual power
generation in Kazakhstan by type of power plants 10
Figure 3 Installed capacity of RES facilities in Kazakhstan at the beginning of 2020
in MW and % of total RES capacity in the country 11
Figure 4 Proportion of different energy sources in total installed capacity in
Kazakhstan in 2018 12
Figure 5 Schematic representation of the three energy zones of the UES of
Kazakhstan 12
Figure 6 Power generation in Kazakhstan by major energy generating companies 15
Figure 7 Electricity consumption by sector in 2019 in Kazakhstan 17
Figure 8 Schematic structure of electric energy and capacity market in Kazakhstan 18
Figure 9 Scheme of the Electricity Market in Kazakhstan 19
Figure 10 Centralised purchase of capacities from power generating organisations 21
Figure 11 Tariffs for residential consumers by type 25
Figure 12 Annual global solar radiation on a sloping surface (GTI) of Kazakhstan 26
Figure 13 Installed capacity of RES facilities and solar power plants in Kazakhstan 28
Figure 14 Installed RES objects within the framework of auctioning in Kazakhstan by
type of generation 28
Figure 15 Implementation scheme for construction of RES facilities through RFC " 33
Figure 16 Scheme of issuing a bank guarantee and standby letter of credit for
participants in auction tenders for RES projects 34
Figure 17 The scheme of purchase and sale of the generated electricity by RES
stations 35
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List of Tables
Table 1 Installed capacity of the largest power generating companies of Kazakhstan 15
Table 2 Prices for wholesale market consumers 23
Table 3 Tariffs for industrial consumers in 2019 23
Table 4 Targets for RES sector development until 2020 27
Table 5 Private companies-winners at auction in 2018, 2019 in the solar energy
sector of Kazakhstan 29
Table 6 Fixed tariffs for RES objects 31
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List of Abbreviations
Short for . Definition .
BRELL Related energy systems of Belarus, Russia, Estonia, Latvia and
Lithuania
CAPEX Capital expenditures
CHP Combined heat and power plant
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
DCF Discounted Cash Flow Analysis - discounted cash flows
DSCR Debt Service Coverage Ratio
EK REC East Kazakhstan Regional Energy Company
ESC Energy supply companies
ET Energy Transmitting Organisations
EU European Union
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GOST National Standard
GRES Combined-cycle gas-fired power station
GTI Global Tilted Irradiation - global solar radiation on an inclined surface
GW Gigawatt
GWh Gigawatt per hour
HPP Hydropower plant
IRR Internal Rate of Return
JSC Joined Stock Company
KEGOC Kazakhstan Electricity Grid Operating Company
KREM Committee for the Regulation of Natural Monopolies and Protection of
Competition
KUS Kazakhstan utility systems LLP
kV Kilovolt
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt per hour
LCOE Levelised Costs of Electricity
LLCR Loan Life Cycle Coverage Ratio
LTD. Limited Liability Company
MW Megawatt
MWh Megawatt per hour
NDC SO National Dispatcher Center of the System Operator
NEG National electric grid
NP Non-Commercial Partnership
NPV Net Present Value
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Short for . Definition .
OJSC Open Joint-Stock Company
PAO Public Joint Stock Company
PP Power Plant
PV Photovoltaic
REC Regional Energy Company
REgC Regional Electricity Grid Companies
RES Renewable Energy Source
RF Russian Federation
RFC Financial Settlement Center of RES in Kazakhstan
RnD Research and development activities
SME Small and Medium Business Enterprises
SPP Solar Power Plant
TPP Thermal power plant
TW Terawatt
TWh Terawatt per hour
UES Unified Energy System (or UPS)
UES SO System Operator UES
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
VAT Value Added Tax
WACC Weighted Average Cost of Capital
WPP Wind Power Plant
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Objectives of the ENABLING PV Project
The market for solar PV installations has become increasingly international over the last
decade. While the first solar boom mainly encompassed developed countries, who supported
renewable energies (RE) with often similar support schemes mainly based on feed in tariffs,
the landscape for solar energy today is different and much more diverse. Having either already
reached or on the verge of reaching cost competitiveness with conventional energy sources in
many countries, the number of RE markets and business models that work in those markets
have multiplied in the last years. And just as every project is different, so are the conditions
and regulatory frameworks in every country.
It is in this context of an increasingly international PV market that the German solar association
BSW-Solar, together with the consulting firm eclareon, started to investigate business models
and the business environment for PV in different countries under the label “ENABLING PV” in
2013. One year later the first study was published and today the series covers Russia, Tunisia,
Jordan, Brazil, Argentina, Nigeria, Angola, Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
The label “ENABLING PV” demonstrates the intention of this report: enabling the growth of
solar PV based energy around the globe. In order to achieve this, projects need to be realised
and the foundation for these is the collection, distribution and discussion of country specific
knowledge. ENABLING PV reports shall provide a starting point for those investors and solar
entrepreneurs who are interested to expand their business to new markets.
This report on the potential of PV in Kazakhstan partly grew out of eclareon’s activities in
Kazakhstan in 2019 and 2020. In the second half on 2020, meetings and workshops will be
organised with the administration, companies, institutions, universities and potential investors
to discuss the possible applications of PV systems and to identify pilot projects. The results of
some of these deliberations are presented in this report.
For 2020 another visit to Kazakhstan with new workshops is planned. Moreover, the aim is to
present the results of the current study, find interested partners on site and develop PV pilot
projects in the country.
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1. Electric Power Sector of Kazakhstan
The Republic of Kazakhstan is the largest Central Asian country, located in the centre of the
Eurasian continent. The country was founded after the collapse of the USSR in 1991.
Today more than 18.6 million people live in Kazakhstan. With a territory of 2.7 million km2
Kazakhstan is the second largest country in the CIS and the ninth largest in the world [1]. It
borders Russia to the west and north, China to the east, and the Central Asian countries
Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan to the south. The total length of the borders is
12,200 km, 600 km of which are adjacent to the Caspian Sea. Kazakhstan is the last CIS
country in terms of population density – only 6.71 inhabitants per km2. This is primarily due to
the harsh continental climate with its characteristic warm summers and cold winters. Different
climatic conditions render Nur-Sultan (Astana) the second coldest capital in the world with an
average annual temperature of +3.5° C, while the average temperature in the southern regions
it is +15.8° C.
Figure 1 Schematic world map and Kazakhstan on the world map
Source: eclareon 2020, map generated by Pixel Map Generator, amCharts.
The country's economy is based on industry (34.1% of GDP), services (61.2% of GDP)
and agriculture (4.7% of GDP) [2]. The extraction and export of carbon raw materials (natural
gas, oil) ensured a rapid growth rate of the country's GDP. Since 2000, the average GDP
growth rate was 9.4% – until the global financial crisis hit in 2008. GDP growth fell to 1.2% in
2009, mainly caused by a sharp drop in oil prices, which fell by 71.9% within a 3 months
period[48]. Nevertheless, GDP per capita at purchasing power parity has been growing
steadily, increasing by a factor of 3.5 since 2000 and amounting to $27,659 in 2018. This is,
with the exception of Russia, the highest figure among CIS countries[14]. Kazakhstan's main
export products are mineral products, including oil, gas condensate, copper, natural gas. About
50% of natural gas produced in Kazakhstan is used locally as fuel for power plants[53].
According to Kazakhstan’s Committee on Statistics, the main export partners of the country
are Italy (19.2% of total export revenues in 2018), China (10.3%), the Netherlands (10.1%) and
Russia (8.6%). The main imported goods are refined petroleum, packaged medicaments,
broadcasting equipment, cars and valves [2]. Kazakhstan's main import partners are Russia
(39.3% of total imports in 2018), China (16%), Germany (4.9%) and Italy (4.4%) [3].
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Sector Infrastructure
Energy Sector of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is one of the world's important primary energy producers. The country ranks 10th
in the world in terms of crude oil extraction (about 2 million barrels per day). Kazakhstan fully
covers its electricity demand through in-house generation. The installed capacity of power
generating facilities is constantly growing. Between 2010 and 2020, the total installed
capacity of power generation facilities increased by a quarter from 18.24 GW in 2010 to
22.94 GW in 2019 (Figure 2). Electricity generation has also increased by 30% since
2010, reaching 106,000 GWh in 2018.
Figure 2 Total installed capacity of power generation facilities and total annual power generation
in Kazakhstan by type of power plants
Source: eclareon 2020 based on: Annual reports of the KEGOC System Operator [57].
Electricity consumption rapidly decreased after the collapse of the USSR and reached its
minimum in 1999 with 2.8 MWh per capita, 2 times less than in 1990. This decrease was
mainly caused by the wear and tear on power generating equipment, which had not been
renewed or replaced, as well as the economic instability of the country. In 1999, the
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government adopted a program for the development of the electric power industry until 2030.
The program included the formation of the Unified Energy System of Kazakhstan,
commissioning of new capacities and replacement of worn-out equipment. Thanks to the
reconstruction and modernisation of the power sector, as well as economic stabilisation,
electricity consumption began to grow rapidly and in 2018 per capita consumption in
Kazakhstan was 5.03 MWh. For comparison, in Germany this figure for the same year was
6.67 MWh, in the USA it was 11.85 MWh and 4.02 MWh in China [17].
Today, Kazakhstan's electricity sector still holds the legacy of the Soviet past, despite
modernisation and structural adjustment of mechanisms for managing the energy sector. The
entire electric power complex is, similar to Russia, united into the Unified Energy System
(UES or United Power System – known also as UPS). The UES comprises all power plants,
transmission lines and transformer substations. Thus, official data on electricity production and
installed capacity can portray the overall status of the whole country. The total installed
capacity of UES power plants as of January 2020 was 22,936 MW. Of this installed
capacity, the share of solar generation facilities was 2.5% [16]. According to other official
data by the Financial Settlement Centre of RE in Kazakhstan (RFC, for more details see
section 2 Regulatory and Business Framework), the total installed capacity of electricity
generation facilities based on RES in the beginning of 2020 was 1,700 MW, of which solar
power plants accounted for 27% (Figure 3).
Figure 3 Installed capacity of RES facilities in Kazakhstan at the beginning of 2020 in MW and %
of total RES capacity in the country
Source: eclareon 2020, based on RFC 2020 [55]
Due to continuous use of outdated power generation facilities and the operation of some
facilities at half-capacity, the de-facto used capacity for energy generation is significantly
lower than 22,936 MW, namely 19,329 MW. In 2018 Kazakhstani power plants united under the UES generated 106.8 thousand GWh of energy, of which 563 GWh was generated by
solar power plants (SPP)[56].
Kazakhstan has sufficient installed generating capacity to cover its own electricity
demand. However, due to the regional division of the energy sector, the country is forced to
both export and import electricity. In the last few years, electricity production at the
expense of RES has increased, but RES still play an insignificant role in electricity
production. In 2018 0.5% or electricity was generated from RES. About 70% of the
country's electricity is generated by the coal-fuelled power plants which are
concentrated in the north of the country [53].
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Figure 4 Proportion of different energy sources in total installed capacity in Kazakhstan in 2018
Source: eclareon 2020, based on National Energy Report Kazenergy 2019[53] and Ministry of Energy of Kazakhstan 2018 [56][46][56].
There are 138 power plants in Kazakhstan, which use different sources of energy and fuel.
Their dispatching and coordination is carried out by “KEGOC” Ltd.- the System Operator of
UES. The UPS is divided into 3 energy zones: The Northern zone (including the Central
zone), the Southern and the Western (Figure 5). Each zone is part of the UES and they are
interconnected.
Figure 5 Schematic representation of the three energy zones of the UES of Kazakhstan
Source: eclareon 2020, based on KEGOC System Operator, map generated with Pixel Map Generator, amCharts.
• The Northern zone of UES includes Akmola, East-Kazakhstan, Pavlodar, Karaganda,
North-Kazakhstan, Kostanai, the Aktobe regions and the capital of the republic, Nur-
Sultan city. The northern zone is where Kazakhstan’s major coal deposits are located.
Therefore, 70% of the country's generating capacity is also located there; power plants
are mostly fuelled with locally extracted coal. The surplus of electricity in the zone either
sold to Russia or transferred to the Southern zone to cover this zone’s deficit. In 2018,
82,671.9 GWh of energy was generated in the Northern Zone, which accounted for
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77.5% of the country's total energy generation. Meanwhile, consumption was much
lower, at 67.865.3 GWh, which is 65.74% of total country consumption.
• The Southern UES zone includes Almaty, Zhambyl, Kyzylorda and the Turkestan
regions, as well as Almaty city, Shymkent city and the Baikonur district. In 2018,
10,814.3 GWh was produced in the Southern zone which formed 10% of the total
generation in the country and half of the required in the country capacity. Regional
consumption in the same year was 21,940.1 GWh or 21.25% of the total consumption
in the country. The power capacity deficit in the Southern zone, is compensated by
electricity supplied from the Northern zone [48].
• The Western zone of the UES includes Atyrau, West-Kazakhstan and the Mangistau
regions. Kazakhstan’s rich oil and gas deposits, including offshore ones, are
concentrated in the Western zone. The zone has no electric connections with UES of
Kazakhstan, hence, a parallel work is carried out through the grids of Russia[60]. The
Western zone produced 13,310.9 GWh in 2018, 12.5% of the total generation in
Kazakhstan. In 2918 consumption in the Western zone reached 13,431.9 GWh, 13%
of total national consumption[8] rendering it the most balanced energy zone in terms of
supply and demand in the country.
The uneven distribution of generating capacities across the country leads to large grid losses,
since electricity is transmitted to the south of the country via outdated long-distance power
lines. In addition, the majority of thermal power plants in Kazakhstan are subject to significant
wear and tear on electrical equipment. As of 1 January 2019, more than 50% of the thermal
power plants have been operational for over 30 years. Due to these factors, national grid losses
amounted to 6.3% in 2018 [47]. The example of the East Kazakhstan Regional Energy
Company (EK REC) shows that approximately 12% of electricity are lost in the regional grids
of Kazakhstan. In 2017 the actual losses in the power grids of EK REC were 410 GWh out of
3,399 GWh of the total transmitted electricity [85]. It has to be noted that data on grid losses in
Kazakhstan is not published. Therefore, national and regional estimations might be flawed.
Despite the need to import electricity into the Southern region, the country is a net exporter of
energy. In 2018, the balance of electric energy transferred to Russia was 3,566 GW*h, and the
balance of electric energy transferred to Central Asia was 2.8 GW*h[15].
Electricity Market Stakeholders
The current state of Kazakhstan’s electricity market is the result of a lengthy and large-scale
reform process, including the country's transition to market liberalisation and the introduction
of sectoral regulation. Both state and private companies operate in Kazakhstan’s energy
market. This allows the state to control a strategically important market on the one hand, and
on the other hand leaves a window for private capital inflow.
Electricity market actors can be divided into the following categories:
• Energy Sector Regulator: Ministry of Energy
• Commercial Infrastructure Organisations: Ministry of National Economy, “KREM”,
electricity and capacity market operator JSC "KOREM" and "RFC"
• Energy Infrastructure Organisations: KEGOC, "Energoinform", JSC and the National
Dispatch Center of the System Operator (NDC SO)
• Energy Generating Companies: Holding for the Management of State Assets
"Samruk", JSC "Samruk"
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• Power Grid Infrastructure (Operator of the National Electric Grid (NEG): Kazakhstan
Electricity Grid Management Company (JSC "KEGOC")
• Power Supply Organisations (Distributors)
Energy Sector Regulator
Kazakhstan’s Ministry of Energy is the main supervising body of the energy sector. The
Ministry defines and implements the main direction of the state policy in the field of electric
power industry, ensures energy security and energy independence, as well as the
development of the fuel and energy industries, and the extraction and use of mineral resources.
The Atomic and Energy Supervision and Control Committee, a department of
Kazakhstan’s Ministry of Energy, carries out the technical implementation [47].
In 2008, the Government of Kazakhstan established the Samruk-Kazyna National Welfare
Fund, which merged the “Samruk” Public Asset Management Holding and the Kazyna State
Sustainable Development Fund. Samruk-Kazyna owns and controls the main actors of
Kazakhstan’s the power sector. These are, among others, the following organisations:
• The Kazakhstan Electricity Grid Operating Company (KEGOC), the technological
infrastructure organisation of the sector.
• Kazakhstan Electric Power and Capacity Market Operator (JSC KOREM), which is a
commercial infrastructure organisation.
• JSC “Samruk-Energo”, the largest electricity producer, operating large CHPs and HPPs
(see Section 1.2.4)
Commercial Infrastructure Organisations
The Committee for the Regulation of Natural Monopolies and Protection of Competition
(KREM) operates under the leadership of the Ministry of National Economy of Kazakhstan,
which carries out tariff regulation in the country, being the object of commercial infrastructure
of the energy sector.
The commercial infrastructure organisation is KOREM JSC. The main function of the
company is to conduct power spot trades. It also organises auction tenders for electric power
from renewable energy sources [41].
Technology Infrastructure Organisations
The technological infrastructure organisations include KEGOC, “Energoinform” and
the National Dispatcher Centre of the System Operator (NDC SO):
• KEGOC JSC was established in 1996 to act as the System Operator of the UES and
is a national power transmission company and system operator. Its main tasks are the
transmission of electric energy through the national grid (NEG, rus. НЭС), technical
dispatching of supply to the grid and consumption of electric energy, as well as
balancing production and consumption of energy.
• “Energoinform” is owned by KEGOC and provides maintenance of NEG equipment
and telecommunication services for KEGOC's activities. The company’s
responsibilities include automated metering and control. Distribution and consumption
of electric energy at UES substations is carried out by ASKUE, the Automated System
of Commercial Energy Metering[49].
• The National Dispatching Centre of System Operator (NDC SO) is a subsidiary of
KEGOC JSC and provides centralised operational dispatching for the production,
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transmission and consumption of electric energy. NDC SO also controls the technical
condition and safe operation of the UES, and manages interstate electric energy flows.
Energy Producers
Energy generating companies produce and sell electricity to distribution companies on the
wholesale and retail markets. Both public and private power generation companies operate in
Kazakhstan. The largest state-owned company is Samruk-Energo JSC ("Samruk-Energo"),
effectively owned by the similarly fully state-owned Samruk-Kazyna JSC. The graph below
(Figure 6) shows the capacity and generation of the largest energy producers. "Samruk-Energy
owns 34% of the total installed capacity of UES power plants and produces about 36% of
the country’s energy, see Table 1.
Table 1 Installed capacity of the largest power generating companies of Kazakhstan
Company Total installed generating
capacity, MW Average annual power
generation, GWh
SAMRUK-ENERGO* 7,865 36,716
Eurasian group 3,262 19,574
Central Asian Energy Corporation
1,218 7,025
Kazakhmys Energy 1,010 6,437
Kazakhstan utilitя systems (KUS)
1,058 6,376
Zhambylskaya GRES 1,230 1,878.8
Other (partially public) 6,265.3 25,001
Source: Annual report of Samruk-Energy 2018, 2019 [12], [18][12]
Figure 6 Power generation in Kazakhstan by major energy generating companies
Source: eclareon 2020, based on the annual report of JSC "Samruk-Energo" 2018[12]
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Energy is generated by 138 power plants (including RES), most of them private. Power plants
are divided into power plants of national importance, power plants of industrial importance and
power plants of regional importance.
Power plants of national importance are the main large power plants that produce and sell
electricity in Kazakhstan. These include 5 thermal power plants: "Ekibastuzskaya GRES-1",
"Ekibastuzskaya GRES-2", "ERG" JSC, "Eurasian Group", etc., as well as hydropower plants
(HPP): "Kazzinc" Bukhtarma HPP, "AES Ust-Kamenogorskaya HPP" LLP, "AES Shulba
HPP").
Power plants of industrial importance are thermal power plants, which generate electric and
thermal energy for power and heat supply of large industrial enterprises and small settlements
(CHP-3 of Karaganda Energy Center, PVS CHP of Karaganda smelting plant, CHP-2 of
“ArcelorMittal Temirtau” JSC, Balkhash CHP, Zhezkazgan CHP).
Regional power plants are cogeneration plants integrated with territories. They sell electric
energy through the grids of regional power grid companies and energy transmitting
organisations, and provide heat supply to nearby cities.
Grid infrastructure
• The actor with the most important role in Kazakhstan's grid infrastructure is the
National Electric Grid Operator (NEG). Owned by KEGOC, it plays a formative role,
connecting Kazakhstan’s regional power systems and those of the neighbouring states
(Russian Federation, Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan). NEG also provides electricity
to power plants and transmits it to wholesale consumers. The united substations,
switchgears and power grids of 0.4-1,150 kV, are part of the NEG.
• Energy Transmitting Organisations (ET) transmit energy through either own or other
power networks (via rent, lease, trust management or other types of agreement) to
wholesale and retail market consumers, as well as to energy supplying organisations
on the basis of power transmission contracts. At present, the number of ETs in
Kazakhstan is 152. The Ministry of Energy plans to consolidate REC, therefore a
reduction of the number of ETs to 110 by 2022 is planned [42].
Electricity Sales Companies
Energy Supply Companies (ESCs) purchase electricity from power generating companies or
via centralised bidding to supply their customers. At present, 16 ESCs are operating in all 11
regions. Most consumers in Kazakhstan not permitted to choose their ESCs, as usually there
is just 1 ESC per region (except for Akmola and the North-Kazakhstan regions where there
are 2 ESCs per region).
Electricity Consumption and Demand
The largest share of electricity produced in Kazakhstan is consumed by the industrial sector,
over 65% of total energy consumption, 13% of which is used for powering power plants. Among
industrial consumers are enterprises such as Akusuk Ferroalloy Plant, Arcelor Mittal Temirtau,
Kazakhstan Electrolysis Plant and NC Kazakhstan Temir Zholy. It should also be noted that
KEGOC JSC consumed about 3,000 GWh of energy in 2018 [53].
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Figure 7 Electricity consumption by sector in 2019 in Kazakhstan
Source: Eclareon 2020 based on Committee on Statistics, Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2018 [57].
The demand for electricity in the country is constantly growing. Experts predict that electricity
consumption in Kazakhstan will increase to 136,000 GWh by 2030[59].
On-Grid Power Generation
After the country’s independence, Kazakhstan’s energy system consisted of 4 isolated zones:
the Northern, Southern and Western zone, as well as the Aktyuminsk energy zone. Today, the
North and South are interconnected by power transmission lines, while the Western zone is
working in parallel with the Russian UPS, rendering it an integral part of the unified energy
system.
374 overhead power transmission lines with a total length of 26,900.91 km are on the balance
of KEGOC JSC branches, Intersystem Electric Networks" (IEN). In total, there are 9 IENs
located across the country, with a total of 80 electric substations with voltage of 35-1,150 kW
and installed transformer capacity of 38,246.05 MVA. These networks connect the different
regions.
Regional power grids connect regions, and transmit energy to retail consumers. The regional
power grids are owned by Regional Electricity Grid Companies (REgCs).
Off-Grid Power Generation
Data on distributed (off-grid) generation in Kazakhstan is not publicly available. Since state
institutions do not keep statistics on off-grid areas of Kazakhstan, it is extremely difficult to
estimate the volume of electricity generation from off-grid diesel/gas/petrol gensets. There are
also at least 100 very small settlements in Kazakhstan, which do not have a grid power supply
at all [79]. Generally, far from the central electricity supply, farmers and villagers use portable
gasoline and diesel generators. Coal and firewood are still widely used for heating and cooking.
In the Western steppes of the country farmers and/or shepherds will sometimes purchase own
power generating facilities to provide water for their livestock or flocks [84].
Diesel and gas generation is also used by companies which, due to their activities, have to
have autonomous generation in areas without a connection to the electricity grid. Among such
companies are uranium ore mining, oil processing, ski resorts and gas supply companies [83].
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Electricity Markets, Prices, Tariffs and Costs
Like many countries, Kazakhstan has wholesale and retail electricity markets, as well as
various different tariff accounting mechanisms.
Wholesale and Retail Markets
On the wholesale electricity market, energy generating companies sell electricity to
companies supplying energy, as well as to wholesale consumers with access to the national
or regional electricity grids [42].
Since 2019, Kazakhstan also has a capacity market. So, not only electricity but also capacity
is sold on the wholesale market.
The electricity market is divided into wholesale and retail. The market structure is schematically
shown below (Figure 8)[37].
Figure 8 Schematic structure of electric energy and capacity market in Kazakhstan
Source: eclareon 2020, based on the National Energy Report Kazenergy 2019 KAZENERGY - Kazakhstan Association of Oil and Gas and Energy Complex Organisations, "National Energy Report", 2019, online: http://www.kazenergy.com/upload/document/energy-report/NationalReport19_ru.pdf , access mode: April 7, 2020[53]
The stakeholders of the wholesale electricity market are:
• Energy generating companies supplying at least 1 MW of average daily (base) capacity
to the wholesale market
• Power transmission companies (distributors)
Electricity Market
Wholesale market
Central trade market Decentralised market
Systems and support services market Electric power market
Balancing market (in simulation mode)
Retail
Regional Electricity Grid Companies (REgCs)
Energy Suppliers
Direct consumers
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• Energy sales companies (without own power grids) buy electricity at the wholesale
market resell at least 1 MW of average daily (base) capacity
• Electricity consumers who purchase electricity at the wholesale market (at least 1 MW
of average daily (base) capacity)
• the System Operator, JSC "Kazakhstan Electricity Grid Management Company
KEGOC" (henceforth System Operator UES)
• the operator of centralised trade regarding electric energy and capacity, JSC KOREM
• the Calculation and Finance Centre for Support of Renewable Energy Sources
(henceforth RFC), a subsidiary of KEGOC
The relationships of the listed players on the energy market are as shown below (Figure 9).
Figure 9 Scheme of the Electricity Market in Kazakhstan
Source: eclareon 2020, based on the National Energy Report Kazenergy 2019 KAZENERGY - Kazakhstan Association of Oil and Gas and Energy Complex Organisations, "National Energy Report", 2019, online: http://www.kazenergy.com/upload/document/energy-report/NationalReport19_ru.pdf , access mode: April 7, 2020[53]
In 2018, the total volume of electric power transmission through the National Electricity Grid of
KEGOC amounted to 44.7 billion kWh. This volume of electricity was purchased both through
the decentralised and the centralised markets.
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1.3.1.1 Decentralised Electricity Market
The decentralised market for the purchase and sale of electric energy entails independent
bilateral transactions by subjects of the wholesale market in a certain period of time, regulated
by the terms of the contract (week, month, quarter, year)[35]. The volume of transactions under
bilateral contracts accounts for approximately half of the total volume of electricity transmission
through the grids of a system operator. In 2018, the transaction volume of on the decentralised
market constituted 52 % of the total volume transferred through the grids of the System
Operator. Power sale and purchase contracts are divided into 2 types:
• Contracts for the purchase and sale of electricity, which provide for the physical
supply of electric energy through the national electric grid. Such contracts are
registered by the system operator, who also verifies the availability of access to the
national electric grid for power generating companies and consumers. In case of
transferability, the UES System Operator dispatches energy in accordance with the
necessary technical requirements.
• Electric power purchase and sale contracts providing for transmission or transit of
electric power through the power grids of neighbouring countries. These
contracts are also need to be registered by the UES System Operator.
1.3.1.2 Centralised Electricity Market
The market of centralised electricity trading organizes short-, medium- and long-term
electricity trading, and can thus objectively indicate current market prices. The share of
centralised bids in the total volume of electricity transmission through the System Operator's
networks is approximately 50%. In 2018 the total volume of transactions in the centralised
trading market amounted to 48% of the total volume of electricity transmission through
the networks of the System Operator, which was 21,260 GWh. The following types of
centralised trade are conducted on the market for centralised trade:
• Spot trade in "one day ahead" and "within the operating day":
"Day-ahead" spot bids are held in the form of an auction, where the market operator draws up
sorted charts of supply and demand from bidder’s requests for purchase and sale of electricity.
KEGOC submits the auction results to the UES System Operator for approval [37]. The “day-
ahead” spot trading forms less than 0.5% of all transactions, 611 GWh in 2018.
Spot trades "within the operating day" are carried out as continuous counter trades online.
KEGOC pairs certain buyers and sellers, as well transaction prices to the UES System
Operator to include in the daily ‘schedule’ of delivery and consumption [36]. "Within the
operating day" spot trades constitute about 0.5 % of the total amount of all transactions in the
centralised market, 114 GWh in 2018.
• Medium- and Long-term Electric Power Trading:
The market operator determines the schedule of electric energy trading for different periods
(week, month, quarter, year). Following the results of the bidding, the price of purchase and
sale for each transaction as well as the volume for each "seller-buyer" pair are determined.
99% of transactions on the centralised auctions of electric energy are concluded for the
medium- and long-term. Medium-term are usually weeks or months, while long-term
contracts cover quarters or years. In 2018, the volume of electricity traded was 21,010
GWh.
1.3.1.3 Balancing Electricity Market
The main task of balancing the market in real-time is the physical and subsequent financial
settlement of hourly imbalances which arise during the operational day between the actual and
contractual values of production and consumption of electricity. On the electricity balancing
market, the physical settlement of imbalances is performed by the System Operator (KEGOC
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JSC), the financial settlement is performed by the Settlement Centre (Energoinform JSC, a
subsidiary of KEGOC JSC). At present, the balancing market operates in a simulation
mode until January 1st, 2021.
1.3.1.4 Market for System and Support Services
KEGOC provides system services and support services to ensure the reliability of the UES,
and the quality of electric energy, established by state standards. On a contractual basis, the
System Operator provides the following system services to the wholesale market participants:
• Electric power transmission services through the NEG, ensuring technical support
• Technical dispatching services
• Capacity reservation services
• Services regarding the balance between production and consumption of electricity [35].
1.3.1.5 Electric Power (Capacity) Market
The market of electric capacity was created to attract investment for the maintenance
of existing power capacities and commissioning new capacities to sufficiently cover
demand. The market has been operating since January 1st, 2019 through the purchase and
the provision of a centralised power availability service[39].
The market for electric capacity is based on the "Single Purchaser" model, where the
FRC (Financial Settlement Centre of RES in Kazakhstan) takes on the role of the Single
Purchaser.
The sale of capacity services within the capacity market is carried out both in a centralised and
decentralised zone. Bidding on the capacity market is carried out separately for each UES
zone. Joint auctions are held for the Northern and Southern zones (due to the capacity of
transmission lines), and separate auctions for the Western zone. Following the results of the
auctions, the volume of capacity purchased and sold and the list of energy generating players
included in the volume of auctions are determined [38]. Centralised purchase of capacity from
energy producers is carried out in the following sequence:
Figure 10 Centralised purchase of capacities from power generating organisations
Source: eclareon 2020, based on materials of the RES Support Settlement and Finance Center, 2018 [47]
1
• RFC concludes a capacity purchase contract with power generating organisations based on the results of tenders held to cover the projected power grid capacity deficit within the framework of
the annually approved 7-year balance sheet.
2
• RFC concludes contracts with energy generating companies that have entered into investment agreements with the Ministry of Energy and/or organisations which are included into the group
involved in coverage of the forecast deficit in the UES of the country.
3• Further contracts are concluded with CHPs and TPPs to cover the minimum demanded
generating capacity to provide the population with heat.
4
• Last but not least, contracts with energy generating companies are concluded as a result of competitive bidding at a special trading platform of JSC KOREM at a price not exceeding the
maximum tariff for the service of maintaining the availability of electric capacity
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Decentralised purchase of capacities is similar to the electricity market, based on bilateral
contracts.
1.3.1.6 Formation of electricity prices
Electricity tariffs for end consumers are generated by summing up all additionally required
payments and the cost for electricity transmission and sales services. These include the
following:
Kazakhstan's power sector has a regulated tariff formation model in which all electricity
tariffs are regulated by the government. The electricity tariff in Kazakhstan today is the
following: the cost of electricity generation (55%), transportation (40%) and the
surcharge by energy suppliers (5%)[45].
All tariffs in the power sector can be classified according to the following types (all tariffs are
shown excluding VAT (VAT for 2020 is 12%):
• Tariffs for power plants that cover the cost of electricity production. They are
approved by the Ministry of Energy for each group of power plants individually (currently
there are 44). The Ministry also sets ceiling prices. These are set for a 7-year period,
taking into account the maximum cost of electricity production for each group in relation
to the cost of the previous year at the time of the tariff calculation [51]. The marginal
tariffs of energy generating companies noticeably vary from 1.1 KZT/kWh (0.0024
EUR/kWh) to 13.68 KZT/kWh (0.029 EUR/kWh). The average ceiling tariff in 2019 was
6.63 KZT/kWh (0.014 EUR/kWh) and in 2020 it was 7.48 KZT/kWh (0.016 EUR/kWh).
[40].
• Tariffs for transmission of electricity through the power grids of KOGOC JSC,
which are set by Kazakhstan’s antimonopoly committee (the Committee for the
Regulation of Natural Monopolies, Protection of Competition and Consumer Rights of
KREM of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Republic of
Kazakhstan). The tariffs of JSC "KOGOC" are generated based on the following:
• Tariff for transmission of electricity. In 2019 the tariff was 2,823 KZT/kWh
(0.00603 euro/kWh). In 2020, the tariff decreased to 2,797 KZT/kWh
(0.00596 EUR/kWh).
• Tariff for technical dispatching. In 2019 and 2020 the tariff was 0.306
KZT/kWh (0.00065 EUR/kWh).
• Tariff for balancing production/consumption of electric energy. In 2019
and 2020 the tariff remained unchanged at 0.098 KZT/kWh (0.00021
EUR/kWh).
Due to this, the total tariff of KEGOC in 2019 was 3,227 KZT/kWh (0.0069 EUR/kWh),
and in 2020, 3,192 KZT /kWh (0.0068 EUR/kWh)[40]
• Tariffs for transmission and distribution of electric energy through regional
grids. Such tariffs are set individually by local departments of the antimonopoly
authority for each region. The surcharge depends on the network topology, grid length,
voltage levels, number of consumers and other technical features. At the same time,
the tariff also depends on the scheme of electric energy delivery. This depends on
which power source (station) is supplied and through which electric networks it is
delivered.
cost of electricity from power plants
tariff on distribution and transmission by means of inter-regional grids
regional distribution and
transmission tariff
sales premiums of energy supplying
organisations
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The average tariff for Regional Electricity Grid Companies in 2020 was 4.74 KZT /kWh
(0.01 EUR/kWh) [39].
• Tariffs of Energy Supply Companies (ESCs). Sales mark-ups of ESCs are set by
the antimonopoly authority, however ESCs have the right to demand the increase of
their electricity tariffs from the antimonopoly committee [18].
• Tariffs of KOREM JSC include the following elements:
1. Tariff for services to ensure readiness of the trading system for
centralised electricity trading, paid by all wholesale market participants. In
2019 it was 0.0033 KZT /kWh. (0.00001 EUR/kWh)
2. Tariff for provision of services for purchase and sale of energy by bidders,
paid by all bidders of centralised auctions. In 2019 it was 0.002 KZT /kWh.
(0.00426 EUR/kWh)
3. Tariff for provision of services for the centralised trading of electric
capacity. In 2020, it was 1,139,710 KZT (2,430.2 euros) from each participant
in the centralised trading of electric capacity.
4. Tariff for services referring to the holding of auction tenders for selection
of projects using renewable energy sources. In 2020 it was 628,497 KZT
(1,340.14) per auction bidder [39].
1.3.1.7 Electricity Tariffs for End Users
In total, there are three main price categories on the electricity market:
1. Electricity prices for consumers on the wholesale market: electricity pricing is
regulated by taking into account the price ceiling, which is determined by bilateral
contracts, or by auctions for short-, medium- and long-term periods. The table shows
the results of centralised trading for 2019.
Table 2 Prices for wholesale market consumers
Name Minimum price in tenge per
kWh
Maximum price in tenge per kWh
Spot trades in day-ahead
mode
4.05 (0.00864 euro/kWh)
9.5 (0.02026 euro/kWh)
Spot bargains "during the
operating day."
4.5 (0.0096 euro/kWh)
11.13 (0.0237 euro/kWh)
Bidding for medium and
long periods
4.2 (0.00896 euro/kWh)
10 (0.02132 euro/kWh)
Source: Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Tariffs are shown without VAT (VAT in 2020 is 12%)[58]
Industrial consumers include power generating companies operating in Kazakhstan and
supplying electricity to the wholesale and retail markets. There is a special marginal tariff for
industrial consumers, which is defined in relation to the type of generation. The minimum
ceiling price for HPP facilities is 4.5 KZT/kWh (0.0096 EUR/kWh), and the maximum tariff for
gas turbine power plants (GRES) is set at 12.68 KZT/kWh (0.027 R/kWh) (for more details see
Table 3).
2. Electricity tariffs for industrial customers:
Table 3 Tariffs for industrial consumers in 2019
Name Price in tenge per kWh at
maximum tariff*
Price in Euros per kWh at maximum
tariff*
Coal-fired power plants 8.8 0.18764
Coal Combined heat and power stations
7.5 0.0169
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Name Price in tenge per kWh at
maximum tariff*
Price in Euros per kWh at maximum
tariff*
Gasovyna KES 9.47 0.02019
Gas CHPs 7.6 0.0162
GTES 12.68 0.02704
HPP 4.5 0.0096
Source: Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Tariffs are shown without VAT (VAT in 2020 is 12%)[58]
3. Tariffs for the population (household consumers) on the retail market: these are
set by the local executive authority on tariffs, in accordance with the tariff ceiling set by
the Ministry of Energy.
From 2009 to 2017 electricity tariffs in Kazakhstan differed depending on time of day and
volume of electricity consumption. There was a minimum and maximum tariff, which was
approved by the KREM of the Ministry of Energy. Mid-2017 the Government of Kazakhstan
abolished this system.
The population purchases electricity at three different types of tariffs, depending on the volume
of energy consumption. These tariffs mostly depend on the presence or absence of electric
stoves in a household. Consumers using electric stoves include residents who do not have a
gas connection[21]
• the first level tariff applies to electricity use to up to 100 kWh per individual. The
average price in Kazakhstan for January 2020 was 11.46 KZT/kWh (0.0244 EUR/kWh).
• second level tariff is paid by individuals consuming more than 101 kWh and up to 190
kWh per individual. The average price in Kazakhstan for January 2020 was 14.82
KZT/kWh (0.0252 EUR/kWh).
• the tariff of the third level applies to individual consumers with more than 190 kWh
consumed per individual. The average price in Kazakhstan for January 2020 was 18.28
KZT/kWh (0.039 EUR/kWh).
Residential electricity tariffs vary in Kazakhstan's cities. This is primarily due to their
geographical location. Electricity transit takes longer from the producer to the consumer, due
the structural deficit of generation capacity in some regions. Therefore, the final cost of
electricity in remote areas is sometimes over three times as high as in other parts of the country
[19]. The most affordable tariffs for consumers (taking into account location and average
monthly salary) are Atyrau, Aktau, Astana, Uralsk and Aktobe, mainly located in western
Kazakhstan. Less affordable tariffs can be found in cities like Kostanai, Taldykorgan (Almaty
Oblast), Taraz, Shymkent and Kazylorda [49].
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Figure 11 Tariffs for residential consumers by type
Source: eclareon 2020, based on materials of the Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan[58]
Investment Framework for PV
Solar Irradiation
Kazakhstan has sufficient natural resources and production potential to create a full-fledged
photovoltaic industry. The country has large deposits of heliotechnical quartz, the main raw
material for silicon production. The country has approximately 25% of all quartzite deposits in
the CIS countries, which amount to 65 million tonnes [22].
The average number of sunshine hours per year is 2,392, which corresponds to 100
days. Therefore, the total estimated resource potential of Kazakhstan for solar energy is about
2,200-3,000 sunshine hours per year, 2.5 billion kWh per year. This is 25 times more than
the present consumption and production of electricity.
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Figure 12 Annual global solar radiation on a sloping surface (GTI) of Kazakhstan
Source: Global Solar Atlas [65]
The insulation in Kazakhstan is 1,363 kWh/m2/year[24], and the estimated capacity is 1,300
- 1,700 kWh per m2, which is higher than in European countries[25]. The southern region is
the most favourable for solar energy. Due to the geographical location, the number of sunny
days per year on average exceeds 120 with an average capacity of 1.542 kWh/m2/year.
These figures are comparable to those of African countries such as Ethiopia, Burkina Faso,
Senegal and Uganda [25]. Taking into account the considerable deficit of electric power in the
region, the southern region could play a key role for the implementation of "green" economy
projects in Kazakhstan. According to plans by the Ministry of Energy of Kazakhstan, the region
will implement RES projects with a total capacity of 2,615 MW will be implemented in the
region from the period of 2015 to 2025[27].
In 2019, the total installed capacity of RES in Kazakhstan was 1700 MW, of which 31
were SPPs [28]. This is 0.5% of the total electricity generation in Kazakhstan. Capacity
generated by solar power plants increased by a factor of 2.5 from 209 MW in 2018 to
541.7 MW in 2019. In the same time period electricity generation by solar quadrupled
from 142.28 million kWh to 563.14 million kWh [29].
Participants of PV Market in Kazakhstan
Solar power in Kazakhstan has developed relatively recently. In 2009 Kazakhstan ratified the
Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, aimed at reducing
greenhouse gas emissions. Since then, Kazakhstan has embarked on the path of "green"
development. The government, represented by president Nursultan Nazarbayev, adopted a
new political course and understood the need to attract investments of 1% of GDP annually,
which is equivalent to 3-4 billion U.S. dollars per year [29] to aid this course. Investments are
attracted from both foreign countries and by the state itself. In order to attract foreign investors,
the Government of Kazakhstan formulated institutional and legislative frameworks for the
systematic introduction of RES. In 2009, Kazakhstan adopted a law "On Support of
Renewable Energy Sources", aimed to create favourable conditions for the development of
RES.
In 2012, the Government of Kazakhstan adopted the "Kazakhstan-2050" strategy, which is to
direct the long-term economic development of the country towards a sustainable and efficient
economic model based, the transition to a "green economy". The "green economy" prioritizes
the development of RES. In 2013, the President of Kazakhstan signed the Concept on
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Transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the "green economy". The main strategic objectives
of renewable energy development in this transition concept are:
• 3% share of RES in total electricity production by 2020
• 10% share of RES in total electricity production by 2030
• 50% share of RES in total electricity production by 2050
Prior to 2013, the country had put in effort to develop the institutional and legislative framework
for the subsequent implementation of RES projects, but there was no significant growth in
project volumes. Therefore, the government began to introduce amendments and adopt some
changes in legislation (for more details see 2.2.1). First positive results of these new favourable
conditions were noticed in 2015, when the total capacity of construction applications for RES
facilities amounted to 7 GW [53]. This supply prompted the Government of Kazakhstan to limit
the commissioning of new facilities by introducing amendments to the legislation regarding the
gradual commissioning of RES. The following indicators of the RES sector development from
2020-2025 were identified:
Table 4 Targets for RES sector development until 2020
RES type Approved capacity until 2020,
MW Projected capacity until 2025, MW
WES 933 1,200
SES 467 1,100
Small HPPs 290 219
Biogas plants 10 15
Total power 1,700 2,615
Source: Kazenergy, National Energy Report 2019 [53]
Solar energy is given special attention in Kazakhstan's plans to transition to a green economy.
Within the framework of the joint project of the Ministry of Energy and UNDP "Support to the
Implementation of the Concept of Transition to a Green Economy and Institutionalisation of the
Green Bridge Partnership Programme" the Atlas of Solar Resources of Kazakhstan was
created. The map presents resource maps, maps for assessment of solar energy potential,
climate maps, maps of solar energy objects and maps of limitations and prerequisites for the
location of solar energy objects [25].
Solar power in the country is in great demand among investors in Kazakhstan's RES sector.
In 2018, the first pilot auctions offered 1,000 MW of installed capacity for RES installations,
29% (290 MW) of which were intended for NPPs. According to the auction results, among the
36 selected projects, the highest demand was for solar power plants, accounting for more than
30%. This corresponds to 270 MW of the total capacity of the selected projects of 857.9 MW
[72].
The total number of commissioned capacities at the end of 2019 was approaching targets set.
The approved PV capacity for 2020, 467 MW, has already surpassed, reaching 542 MW by
the end of 2019. In order to achieve all targets within 2020, 650 MW of newly installed PV
capacity shall be introduced.
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Figure 13 Installed capacity of RES facilities and solar power plants in Kazakhstan
Source: eclareon 2020, based on materials of the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan [62].
Figure 14 Installed RES objects within the framework of auctioning in Kazakhstan by type of
generation
Source: eclareon 2020, based on calculations by the Renewable Energy Calculation and Finance Center, 2019, map generated by Pixel Map Generator, amCharts[67].
The following companies are involved in solar energy projects implemented through auctions
(see Section 2.1.1):
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Table 5 Private companies-winners at auction in 2018, 2019 in the solar energy sector of
Kazakhstan
Company name Company Country
Installed capacity,
MW
Auction price, tenge/kWh
Auction price, euro/kWh
"Solar System" Kazakhstan 10.5 9.9 0.021
"KazSolar 50" Kazakhstan 26 16.97 0.036
"Hydroenergy company
JSC
Bulgaria 50 18.6 0.04
"Hydroenergy company
JSC
Bulgaria 10 29 0.062
"Hydroenergy company
JSC
Bulgaria 10 19.58 0.042
"Shell Kazakhstan B.V.
Branch"
Netherlands 50 22.9 0.049
"DALA SOLAR" Kazakhstan 2 18 0.038
"TechnoBasalt" Ukraine 3 28.99 0.062
"DSTO Solar" Kazakhstan 10 19.6 0.042
"KK-KIUNSEN" Korea 10 19.63 0.042
"MISTRAL ENERGY" Kazakhstan 50 25.8 0.055
"URBASOLAR SAS" Switzerland 5 28 0.06
"Avelar Solar Technology" Russia 50 22.5 0.048
"Avelar Solar Technology" Russia 20 18.6 0.04
Source: RFC RES JSC, results of auction tenders in 2018 and 2019. [66].
With some exceptions, small RES projects do not have separate regulatory and incentive
mechanisms. There are, for example, social assistance programs for RES targeting residents
of settlements without connection to the grid. In this case, buyers of small RES units (up to
5 kW) produced in Kazakhstan can receive subsidies up to 50% of the installation cost.
Farmers can receive subsidies up to 80% of the installation costs in case the energy
from a PV system is used for agricultural activities. Subsidy applications are created and
received by regional akimats (mayors) and are later transferred to the national Ministry of
Energy. However, this program has not gained traction among the population because of the
high equipment costs [62]. A small number of companies sell turnkey solar systems, ready-
made projects, which are marketed to costumers amongst others by them to receive
government subsidies, reimbursing up to 80% of the installation cost [78]. Solar turn-key
systems of local and foreign production are offered with capacity from 1 kW to 30 kW and
cost from 220,000 tenge (472 euros) to 3,200,000 tenge (6,860 euros)[81]. Among the offers
for solar power generation turnkeys are autonomous solar power plants, solar collectors,
LED lights on solar panels and wind generators, as well as hybrid wind-solar power
plants.
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Groups of potential users of solar power generation
Group 1: Large PV power plants of several dozen MW (on-grid), selling energy to RFC,
which resells it to conditional1 consumers (see Section 332.1.1). Investors may find such
projects attractive due to some advantages, such as the guaranteed purchase of solar energy
by the state.
Group 2: Small PV systems for the agricultural sector of 500 W-5-8 kW (on and off-grid).
Farmers are one of the target groups for small solar power plants. Based on the resolution of
the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 29, 2014 "The rules of subsidy to
reimburse part of the costs incurred by the agro-industrial complex in investment" provides for
the return of up to 80% on the purchase of solar power plants. According to the resolution,
the CAPEX of the installation should not exceed 2 million tenge, and its installed
capacity should not exceed 500 Watt[80]. This incentive has led to the provision of electricity
from PV to 235 farmers in the West-Kazakhstan region [91]. However, it is planned to increase
the allowed capacity. In practice, there are cases, where the installed capacity of such projects
reached 8 kW and still 80% of the CAPEX has been compensated. For this group of
consumers, both hybrid diesel-PV solutions and pure PV systems (e.g. for Solar water pumps)
might be a viable option.
Group 3: Medium-sized PV and hybrid PV systems for mining sites (up to 1 MW) (off-
grid). In Kazakhstan, there are many mining companies developing various deposits, from
ores to fossil fuel. Although most of them are located in the Western energy zone (known for
having no connection to the UES and the most balanced between energy generation and
consumption) RES have potential. Worldwide mining companies are known to switch to PV
and hybrid solutions, since such energy generating facilities are mobile and can be transferred
in case drilling or development sites change. RES solutions allow for greater flexibility, they
save costs and materials (e.g. for grids) since they abolish the need to construct permanent
power plants next to mining areas.
Group 4: Microgeneration up to 5 kW (on-grid). Microgeneration is mainly used by
companies that need an autonomous and independent power source. Today, such companies
use diesel and gas generators, which they can either purchase or rent from local turnkey power
generation system dealers.
Group 5: PV and hybrid solutions for remote settlements (off-grid). Kazakhstan still has
remote settlements lacking grid connection, dependent on diesel gensets. The development
of PV systems plays a crucial role in providing residential consumers a reliable access to
energy. Existing diesel and petrol gensets may be complemented by PV systems and lead to
the fuel savings, hence, reduce the pay-back-time. A good solution could be to equip
settlements with local hybrid PV-diesel systems within the frameworks and project supported
by the state or local municipalities, as individual households in those settlements rarely have
the financial resources to purchase necessary equipment, even considering the existing
subsidies.
1 Conditional consumers are electricity generating companies fueling their PPs with conventional fuels, s.a. coal, gas, petroleum
products as well as nuclear
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2. Regulatory and Business Framework
Regulation and Support Schemes for PV and RES
As noted earlier, issues relating to the transmission and consumption of energy are regulated
by Law No. 588-II of July 9, 2004 "On Electric Power Industry".
Currently, support scheme for RES projects, the mandatory purchase of electricity from RES
sources by RFC at a fixed rate, determined at the auction and taking into account price
indexation for a period of 15 years. This support scheme was defined in 2018. Prior to this,
fixed tariffs had been in place since 2013, which allowed for more RES projects to be
implemented. To date, the state regulates the introduction of energy-generating capacities,
setting capacity targets for the RES sector.
Since 2009, the main law supporting RES projects is the Law "On Support of Renewable
Energy Sources", which defines the basic conditions for electricity and heat production from
RES, including the following economic and technical aspects:
• establishment of tariffs by local executive bodies for each RES project separately,
depending on indicators in the feasibility study
• obligation of all regional power grid companies, including the system operator, to
purchase electricity from RES to compensate for grid losses at prices determined by
the feasibility study of the project
• exemption from service fees of power transmission companies, including network and
distribution companies for power plants using renewable energy sources
• priority dispatching of electricity by the system operator and regional power grid
companies produced by power plants with RES
In 2013, the notions of fixed tariffs and a single purchaser of RES, represented by the
Settlement and Financial Centre (RFC), were introduced into the law. This resulted in the
creation of a pool system for purchasing electricity from RES power generating companies.
The fixed tariff obliges the single purchaser to purchase all generated energy from the RES
power plant. In this case, the investor of this RES PP is considered to be a legal entity. The
Settlements and Financial Centre gives a 15-year fixed tariff to the investor, which provides
for annual indexation by the inflation rate. For each type of RES facility, the Government of
Kazakhstan sets various fixed tariffs. These can be found in the table below from the year of
2014:
Table 6 Fixed tariffs for RES objects
Type of RES facility Price in tenge per kWh
at fixed tariff*
Price in euro per kWh at
fixed tariff*
WPP 22.68 0,049
PV plants, except for power stations using
photovoltaic modules based on
Kazakhstan silicon
34.61 0,075
Small HPPs 16.71 0,036
Biogas plants 32.23 0,069
Power plants using PV modules based on
Kazakhstani silicon
70 0,15
Source: Kazenergy, National Energy Report 2019 [53] Tariffs are shown without VAT (VAT in 2020 is 12%)
These fixed tariffs apply to projects that were concluded before the introduction of the
auction bidding mechanism in Kazakhstan (2014-2018), (See 2.1.1 further details).
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Renewable energy generation companies in Kazakhstan are exempt from paying for electricity
transmission services. In addition, another special regime is in place for RES project: They are
exempt from customs duties on basic equipment and value added tax on imports. This means
that RES equipment imported into Kazakhstan as part of the implementation of RES
projects is subject to customs preferences (see 2.3.2).
In accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, there is a procedure for
granting investment preferences depending on type of investment and investment priority
[32].
• For investment projects, exemption from customs duties and value added tax on
imports is provided. Also, investment projects can receive a state natural grant with a
maximum size of 30% of the investment volume. So, the state provides 30% of CAPEX.
• Special investment projects additionally to the preferential treatment outlined above,
receive preferential corporate income, land and property taxes.
• Investment priority projects receive further investment subsidies. At the end of
February 2020 a Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan was
signed, which designated all RES projects as priority investment projects[33].
According to paragraph 284 of the Entrepreneurial Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan,
an investment priority project is defined as the:
• Establishment of new production facilities providing for investments in the
amount of not less than two million times the amount of the monthly estimated
indicator (2,405 KZT), as established on the date of application for investment
preferences, investment of around 10 million €.
• Expansion or renewal of existing production facilities, providing for
investments in the amount of not less than five million times the amount of the
monthly estimated index (2,405 tenge), as established on the date of application
for investment preferences, investment of around 25 million €.
Thus, RES projects can benefit from the following preferential treatment:
1. Tax exemptions:
• Exemption from corporate income tax for a period of 5 years, dating from the
state registration of manufacturers of RES units
• Exemption from land tax, for a period of 10 years, dating from the
commissioning of plants
• Exemption from property tax for a period of 10 years, dating from the
commissioning of power generation units
2. The state support scheme for RES investment reimburses up to 30% of the purchase,
construction and installation cost of equipment, excluding value added tax and excise
duties provided by the working program of the investment contract [34].
3. Exemption from customs duties on import of equipment (see2.3.2 details)
4. State non-refundable in-kind grants for up to 30% of the investment volume [51]. The
in-kind grants include land plots, buildings, equipment, machinery, measuring and
regulating instruments and devices, vehicles (except for passenger cars), production
and household equipment. The natural grant is provided free of charge for the duration
of the contract. If the investor fulfils all obligations, the Ministry of Investment and
Development transfers the grant on a non-reimbursable basis [73].
To receive these benefits, one needs to become a legal entity of the Republic of
Kazakhstan and apply for these investment advantages. The application requires a
business plan, documents regarding estimated cost of construction and installation
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work and the cost of purchasing raw materials, equipment and materials for the project
and confirmation on project financing. It should be noted that the government may
unilaterally terminate the investment contract in case investment requirements are not met.
Auction Bidding Mechanism
In 2018, Kazakhstan introduced an auction mechanism to select renewable energy projects
within the planned capacity. These are held online on an independent trading platform "Trade
System" by JSC KOREM. The Ministry of Energy of Kazakhstan determines the required
capacity for the year and the maximum auction price at which the auction is to be launched.
The lowest bidder receives the right to implement the project at the determined auction price.
Based on this price the RFC pledges to buy the generated energy from the producer on a
contractual basis. The selection of projects is carried out separately depending on the types of
power plants (Wind, Solar, Hydro, Bio), as well as separately for small (up to 10 MW) and large
(over 10 MW) power plants.
To implement industrial RES projects in Kazakhstan, it is necessary to consistently implement
the following points:
Figure 15 Implementation scheme for construction of RES facilities through RFC "
Source: eclareon 2020 based on "RFC on RES"[86]
The auction schedule is established annually by the Ministry of Energy of Kazakhstan and
published on the RFC website. Registration on the "Trade System" website is open in different
time periods for different types of power plants and volumes of installed capacity [60]. Financial
support of the application is guaranteed by a financial security paid by the auction participants.
This is KZT 2,000 (EUR 4,265) per 1 kW of installed capacity of the project. Financial security
of the application should be issued in favour of RFC, which in this case acts as a beneficiary.
Two types of financial security, issued by SWIFT system, are accepted:
1•Selecting the right project from the "auction schedule"
2•Registration in the "trading system" of the market organizer KOREM JSC
3•Signing an agreement with the auction organizer
4•Provision of financial support for application for participation in auctions
5•Participation in auction bidding on the date set for the auction schedule
6•Winning auction tors by offering the lowest price for 1 kWh
7•Conclusion of the purchase agreement within 60 days after the inclusion of the winners of the auction bidding in the list of RES
8•Contribution of financial security of the contract terms and conditions
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• Bank guarantees are written unilateral commitments of the bank to the beneficiary
with the payment of the amount in favour of RFC. The bank guarantee can be provided
both from domestic or international banks.
• Standby letters of credit are similar bank guarantee obligations of the bank to the
beneficiary to make payment in case the auctioneer cannot fulfil obligations.
Figure 16 Scheme of issuing a bank guarantee and standby letter of credit for participants in
auction tenders for RES projects
Source: eclareon 2020 based on materials of Halyk Bank of Kazakhstan [68].
1. Bidder submits intention to participate in auction bidding
2. Participant applies for bank guarantee issue
3. The issued bank guarantee is sent to RFC
4. The winners of the auction are determined
5. If the participant fails to fulfil its obligations under the purchase agreement, or in the
event of evasion to conclude the purchase agreement, RFC issues a claim to the bank
for payment
6. The Bank pays the amount upon request for payment from RFC
7. The Participant reimburses the amount of the claim to the Bank
If the bidder won the bid and received the right to implement the project within 60 days, the
purchasing agreement by the RFC is concluded. Such contracts are in the form of Power
Purchasing Agreements (PPA). The purchase contract is based on the auction price
determined in the course of bidding. It cannot not exceed the ceiling tariff, which in turn is
calculated, as mentioned earlier, for 15 years ahead [64]. The purchase contract includes an
annual indexation of the auction price of 30-70% starting from the second year. In case the
bidder has not become the winner of the auction, the financial security paid will be fully
refunded within three days. Conclusion of the purchase agreement provides for the provision
of financial security of the contract within one month, which is issued in a similar manner to the
financial security required during the application process, i.e. by means of a bank guarantee
or standby letter of credit. The amount of security is KZT 10,000 (EUR 21.32) per 1 kW of
installed capacity. For solar power plants, this collateral is valid for at least 25 months from the
date of signing the purchase agreement.
In case of non-observance of construction terms, the investor is fined 30% of the
financial collateral, and in case of non-observance of the power plant commissioning
terms, the amount increases to 70% the contract is terminated [53]. 30% of the financial
collateral is seized if construction and installation works have not started within 12 months.
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Commissioning of a PV plant should take place not later than 24 months from the date of
signing the purchase agreement. For other RES and for bioenergy PP it should take place
within 36 months, and for HPP within 48 months. In case of non-observance of the established
terms, 70% of the financial collateral is retained. However, it should be noted that it is possible
to extend completion of each RES facility for 12 months, if at the time of application 70% of the
total amount of work on construction of the facility has already been completed [69].
Since 2019, project auctions have been held which enable investors to sell the
construction of a RES facility, accompanied by the pre-project technical documentation. The
documentation includes a proposal for installed capacity, location and method of
connection to the grid. Among other pre-project preparatory works are [74]:
• Assessment of the facility's potential and its possible modes of operation
• Engineering, geological and archaeological research on the site
• Environmental Impact Assessment
• Public hearings
• Receipt of relevant information on the land plot of the object construction
• Power Distribution Scheme
• Coordination with state bodies
• Receipt of technical specifications for connection
The first pilot project was the construction of a 50 MW solar power plant in Turkestan region
near the city of Turkestan, which is located in the southern zone of the UES [75]. The winner
of the auction was the Kazakh private company Arm Wind LLP, setting the final price at 12.49
tenge/kWh (0.0266 euro/kWh) (excluding VAT). This tariff is record low in the solar energy
market in Kazakhstan.
As aforementioned, based on the electricity purchase agreement, RFC buys electricity from a
RES facility and then resells it to "conditional customers", electricity generating companies
that use coal, gas, petroleum products and nuclear. Conditional consumers include large
power generating companies such as Ekibastuz GRES-1 and GRES-2, Kazakhmys Energy
and Eurasian Energy Corporation.
The RES electricity trading cycle is shown below:
Figure 17 The scheme of purchase and sale of the generated electricity by RES stations
Source: eclareon 2020, based on Halyk Bank of Kazakhstan [70].
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Codes and Standards
Rules of Power Transmission and Technological Connection to the Grid
The scheme of self-consumption in Kazakhstan is available for all consumers with RES
facilities up to 100 kW [87]. Based on the law "On support of renewable energy sources", the
RES constructing and operating company has the right, after determining the nearest point of
connection to the electricity grid, to apply for the connection of the RES facility to the grid. In
order to determine the nearest connection point, it is necessary to submit an application to the
power transmission company. For this, the following information is needed: name and
type of the installation, location of the site, permissible power transmission of the
installation, expected productivity, expected power consumption from the installation,
technology and method of installation, commissioning date, minimum generation of
active power in MW (load) and other technical specifications[82]. After determining the
nearest connection point, an application for technical specifications is submitted, which is
developed by the power transmission company in case the parameters of the connected
installation will not exceed the thresholds of the grid. In case a RES facility has capacity
ranging from 0.1 to 10 MW, the application is to be approved by the energy transmitting
organisation itself (for example, REC). If capacity exceeds 10 MW, the application is managed
by the System Operator.
State Standards for Solar Energy
Since Kazakhstan plans the commissioning of capacities in the RES sector, all projects must
pass through RFC. This on the one hand limits the inflow of new capacity, and on the other
hand obliges potential investors to adjust to the declared capacity. The state itself provides
specific areas for RES projects, which are established based on existing and planned
capacities. Due to the absence of separate requirements regarding RES construction, the
investor designing SPPs should be guided by architectural and construction regulation norms.
Terms of Trade, Investment and Import
Inflation and Interest Rates
As of December 2019, the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan defines the
quantitative inflation rate as 5.8%. The inflation rate increased slightly in comparison to 2018,
from 5.3%. It should be noted that in 2017 inflation rate was 7.1% [76].
At the beginning of 2020, the base interest rate in Kazakhstan was 9.5%, which is 0.35%
above the average annual interest rate in 2019 [77].
Import Conditions for Photovoltaic Modules
On the basis of the abovementioned support schemes, a special regime for PV project has
been introduced, which provides for exemption from customs duties on imported equipment.
The exemption is given for no more than 5 years and is based on the following parameters:
• Technological equipment for a PV power plant and its equipment configuration
• Spare parts, raw materials and materials for a PV power plant
No special certification for photovoltaic modules is provided in the country.
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Financing of Photovoltaic Power Plants
Financing of RES projects is poorly supported by Kazakhstan’s banks. The most active among
the country’s financing institutions is the Development Bank of Kazakhstan (DBK). The DBK
has already implemented 3 projects in Kazakhstan, including Turgusunskaya HPP-1 (24.9
MW), SPP "Zhilga (20 MW)" and the pilot PV project of Kazakhstan - "Astana Echro-2017 (50
MW)".
The Eurasian Development Bank (EDB) is the main player among foreign banks in financing
RES projects. The approved financing program of $600 million covers support for all types of
RES projects until 2023. It is planned to allocate about 42% of all funds to Kazakhstan[88].
Recently it was announced that the EDB will allocate US $60m for the construction of a 50MW
WPP near Ereimentau[89].
Apart from the EDB, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and
the Asian Development Bank are also interested in Kazakhstan's renewable energy projects.
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3. References
[1]. Committee on Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. "Basic social and economic
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[3]. Committee on Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, "Statistical collection on
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[17]. Internet portal "Indexmundi", "Electricity consumption per person by country",2019,
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