Remnants of disappearing Southern dialect features: areas maintaining the distinction of four vs. for, dew vs. do, which vs. witch and vocalization of /r/

Project on Cross-Dialectal Comprehension: Gating Experiment 2

Word Phrase Sentence

1. _________ ________________ ___________________________

2. _________ ________________ ___________________________

3. _________ ________________ ___________________________

4. _________ ________________ ___________________________

5. _________ ________________ ___________________________

6. _________ ________________ ___________________________

7. _________ ________________ ___________________________

8. _________ ________________ ___________________________

9. _________ ________________ ___________________________

10. ________ ________________ ___________________________

The Southern Shift

sit

set

satate

seat

sight

The Southern Shift

hit

kids

set

bed

Dannygrade

beatin’

Guy

wipin’

The Southern Shift

The Southern Shift in the vowel system of Thelma M., 31,

Birmingham, TS 341

The Southern Shift in the vowel system of Thelma M., 31, Birmingham, TS 341

The Southern Shift in the vowel system of Lucy C., 35, Chattanooga, Tennessee, TS 612

The Southern Shift in the vowel system of Lucy C., 35, Chattanooga,

Tennessee, TS 612

The Southern Shift

beatin’

grade

Guy

wipin’

hit

kids

set

bed

Danny

beatin’

Monophthongal /ay/ in five of Belle M., 67 [1995], Birmingham TS 340

Monophthongal /ay/ in five of Sheldon M, 31, [1996], Lubbock TX, TS 542

Monophthongal /ay/ in five of Matthew D., 45, [1996], Charlotte NC, TS 483

Map 18.2. The South defined by monophthongization of /ay/

Fig. 18.1. Percent monophthongization of /ay/

Map 18.4. Monophthongization of /ay/ in 1940s and 1990s

Map 18.6. Stages 2 and 3 of the Southern Shift

Fig. 18.2. Outer limits of stage 1 of the Southern Shift

Figure 18.2. The second stage of the Southern Shift

Stage 2 of the Southern Shift

Figure 18.4. The third stage of the Southern Shift

Fig. 18.9. The Southern Shift of /ay/, /ey/ and /iy/ highlighted in the normalized means of 402

Telsur speakers displayed by Plotnik Major

Fig. 18.6. Percent back upglide with /oh/

Figure 18.5. The Southern Shift and the low back upglide

Fig. 18.6. Percent back upglide with /oh/

The Southern Shift

sit

set

satate

seat

sight

Southern England, Australia, New Zealand, Outer Banks (U.S.)

Southern U.S.

Southern Shift correlations

Pearson Product-Moment Correlation: NonSouthEYC2 IYC2 AY0GN AYGN IYC1 EYC1

EYC2 1IYC2 0.323 1AY0GN 0.007 0.039 1AYGN -0.14 -0.06 0.052 1IYC1 -0.16 0.31 -0.08 0.12 1EYC1 0.055 -0.02 0.029 0.201 0.232 1

Pearson Product-Moment Correlation: SouthEYC2 IYC2 AY0GN AYGN IYC1 EYC1

EYC2 1IYC2 0.769 1AY0GN -0.42 -0.32 1AYGN -0.57 -0.47 0.518 1IYC1 -0.44 -0.54 0.281 0.412 1EYC1 -0.56 -0.36 0.204 0.434 0.49 1

Areas of borderers settlement

[Hackett 1989]

Settlement patterns of four regional cultures

Yankee Virginia Quaker Upland South

Settlement Towns Plantations Farm Isolatedvillages clusters

House location Roadside Setback Corner-Creek

clusters & spring

Internal Low Moderate High Very high migration

Persistence 75-96% 50-75% 40-60% 25-40% David Hackett Fisher, Albion’s Seed, p. 814

Slave and free states

Confederate States of America[light green: claimed but no formal control

The Midland and South re-defined on the basis of phonology