Project Luxmi Seeds

7/30/2019 Project Luxmi Seeds

1/31

INTRODUCTION COMPANY PROFILE

LUXMI SEEDS PRIVATE LIMITED

LUXMI Seeds Private Limited is one of the popular seed producing industry of India.

It established on 1987 in Sri ganganagar (Raj). Its founder & M.D. is Mr. Sunil Malhhotra.

Previously he was asst. seed certificate officer (ASCO) in Sri ganganagar & also General

Manager of Eagle Seed Limited Sri ganganagar. Now he is M.D. of Luxmi Seed Private

Limited & Director of Shri Sam Seed Private Limited & National Board of Trade Limited.

luxmi Seeds Private Limited first start with production of wheat seeds, now they also

produced seeds of Cotton, mustard . They first take organisationship of Hindustan Liver butnow they produced & organized seeds for :-

Vishnu Seeds Private Limited.

Bihani Seeds Agrotech (I) Limited.

Luxmi Seeds Tech.

Luxmi Seeds Private Limited also provide certified seeds to :-

Bikaner State Seeds Corporation.

Jaipur Oil Seed Federation.

Punjab State Seed Corporation (MSSC).

NSC (National Seed Corporation)/

The annual production of seeds of Luxmi Seeds Private Limited is 20000 to 25000 Quintals

with organisationship of different seed industries. They provide seeds to farmers of states of

Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, & Karnataka.

SEED:

A ripened ovule containing an embryo in arrested state of development usually with a food

reserve and a protective coat.

CLASSES OF SEED :

Multiplication of quality seed under supervision of breeder or seed certification agency to

distribute quality seed of notified varieties for sowing purpose.

1


2/31

NUCLEUS SEED :

The true seed or vegetative propagules used for crop production and propagation are produced

by the breeders. 100% genetically pure.

BREEDER SEED :

Progeny of nucleus seed multiplied in larger area under the supervision of breeder.

FOUNDATION AND CERTIFIED SEED :

Progeny of breeder seed it is handled by seed producing agencies in public and private sector

under the supervision of seed certification agencies (SCA).

Progeny of foundation seed produced by registered seed growers under supervision of seed

certification agencies. Seed certification agencies give blue color tag.

PRODUCTION OF NUCLEUS SEED

Basic seed

Sown in field with row to row and plant to plant to plant spacing.

Plants are marked and observed.

Harvested.

Breeding of nucleus seed notification of variety.

Nucleus seed (Bulk the seeds of selected rows)

Breeders seed production plot

Breeder's seed

2


3/31

PRODUCTION OF BREEDER SEED :

Nucleus seed is sown with less seed rate in line with all requirements.

Rouging is complete before flowering.

Harvesting, threshing and processing.

Monitored by a team of, breeder, representative of crop co-ordinator, representative ofnational seed corporation agency.

Quality of processed breeder seed is submitted to ICAR Golden Yellow Certification

is given.

Fig No: 1

COLOUR TAG: BREEDER SEEDS

PRODUCTION OF FOUNDATION SEED :

Foundation seed produced under supervision of seed certification agency.

The grower get breeder seed from seed corporation.

Grower harvests, thresher and dries the seed lastly seeds transported to speed

processing plant.

Seed is processed under the observation of seed inspector.

Seed inspector submits a sample from the lot to seed testing lab.

3


4/31

Fig No:2 COLOUR TAG : FOUNDATION SEEDS

PRODUCTION OF CERTIFIED SEED :

Certified seed produced under supervision of seed certification agency.

The grower get breeder seed from seed corporation.

Grower harvests, thresher and dries the seed lastly seeds transported to speed

processing plant.

Seed is processed under the observation of seed inspector.

Seed inspector submits a sample from the lot to seed testing lab.

TYPES OF CROPS AND ITS VARIETIES :

Luxmi Seeds Private Limited produced seeds of three crops i.e.

Wheat.

Gram.

Mustard.

VARIETIES :

Wheat

RAJ 1482 -->

RAJ 3077 -->

WH-147-->

HD-2329-->

Fig No: 3 HD-2329

4


5/31

Fig No:4 RAJ-1482

VARIETIES :Gram

GNG-469

GNG-663

VARIETIES :

Mustard

LAXMI

PUSA BOLD

Fig No:5 PUSA BOLD

REGISTRATION :

5


6/31

For establishment of any industry there is a need for registration and license. Luxmi Seeds

Private Limited takes registration from Rajasthan Seed Certification Agency, Jaipur.

For starting of any industry it necessary to take

Company registration from State Seed Certificate Agency.

Plant Registration from State Seed Certificate Agency.

License from Agriculture Department.

SEED CERTIFICATION PROCEDURE :

Phases of Seed Certificate :

Certification shall be completed in six board phases listed under:

Receipt and scrutiny of application.

Verification of seed source, class and other requirements of the seed used for raising

the seed crop.

Field inspections to verify conformity of the standing crop to the prescribed field

standards. Supervision at post harvest stages including processing and packing.

Seed sampling and analysis, including genetic purity test and / or seed health test, if

any, in order to verify conformity to the prescribed standards and

Grant of certificate and certification tags, bagging and sealing.

SEED CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES

All the seed material to be used for seed production programmed is subject to

verification by the Agency. The seed producer should submit to the Agency relevant

evidence such as certification tags, seals, labels, seed containers, purchase records,

sales records etc., as may be demanded by the Agency during scrutiny of the

application and / or during the first inspection of the seed crop in order to confirm that

the seed used for raising the crop has been obtained from a source approved by the

agency and conforms to the class of seed required for seed production. A source-

verification register containing relevant information as prescribed should be

maintained by the seed producer for verification by agency staff.

After source verification application for certification should be submitted in the

prescribed Form-1 in triplicate to the concerned Assistant Director of Seed

Certification. Form-1 is available with the divisional and zonal offices of the agency.

Form-1 should be submitted within 30 days from the date of sowing or 15 days from

the date of transplanting as the case may be.

6


7/31

The relevant seed certification charges such as Registration fee, inspection fee grow

out test charges (wherever necessary), seed testing charges, etc. should be remitted

along with Form-1 (See Annexure 1).

Separate Form-1 should be submitted for certification of each variety. The Form-1

should contain complete details of the name and address of the seed producer; season

of production; name and address of the grower; location of the seed plot; crop / variety

and class of seed to be produced; area under seed production; details of parental seed

materials used with lot number; date of sowing and the particulars of seed certification

charges remitted.

In a single application, the maximum area that can be offered for certification is 25

acres. Additional area will require separate application.

No refund of inspection and registration fee will be made once the seed plot has been

visited / inspected by the Seed Certification Officer.

The seed producer should assist the Agency staff in locating the seed plots during the

first inspection.

Seed producers should guide their growers in agronomic practices, pest / disease

control etc., for seed production.

Only seed from plots meeting all the prescribed field standards for certification is

accepted for processing at the recognized seed processing plants.

All the necessary care should be taken to avoid admixture during harvesting, threshing

and transportation.

Harvested seed produce from the approved fields should be brought to the seed

processing unit and seeds are certified within 2 months and 15 days from the date of

harvest.

Certification of a seed lot will be taken up only if the seed lots has met the prescribed

field and seed standards.

SEED GENERATION SYSTEM :

In seed generation System Company purchases Breeder Seeds from Agriculture University,

Research Center & other research station. Then they give these breeder seed to his registered

farmers for production of foundation seeds (F1 or F2) or certified seeds [C1 or C2].

7


8/31

LUXMI SEEDS PRIVATE LIMITED PURCHASE THEIR BREEDER

SEEDS :

Rajasthan Agriculture University (Rajasthan)

Maharana partap Agriculture University of TechnologySeed production follows a generation system to ensure that all seed that is

marketed to farmers originates from a known source (breeder seed). When a variety is

officially released, the small amount of breeder seed received from the breeder

(agricultural research centre) is multiplied through a number of generations before it

becomes available to the farmers in larger quantities as certified seed. Each generation

is produced under strict supervision and must meet seed quality standards. The number

of generations that are allowed after breeder seed depends on the mode of reproduction

of the crop, risk of contamination, multiplication ratio and quantity of the seedrequired. For whet, four to five generations are commonly used.

Different generation schemes exist which vary very little, particularly in

nomenclature. The procedures followed are essentially the same. The Organization for

Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) generation scheme is used as

outlined below :

Breeder seed is the initial source of seed and is usually produced by the breeder. It is

the source for the production of pre-basic or basic seed.

Pre-basic seed is the progeny of the breeder seed and is usually produced under the

supervision of a breeder or his designated agency. This generation is commonly used

for crops that have low multiplication ratio and where large quantities of certified seed

are required.

Basic seed is the progeny of breeder or pre-basic seed and is usually produced under

the supervision of a breeder or his designated agency and under the control of a seed

quality control agency.

Certified seed is the progeny of basic seed and is produced on contract with selected

seed growers under the supervision of the seed enterprise, public or private. Certified

seed can be used to produce further generations of certified seed or can be planted by

farmers for grain production.

Breeder seed production is not monitored by the seed certification agency, while basic seed

and certified seed are covered in the seed certification scheme. The seed quality control

agency verifies the quality both in the field and in the laboratory and certifies that the seed

meets the national standards.

8


9/31

SEED PRODUCTION METHODOLOGY :

Seed production requires the availability of proper location and season, maintenance of

isolation distances, rouging, proper harvesting, threshing, and processing, and all other related

operations necessary to meet seed-quality standards.

Seed production company select some farmers as per his convenience and take registration to

them for production of his given varieties and stage of seed.

SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY :

For seed and grain production follow rather similar operations but different strategies. Apartfrom good agronomic management of the crop, seed production differs from grain production

on the following key issues : land requirement, isolation, rouging, prevention of contamination

and limitations of generations. another difference is that seed crops must meet specific quality

standards prescribed by the national seed regulations. The technical, administrative and

legislative control by the certification agency provides guidelines that have to be followed to

produce good quality seed that meets the standards.

LAND SELECTION :

Seed (certainly breeder seed) should be produced in areas : (i) where the variety is adapted;

(ii) where soil conditions are optimal (to achieve a high multiplication ratio); and (iii) where

climatic conditions are reliable to avoid loss due to natural hazards (flooding, drought, frost,

etc). The early generations should possible by planted at two different locations to reduce the

risk of losing the complete generation.

In some tropical countries, there is a high risk of rain coinciding with harvest time. Rainfall at

maturity delays harvesting, causes sprouting and predisposes the crop to fungal attack,

resulting in poor seed quality, i.e. reduced viability and vigour. Selection of appropriate sites

is very essential to produce quality seed.

PREVIOUS CROPPING :

The crop should be planted on a field with a known history to avoid contamination from

volunteer plants, noxious weeds and soil-borne diseases that are potentially seed transmitted.

The minimum number of years that is allowed between the planting of two seed crops (or seed

and grain crop) is usually prescribed by the national seed regulations. A seed crop should

9


10/31

never immediately follow same, unless the seed crop in the previous season was of the same

variety and of the same or higher generation. For basic seed, it is often recommended that the

field should not have been planted with same or other small grain crops for at least two

consecutive years. For certified seed, no same crop should have been grown in the previous

year.

A suitable crop rotation plays an important role in pure seed production. For example, a two-

year rotation for flag smut and seed gall nematode is suggested where applicable. For wheat,

previous cropping could be legumes, vegetables or clean fallow, but other cereals (barley, oat,

rye and triticale) and forage crops (oat) should be avoided.

WEEDS:

Seed contaminated with weeds could be the means for introduction and dissemination of

noxious weeds. Proper rotation may also reduce weed intensity and flora. To avoid

competition during early growth stage, field should be kept free of weeds for the first 30-40

days after sowing. Two manual weeding, 20-25 and 40-45 days after sowing are sufficient for

controlling weeds.

Worldwide, a 10 percent potential yield loss in soybean is due to weeds, even with currently

used control measures in soybean, cited that the use of clean seed had a significant effect on

grain yield compared to weeding by hand or hoe.

PLANTING :

Seed bed :

Seedbed preparation is the same as for a grain crop does not suppress weeds sufficiently and

needs a clean, weed-free seed-bed for planting, weed competition studies showed that if

weeding is not carried out between two and four weeks after sowing the yield is reduced by 20percent.

Planning method :

Planting with an automatic drill is recommended but not essential. However, row-planting has

an advantage over broad-casting, as it requires less seed and facilitates mechanized weed

control, rouging and field inspection Rouging lanes (empty rows at intervals) should be left,

which could be used by the seed grower to walk through the field when rouging andinspecting the crop, as well as for spraying the crop.

10


11/31

Deep sowing delays emergence, resulting in weaker seedlings, reduced emergence and poor

tillering and yield. Varieties with short coleoptiles length, particularly semi dwarf varieties,

suffer most compared to varieties with longer coleoptiles length.

Seed Rates :

The optimum seed rates vary with crop variety, location and method of planting. For seed

production fields, a lower seed rate may be recommended because lower seed rates lead to

higher multiplication factors but to lower yield per unit area. Higher multiplication factors

lead to rapid seed increase (more seed harvested per kilogram of seed planted), and farmers

will benefit from the improved variety earlier. Low seed rates do not only increase the

multiplication factor, but also often improve seed quality because a lower number of plants

per unit of land receive better nutrition, thus producing better quality seed.

Seed rate - 40 kg / Acre

Plant population - 175000 / Acre

Plant-Plant Distance - 2 inches

Row-Row distance - 15-18 inch.

Seed treatment - 2.5 3.0 gm / kg Thiram

Seed culture - 5 gm culture / kg seed

Fertilization:

Fertilizer application to seed crops should be based on local recommendations. A well-

balanced supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) is essential for seed production

as it has an influence on seed development and thereby on seed quality. Phosphorus is

essential for enhancing seed maturity and K for seed development. Seed nutrition combined

with soil nutrition gave better yields and better seed quality. For example, cereals (wheat,

barley and oats) grown from seed with a high P concentration gave 20 percent more yield

than with low P, with a critical concentration of 0.30 percent for wheat seed. The use of

compound fertilizers with sulphur (S) and calcium (Ca) gave higher grain yield and better

seed quality (higher bushel weights) in non-traditional wheat-growing areas.

11


12/31

Recommendation of fertilizers

SOIL N (Kg/ha) P (Kg/ha) K(kg/ha)

General 40 60 80

Cleanliness of machinery :Cleanliness of machinery upon planting is very important. Seed drills should be cleaned with

compressed air when changing between varieties and other crops of similar seed

characteristics. Vans and trailers used for transporting the seed should be completely clean to

avoid contamination.

Isolation:

Isolation, growing a seed crop separate from all sources of contamination (genetic, physicaland pathological), is one of the fundamental seed production techniques. In practice, such

contamination can be reduced by not planting a seed crop in the vicinity of a similar crop that

may contaminate it.

Small, long and narrow fields need larger isolation distances than large or wide

fields. Long and narrow strips are more prone to contamination than square fields. The

minimum distance required for a particular crop is usually prescribed by the national seedregulations and depends on the seed class. Minimum isolation distances are larger for the early

than for the later generations.

For self-pollinating crop with a very low percentage of crosspollination, from 1 to 4 percent

therefore, the risk from genetic contamination through out-crossing is small. Appropriate

isolation is, however, required to minimize physical contamination. For wheat, it is usually

sufficient to have a small strip of land between different fields to avoid mechanical

admixtures. Minimum isolation distances (in meters).

Rouging :

Rouging, removing undesirable plants is another fundamental aspect of seed production.

Undesirable plants, commonly known as rogues, are :

(vi) Off types or genetic variants of the same variety;

(vii) Other varieties of the same species;

(viii) Other crop species of similar growth habit and seed characteristics;

(ix) Noxious weeds;

12


13/31

(x) Infected plants with seed-borne diseases. Rouging is carried out to maintain the variety

and species purity of the crop and to keep the seed crop free from seed-transmitted

diseases.

Fig No:6

Rouging follows a systematic procedure (figure 1.1) and should be carried out at the time

when rogues can be most easily identified and before any contamination occurs to the seed

crop. The best periods for rouging a soybean seed crop are at heading and at maturity because

off-types and other varieties of the same species are most easily identified. In soybean, all off-

types, including those that appear due to residual segregation, should be removed. Similarly,

other crop species whose seed is difficult to separate during processing, noxious weeds and

infected plants with seed-borne diseases are usually easily distinguished at these stages. It may

be necessary to rogue the field several times, and all tillers and roots should be removed

(pulled) to prevent re growth. Rogues should be removed from the field and disposed of far

away from the field or burned.

Seed certification schemes set minimum standards for each class of contaminants that are

permitted in a seed crop. Rouging aims at ensuring that these standards are met. Rouging

should be carried out only when the seed fields do not meet these standards; rouging fields

that meet the standards is not economical. While rouging, no selection should be carried out to

ensure that the genetic makeup of the variety remains the same. Therefore, rouging of early

generations should preferably be carried out by the breeder or under the breeder's supervision.

Rouging in early generations can be most effective.

13


14/31

Harvesting :

Mechanical harvesting is a common practice for seed production fields. Breeder and pre-basic

seed are harvested by plot combine and do not constitute may problems. Basic and certified

seed, however, have to be harvested with commercial combine harvesters.

When pods become golden yellow, black or grey, the crop is ready for harvest. The maturity

period ranges from 90-140 days, depending on the varieties.

Moisture :

Soybean seed reaches physiological maturity between 15-17% moisture content, but it needs

to dry down to safer moisture content for harvesting and storage. The seed moisture content

can be used as an indicator of when the crop is ready for harvest. Electric moisture meters or

the crop characteristics can be used to decide when to harvest.

Mechanical damage :

Proper adjustment of the concave clearance and drum speed of a combine is essential to avoid

damage to the seed crop. Mechanical damage becomes a serious problem for durum wheat

seed production. Seed harvested by a single ear thresher or combine showed low germination

and increased fungal attack.

Cleanliness:Combine harvesters are often difficult to clean and may still harbor contaminating seed even

after thorough cleaning. The availability of compressed air is important. The combine should

be thoroughly cleaned before harvesting, as well as between different varieties. When

harvesting the next variety, the first few hundred kilograms of seed may be discarded because

contamination may still be present in the combine. For larger plots of certified seed, it is also

possible to harvest and discard the outlying rows of the field.

STRUCTURE OF ORGANIZATION:

1. Managing Director:the owner of company. All the final decision is taken by him.

2. Human Resource Department:All the employee appointed by this department.

Finance Officer.

Accountant Manager

Asstt. Accounts Manager.

Account Executive.

14


15/31

3. Production Department: All the production process are maintained by this

department.

Production Manager. Asst. Production Manager.

Production Officer

Asst. Production Officer.

Production Supervisor.

Field Supervisor.

Field Asst., Supervisor Cum Quality Controller.

4. Processing Department: All the processing process are maintained by this

department.

Plant In charge.

Packaging and dispatching in charge.

Labour In charge.

5. Research and development department: They do all research and

development activities of company like new variety research and development.

Research Scientist.

Research Associates.

Product Development Officer.

Research Worker.

6. Marketing Department: They do all the marketing activities.

Marketing Manager.

Marketing Area Manager.

Promotional Manager.

Sales Manager.

Advertisement Manager.

Sales Person

SEED TESTING & CERTIFICATION:

Seed testing comprises evaluation of the planting value of seed. There are techniques to assess

genetic purity, germination, viability, storability and field emergence of seed. IN recent times,

new seed technology applications are finding increase use to deliver a complete value added

package to farmer.

15


16/31

SEED SAMPLING:

Seed lot is a specific physically identifiable quantity of seed in respect of which a seed test

certificate can be issued. Samples are obtained from the seed lot by taking small portion at

random from different position from the lot and combining them. From this composite

sample, small samples are obtained in one or more stages. At each stage, thorough mixing is

followed by progressive sub division. Besides hand sampling, sampling is done with the help

of samplers or tiers available for this purpose. The samples may be of the following kinds.

Primary sample, it is a small portion taken from one point from the seed lot.

Composite sample, it is formed by combining and mixing all primary sample taken from

the lot.

Submitted sample, it is a sample taken from submitted sample in the laboratory, on which

one of the quality tests is made.

The sampling intensity depends upon the lot size-based on which the number of primary

sample is prescribed. Sampling is carried out by qualified, trained and experienced persons.

Generally 1 kg sample is taken for wheat & soybean.

SEED TESTING:

After processing, the seed is tested for purity, germination, health, etc. These tests are carriedout in a seed testing laboratory based on samples taken from cleaned seed lots. After a seed

crop has been field inspected and laboratory tested, and standards have been met, labels can be

attached to each sealed seed bag, and the seed is officially certified.

Seed standards need to be rationalized, taking into consideration the relevance of the quality

attribute, the experience of the seed growers and the level of agricultural development in the

country. Excessively high standards that are

copies from developed seed programmes may frustrate the growth of the seed industry and

should be avoided. Seed sample packed and send to seed testing laboratory. In Luxmi seed

they send their sample to Sriganganagar Seed Certification Agency, Rajasthan with sample

coupon.

Format of sample Coupon:

Sample Coupon no.

Crop

Variety

Stage. Lot no.

16


17/31

Quantity

Germination testing.

Date of sampling.

Sampling by Assistant Seed Certification Inspector (ASCO).

Lot (tested or not).

DOWN GRADING OF SEED CLASS:

If a seed field or a seed lot is not found meeting prescribed standards for the class for which it

has been registered but conforms to the prescribed standards to the immediate lower class, the

Certificate Agency may accept such seed fields / seed lots for certification to the immediate

lower class provided request has been made to this effect by seed producer. However,

downgrading of the seed class shall not be applicable in case of hybrids and their parents.

VALIDITY PERIOD OF CERTIFICATE :The validity period of the seed lot will be nine months from the date of test at the time of

initial certification. The validity period may be further extended for six months provided the

seed conforms to the prescribed standards on re-testing. A seed lot will be eligible for

extension of the validity period as long as it conforms to the prescribed standards.

The procedure for extension of validity is as follows:

Holder of the certified seed stock or authorized representative may request the Agency for

extension of the validity of certified seed before expiry of the previous validity. Information

regarding name of the crop, variety, class of seed, quantity of seed in lot, lot number, size and

type of containers. Release order no. etc., should be furnished to the Agency at the time of

submission of application.

The agency will arrange for the drawing of seed sample and its analysis after verifying the

tags, labels, seals and validity period. The sample is tested for physical purity, germination

and insect damage. If reprocessing, testing and re bagging at the time of extension of validity

period is requested, it may also be considered if the agency is of the opinion that such

operation may improve the quality of seed.

After analysis of the seed sample, if seed is found to confirm to the prescribed standards, the

agency will extend the validity of the seed for a further period of six months from the date of

test. The date of test and the validity period shall be stamped on existing tags or new tags shall

be issued. The signature and address of the Seed Certification Officer attending to the validity

work are also affixed on the tag. If new tags are issued the information in the old tags will be

transferred to the new tags allotted. A complete record of the validation process will be

maintained by the Agency.

17


18/31

Field Inspection:

Inspection of the standing crop is an essential step in verifying conformity of seed crop to

prescribed minimum seed certification standards (see field standards). All the registered seed

production fields will be inspected by qualified, trained and experienced officers of the

agency.

Verification of all factors affecting seed quality in the field may not normally be possible in a

single inspection as all the factors in the field may not be apparent or may not occur at the

same time or all of them may not affect seed quality at the same stage of crop growth. Hence,

two or more inspections phased to cover all the important stages of crop growth. The number

of inspections and the stages of crop growth vary from crop to crop depending on the crop

duration, pollination behavior, susceptibility to contamination; disease susceptible stages,

nature of the contaminating factors, etc. (seed crops based on Pollination).

According, field inspections of seed plots are conducted at

a) Vegetative or pre-flowering stage.

b) Flowering stage.

c) Post-flowering and pre-harvest stage.

Field inspections at vegetative or pre-flowering stages are done to

Confirm the actual acreage sown / planted by comparing it with the acreage allotted or for

which the application was submitted, and to record the excess area if any and confirm

actual date of sowing / planting.

Verify, seed crops involving two different parents, whether the grower has followed the

recommended planting ratio with border rows and marked the each male row at the end;

Verify the presence of any contaminant within the prescribed isolation distance, guide the

grower in solving the isolation problem if any and advise the grower to remove the same

before flowering (see Isolation Distance).

Advise to remove the off types on the basis of morphological characters.

Inspections during flowering stage are done to -

Check the presence and removal of pollen shedders in hybrid bajra, sorghum, sunflower

etc., and off types, objectionable weeds, diseased plants, inseparable other crop plants etc.

Ascertain in seed fields involving two parents, for adoption of correct planting ratios and

marking the ends of male rows.

Examine the possibility of any contamination with in the isolation distance and determine

the area to be rejected due to inadequate isolation.

Guide the grower in solving nicking problems wherever applicable.

Verify morphological characters of the crop.

18


19/31

Inspections at post-flowering and pre-harvest stages is done to -

Confirm that the observations on planting ratios, planting of border rows, off types,

detasseling of maize, removal of pollen shedders in hybrid bajra, sorghum, sunflower etc.,

during previous inspections are reasonably accurate and the defects in these factors had

not escaped attention in earlier inspections.

Confirm that the grower had attended to rouging after the inspection at flowering.

Verify whether the contaminating factors, objectionable weed plants and diseased plants /

heads are removed.

Educate the grower about harvesting technique, give guidance regarding the care to be taken

during harvesting, threshing and transportation, and yield assessment (approximate).

SEED PROCESSING

Flow diagram of seed processing

Fig No: 7

Seed processing is an important segment of the certification process wherein foreign material,

inert matter undersized seed, weed seeds, off-size and deteriorate and damaged seeds are

removed for upgrading the quality of seeds.

19


20/31

Fig No:8 seed processing unit

20


21/31

SEED PROCESSING

Processing Technique

01. Seed Drying:

Lowering of seed moisture for maintaining seed viability and vigour.

Sun drying.

Air drying.

02. Pre conditioning:

Includes all operations of shelling, debarring etc.

03. Pre cleaning:

Removal of extraneous matter like pieces of trash and stones etc.

04. Basic cleaning:

Removal of larger, smaller, lighter and thicker, adulterants as compared to crop seed. It

was done on the basis of weight, size and density using cleaner with air screen.

Grader: Based on density and size.

Scalper: Inert matter of larger size than seeds.

Spiral Separator: Lighter inert matter.

05. Grading :

Removal of smaller and shriveled seeds from the healthy seeds. Specific gravity

separators on the basis of resistance to air flow.

06. Seed treatment :

Methods of seed treatment.

Physical: Cotton delinting, scarification.

Chemical: Fungicide, insecticide.

Biological: Rhizobium.

21


22/31

07. Packing:

Filling of seed bag to the exact weight.

Attaching labels regarding seed quality.

Storage.

08. Seed Storage:

Maintenance of high seed germination and vigour after harvest until planting is

important.

Stored in dry and cool place.

Only high quality seed should be stored.

Proper sanitation should be there.

Diseases, insects and rodents should be controlled.

CLEANING AND GRADING OF SEEDS

Pre-conditioning and pre-cleaning:

The seed material to be processed should be properly conditioned and pre-cleaned byremoving the seed appendages and particles such as trash, stones clods etc. which are larger in

size than the desirable crop seed so as to increase the speed and efficiency of processing. This

can be achieved by using pre-cleaning equipments like scalpers, debearders, huller-scarier etc.

Basic seed cleaning:

Pre-cleaned seed material is subjected for basic seed cleaning to remove the undesirable

materials like trash, chaff, broken and damaged seed, undersized seed etc. besides uniform

grading of seed based on seed size. Air screen cleaner is the most common equipment used for

basic seed cleaning.

22


23/31

Principles of seed cleaning:

Seed size and weight are the basic characters considered in the air screen cleaner for the

separation of good seed from the undesirable materials in he bulk seeds. The basic principles

involved here are :

Aspiration:

The light seed and chaffy materials is removed from the seed mass through aspiration, i.e.,

lifting light material through air blast.

Scalping:

The material which is larger than the required seed size like trash, clods, plant parts etc. are

brought to a separate outlet where the good seeds are dropped down through the upper screen

openings.

Grading:

The uniform size grading of the cleaned seed material is achieved by retaining the seed and

any other material larger than the required size on the top screen and by dropping down the

small sized material through the screen aperture size of the bottom screen. Hence, the screen

aperture size of the top screen will be more than the required seed size where as the screen

aperture size of the bottom screen will be less than the required seed size. Thus the seed of the

required size rolls over the bottom screen and is collected in a separate outlet.

Air Screen Cleaner:

Irrespective of the model and make, all the air screen cleaners functions similarly with respect

to scalping and grading. In a typical four screen cleaner, the first screen is for rough scalping,

second screen is for rough grading, third screen is for close scalping and the fourth screen is

for fine grading.

Screen aperture sizes are specified for each crop. However, Seed Certification Agency can

permit the change of screen aperture sizes on specific necessity.

23


24/31

PACKAGING:

Every seed lot meeting the prescribed seed standards for certification is duly treated with the

recommended seed treatment chemical and is bagged

in required sizes affixing seed certification tags (blue

tags for certified seed and white tags for foundation

seed) and the container

is sealed. This is

followed by issue of the Release

Order (Form-II) for each seed lot.

TAGGING:

Content of Tag:

Tag series.

Crop.

Variety.

Stage

Lot no.

Certificate No.

Certificate issue date.

Date of test.

Valid up to

Date of packing.

Name of the Producer / Company.

Seed Certification Inspector.

A.S.C.O.

Note: Seed Certification agency charge Rs. 2 / Tag.

LABELLING:

The seed lot meeting the quality standards should be packed in proper size of bags as

described for different crops and labeled with the required information.

24


25/31

Table 1

Labels specifications for different seed categories

Seed Category Label Colour Size

Breeder seedFoundation seed

Certified seed

GoldenWhite

Blue

12 cm x 6 cm15 cm x 7.5 cm

15 cm x 7.5 cm

CONTENTS OF LABEL

Company Name

Company

Logo / Mono

Company Address

Warning : Thiram ketp

inside the packet, treat

seed before sowing,

Signature of processing

plant in charge ................

Label No. ...................................................

Crop...................................................

Variety...................................................

Stage ...................................................

Lot No. ...................................................

Date of test ...................................................

Valid up to ...................................................

Date of packing...................................................

Net weight (when packed)..........................................

Genetic purity...................................................

Physical purity ...................................................

Germination % ...................................................

Moisture

(maximum) ...................................................

M.R.P. (inclusive of all taxes) ....................................

25


26/31

BAGGING:

Bagging is done according to company policy, its size varies as per requirement and company

convenience. Front side bag contains there name or advertisement and back side contains

certificate standards.

CONTENTS OF BAG:

Front Side:

Company name.

Company mono / logo.

Company Advertisement.

Company address.

Name of company which is packed and processed.

Fig No: 9 front side of shreeram seed bag

Back Side:

Company name, logo, mono.

Certification void without tag and seal.

Crop.

Variety.

Stage Moisture (Maximum)

Net weight.

Lot no.

Date of packing.

M.R.P. (inclusive all taxes).

Note: Thiram kept inside, treat seed before sowing.

Processed and packed by: .................................................

26


27/31

27


28/31

STORAGE:

Before storage the seed must be thoroughly dried. Successful storage depends on its moisture

content. Seeds with 10% moisture store well. A large no. of insect species attacks the seed in

storage. The most important are Khapra beetle, lesser grin-borer, rice weevil, flour beetle, and

grain moth. The go down should be fumigated to keep down storage seed insect pest.

Commercially available polythenes are of 4 types, viz. low, medium and high density, and are

used as per the need. Certified seeds cereals, pulses and oilseeds are normally packed either in

jute bag or cloth bag in India. Paper bag, card-board box, aluminum-foil pouches polythene

bags are used for packaging flower and vegetable seeds.

If containers are used for packagings that are moisture vapour proof, seed-moisture content

should be kept as per critical level for each kind of seed. Therefore, adequate facilities are

needed for seed drying.

GODOWNS FACILITY:

Godowns must be moisture proof.

Godowns must be well cemented.

Godowns must be fumigated before storage.

Godowns should be air conditioned.

It should have proper ventilation facility.

It should have fire resistance facility.

It should have proper aeration facility etc.

MARKETING:

Seed marketing is the final step in a seed programme; it takes the seed to farmers and gets

them to buy it and plant it. Seed marketing is time-sensitive and sensitive to factors affecting

rural marketing. Seed must reach the farmer at the right time, at the right place, at the right

price, in the right amount and must be of

the highest quality. Because seed marketing is sensitive to many factors, it is often considered

a high-risk business. Seed marketing requires:

28


29/31

Convincing farmers that the seed quality is high and ensuring that only high-quality seed

is sold;

Convincing farmers that the seed quality means a benefit to them that is worth the extra

cost they must pay for the seed. All possible means of promoting the seed must be used;

Making the seed available in locations close to the target farmers. The seed must be

readily available when the farmer needs it. It must be available in bag sizes that fit the

farmers' needs.

Effective seed marketing is a specialized operation, farmers' variety and seed replacement is

influenced by their perception of the yield gain of a new variety, the yield loss of an old

variety and the risk in changing the variety.

Few farmers are willing to spend more money to purchase improved seed. On average,

farmers typically purchase a relatively small amount of improved seed.

DISPATCH OF SEEDS

For seeds dispatching delivery challan is necessary.

Contents of delivery challan:

Tin. No.-_ License No. - ________

LOGO D.C. No. .....................

DELIVERY CHALLAN Date

COMPANY NAME L.R. No.

COMPANY ADDRESS Vehicle

Date

The following goods dispatched through ................................................................

from................................................................. to ................................................... against your

order no........................................ dated ............................................

S.No.Description of

productLot no.

No. of

product

Packing

sizeValue

Prepared by Dispatched Received in good condition

29


30/31

............................ ............................ ............................

MARKETING PROCEDURE:

Company makes his own marketing policy. They registered the distributors as per his

convenience for marketing of seeds, to take following details :

Name

Father name

Address

Mobile or phone no.

Security [ as per company rule ]

Bank account no.

PEN card no.

Seed license no.

Property details.

Marketing procedure.

Godown space or no.

Firm is partnership or Private Limited.

Margin detail.

After it company supply seed to registered distributors, then they supply dealers, to sub

dealers, to farmers. It is a general system but marketing is depends on company policy. Theyalso supply seeds to dealers or direct to farmers.

30


31/31

During this whole training I got a lot of experience and came to know about the

processing and complete working and management practices of seed industry. It give theexperience that in real how it differs from those of theoretical knowledge and the practically in

the real life.

In present globalize world, where cut-throat competition is prevailing in the market,

theoretical knowledge is not sufficient. Beside this one need to have practical knowledge,

which would help an individual in his / her carrier activities and it is true that 'Experience is

best Teacher.'

Project Luxmi Seeds

Documents

Transcript of Project Luxmi Seeds