SOFTWARE PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Projects and Project Managers

Project – a [temporary] sequence of unique, complex, and connected activities having one goal or purpose and that must be completed by specific time, within budget, and according to specification.

Project manager - the person responsible for supervising a systems project from initiation to conclusion

What is Project Management?Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.

Project Management and Process Management

Project management – the process of scoping, planning, staffing, organizing, directing, and controlling the development of an acceptable system at a minimum cost within a specified time frame.

Process management – the activity of documenting, managing, and continually improving the process of systems development.

• The more you know about your project, the better you are able to manage it.

Why Projects Fail?• changing customer requirements• ambiguous/incomplete requirements• an unrealistic deadline is established• an honest underestimate of effort• predictable and/or unpredictable risks• technical difficulties• miscommunication among project staff• failure in project management

Major Causes of Project Success

• A constructive goal-oriented culture• Technically competent team• Effective (and committed) team• Excellent communication• Trust

10 Hints for Project Leadership

1. Be Consistent.2. Provide Support.3. Don’t Make Promises You Can’t Keep.4. Praise in Public; Criticize in Private.5. Be Aware of Morale Danger Points.6. Set Realistic Deadlines.7. Set Perceivable Targets.8. Explain and Show, Rather Than Do.9. Don’t Rely on Just Status Reports.10. Encourage a Good Team Spirit.

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Project Management Functions• Scoping – setting the boundaries of the project

• Planning – identifying the tasks required to complete the project

• Estimating – identifying the resources required to complete the project

• Scheduling – developing the plan to complete the project• Organizing – making sure members understand their roles and

responsibilities• Directing – coordinating the project• Controlling – monitoring progress• Closing – assessing success and failure

Scope

Scope defines the boundary of the project. A project manager must scope project expectations and constraints in order to plan activities, estimate costs and manage expectation.

Planning

Planning identifies the tasks required to complete the project. This based on the manager’s understanding of the project scope and the methodology used to achieve the goal.

Estimating

Each task that is required to complete the project must be estimated. How much time will be required? How many people will be needed? What skills will be needed? What tasks must be completed before other tasks are started? Can some of the task overlap? How much will it cost? These are all estimating issues.

Scheduling

Given the project plan, the project manager is responsible for scheduling all project activities. The project schedule should be developed with an understanding of the required task, task duration and task pre-requisites.

Organizing

The project manager should make sure the members of the project team understand their own individual roles and responsibilities as well as heir reporting relationship to the project manager.

Directing

One the project has begun, the project manager must direct the team’s activities. Every project manager must demonstrate people management skills to coordinate, delegate, motivate advise, appraise and reward team members.

Controlling

The manager’s most difficult and important function is controlling the project. Few plans will be executed without problems and delays. The project manager must monitor and report progress against goals.

Closing

Good project managers always assess successes and failures at the conclusion of the project. They learn from their projects and plan for continuous improvement of the system development process.

Project Management Tools & Techniques

PERT chart – a graphical network model used to depict the interdependencies between a project’s tasks.

Gantt chart – a bar chart used to depict project tasks against a calendar.

Project Management Life Cycle

1. Negotiate scope

2. Identify tasks

3. Estimate Task Durations

4. Specify Intertask Dependencies

5. Assign Resources

6. Direct the Team Effort

Project Management Life Cycle..(cont)

7. Monitor and control progress

8. Assess project results and experiences

NEGOTIATE SCOPE  Scope defines the boundaries of the project– the parts of the business that are to be studied, analyzed, designed, constructed, implemented and ultimately improved the answers of five basic questions influence the negotiation of project scope.Product : What do you want?Quality: How good do you want it to be?Time : When do you want it?Cost : How much you are willing to pay for it?Resources : what resources are you willing or able to bring to the table

IDENTIFY TASKS The next activity is to identify project tasks. Tasks identify the work to be done. We need to break down information system int oactivities and tasks until each task represents an manageable amount of work that can be planned, scheduled and assigned.

ESTIMATE TASK DURATION  The project manager must estimate duration for each task. Duration of any task includes such as:

• The size of the team• Number of users• Availability of users• Aptitude of users• Complexity of the business systems• Time committed for projects

SPECIFY INTERTASK DEPENDENCIESThe start or completion of individual tasks may depend on the start or completion of other tasks. There are four types of intertask dependencies.

• Finish-to-Start (FS)• Start-to-Start (SS)• Finish-to-Finish (FF)• Start-to-Finish (SF)

ASSIGN RESOURCES  Resources includes the following categoriesPeople : includes all the system owners, users, analysts, designers, builders.Services : includes services such as quality reviewFacilities and Equipment : includes all rooms and technology that will be needed to complete the project

MONITOR AND CONTROL PROGRESSWhile executing the project, the project manager must control the project, that is, monitor its progress against the scope, schedule and budget. The manger must report progress and when necessary , adjust scope, schedule and resources.

ASSESS PROJECT RESULTS AND EXPERIENCESProject managers must learn from their mistakes. They should embrace continuous process improvements. This final activity involves soliciting feedback from project team members (including customers) concerning their project experiences and suggestions aimed at improving the project and process management of the organizations.

• Did the final product meet or exceed user expectations?– Why or why not?

• Did the project come in on schedule?– Why or why not?

• Did the project come in under budget? – Why or why not?

Activity 4 – Specify Intertask Dependencies

• Finish-to-start (FS)—The finish of one task triggers the start of another task.

• Start-to-start (SS)—The start of one task triggers the start of another task.

• Finish-to-finish (FF)—Two tasks must finish at the same time.

• Start-to-finish (SF)—The start of one task signifies the finish of another task.

Scheduling Strategies

Forward scheduling – a project scheduling approach that establishes a project start date and then schedules forward from that date.

Reverse scheduling – a project scheduling strategy that establishes a project deadline and then schedules backward from that date.

Activity 5 – Assign Resources

• People – includes all system owners, users, analysts, designers, builders, external agents, and clerical help involved in the project in any way.

• Services – includes services such as a quality review that may be charged on a per use basis.

• Facilities and equipment – includes all rooms and technology that will be needed to complete the project.

• Supplies and materials – everything from pencils, paper, notebooks to toner cartridges, and so on.

• Money – includes a translation of all of the above into budgeted dollars!

Activity 7 – Monitor and Control Progress

• Progress reporting • Change management

Change ManagementChange management – a formal strategy in which a process is established to facilitate changes that occur during a project.

Project Manager Competencies• Business awareness• Commitment to quality• Initiative• Information gathering• Analytical thinking• Conceptual thinking• Interpersonal awareness• Organizational awareness

• Anticipation of impact• Resourceful use of

influence• Motivating others• Communication skills• Developing others• Monitoring and controlling• Self-confidence• Stress management• Concern for credibility• Flexibility

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