Project Literature

5/27/2018 Project Literature

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Project members:

J.ANURAGINI-10521A0120

PRUTHVI NATH-10521A0137

S.RADHA -10521A0151

GOWTHAM-11521A0101

RAMJI-10521A0147


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ABSTRACT

The aim of the project is to plan and design a hospital building with various

departments for surgery,operation theatre,patients resting rooms with single bed

and double bed with capacity of total 16 beds whereas A.C suits with double bed

capacity.

In our project planning and detail design of hospital building is undertaken

following basic rules prescribed for hospitals using codal provisions.Various soil

tests viz., direct shear test, sieve analysis, core cutter method are done on soil to

find out the properties of soil. The hospital plan is made out by following basic

building bye laws. Then the hospital is designed with its various rooms viz., ICU,

labour ward, operation theatre, patients waiting rooms , different wards for

particular case viz., for surgery, cardiology ,neurology outpatient departments etc.,.

Our hospital building is planned for g+2; 2 storeyed building.

Detail design of slabs,beams,columns,footings is done. One way slab and two way

slab design is done with beams placed on columns in every position with isolated

foundation.


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CHAPTER -1

Introduction:

A hospitalis a health care institution providing patient treatment by specialised

staff and equipment.

Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organisations (for

profit or non profit), health insurance companies, or charities, including direct

charitable donations. Historically, hospitals were often founded and funded

by religious orders or charitable individuals and leaders.

Today, hospitals are largely staffed by professional physicians, surgeons,

and nurses whereas in the past, this work was usually performed by the founding

religious orders or by volunteers.

TYPES OF HOSPITALS

Somepatients go to a hospital just fordiagnosis,treatment, or therapy and then

leave ('outpatients') without staying overnight; while others are 'admitted' and stay

overnight or for several days or weeks or months ('inpatients'). Hospitals usually

are distinguished from other types of medical facilities by their ability to admit and

care for inpatients whilst the others often are described as clinics.

General

The best-known type of hospital is the general hospital, which is set up to deal with

many kinds ofdisease andinjury,and normally has anemergency department todeal with immediate and urgent threats tohealth.Larger cities may have several

hospitals of varying sizes and facilities. Some hospitals, especially in the United

States, have their ownambulance service.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient


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District

A district hospital typically is the major health care facility in its region, with large

numbers of beds forintensive care and long-term care;

Specialised

Types of specialised hospitals includetrauma centres,rehabilitation

hospitals,children's hospitals,seniors' (geriatric)hospitals, and hospitals for

dealing with specific medical needs such aspsychiatricproblems (seepsychiatric

hospital), certain disease categories such as cardiac, oncology, or orthopedic

problems, and so forth.

A hospital may be a single building or a number of buildings on acampus.Many

hospitals with pre-twentieth-century origins began as one building and evolved

into campuses. Some hospitals are affiliated withuniversities formedical

research and the training of medical personnel such as physicians and nurses, often

called teaching hospitals. Worldwide, most hospitals are run on anon profitbasis

by governments or charities. There are however a few exceptions, e.g. China,

where government funding only constitutes 10% of income of hospitals.

Specialised hospitals can help reduce health care costs compared to general

hospitals. For example,Narayana Hrudayalaya's Bangalore cardiac unit, which is

specialised in cardiac surgery, allows for significantly greater number of patients.

It has 3000 beds (more than 20 times the average American hospital) and in

pediatric heart surgery alone, it performs 3000 heart operations annually, making it

by far the largest such facility in the world.Surgeons are paid on a fixed salary

instead of per operation, thus the costs to the hospital drops when the number of

procedures increases, taking advantage ofeconomies of scale.Additionally, it is

argued that costs go down as all its specialists become efficient by working on one

"production line" procedure.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geriatrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana_Hrudayalayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana_Hrudayalayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geriatrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care


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Departments

Hospitals vary widely in the services they offer and therefore, in the departments

(or "wards") they have. Each is usually headed by aChief Physician.They may

have acute services such as anemergency department or specialisttrauma

centre,burn unit,surgery,orurgent care.These may then be backed up by more

specialist units such as:

Emergency department

Cardiology

Intensive care unit Paediatric intensive care unit Neonatal intensive care unit Cardiovascular intensive care unit Neurology Oncology Obstetrics and gynaecology

Some hospitals will haveoutpatient departments and some will have chronic

treatment units such asbehavioral health services , dentistry , dermatology

psychiatric ward ,rehabilitation services,andphysical therapy.

Common support units include adispensary orpharmacy,pathology,

andradiology,and on the non-medical side, there often aremedical records

departments,release of information departments,Information Management (aka

IM, IT or IS),Clinical Engineering (aka Biomed), Facilities Management, Plant

Ops (aka Maintenance), Dining Services, and Security departments.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Physicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_(injury)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgent_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paediatric_intensive_care_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outpatienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_wardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_pharmacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_records_departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_records_departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_of_information_departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_of_information_departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_records_departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_records_departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_pharmacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_wardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outpatienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paediatric_intensive_care_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgent_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_(injury)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Physician


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Emergency department:

An Emergency department(ED), also known as accident &

emergency(A&E), emergency room(ER), or casualty department, is a medical

treatment facility specializing inacute care of patients who present without prior

appointment, either by their own means or byambulance.The emergency

department is usually found in ahospital or otherprimary care center.

Due to the unplanned nature of patient attendance, the department must provide

initial treatment for a broad spectrum of illnesses and injuries, some of which may

belife-threatening and require immediate attention. In some countries, emergency

departments have become important entry points for those without other means of

access to medical care.

The emergency departments of most hospitals operate 24 hours a day, although

staffing levels may be varied in an attempt to mirror patient volume.

Critical conditions handled:

Cardiac arrest

Heart attack

Trauma

Mental illness

Asthma and COPD

Cardiology :

Cardiology (fromGreek kardia ,- "heart" and logia)is amedical specialty dealing

with disorders of theheartbe it human or animal. The field includesmedical

diagnosis and treatment ofcongenital heart defects,coronary artery disease,heart

failure,valvular heart disease andelectrophysiology.Physicians who specialize in

this field of medicine are called cardiologists. Physicians who specialize in cardiac

surgery are calledcardiac surgeons.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_emergencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-logiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_specialtyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_surgeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_surgeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_specialtyhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-logiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_emergencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_(medicine)


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Intensive care unit(ICU)

An intensive care unit(ICU), also known as a critical care

unit(CCU), intensive therapy unitor intensive treatment unit(ITU) is a

special department of ahospital or health care facility that providesintensive care

medicine.

hospitals may have ICUs that cater to a specific medical speciality or patient, such

as those listed below:

Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)

Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU)

Psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU)

Coronary care unit (CCU): Also known as Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU)

Neurology :

Neurology(fromGreek,neuron "nerve" and the suffix logia study of") is

amedical specialty dealing withdisorders of the nervous system.

Buildings of hospitals:

Modern hospital buildings are designed to minimise the effort of medical personnel

and the possibility of contamination while maximising the efficiency of the whole

system. Travel time for personnel within the hospital and the transportation of

patients between units is facilitated and minimised. The building also should be

built to accommodate heavy departments such as radiology and operating rooms

while space for special wiring, plumbing, and waste disposal must be allowed for

in the design.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatric_intensive_care_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_intensive_care_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_care_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_specialtyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_specialtyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_care_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_intensive_care_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatric_intensive_care_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital


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Aspects to be given particular consideration in the hospital construction:

Therapeutic environments (environment of care, green design andsustainability)

IT and health care technology and communications (includes patientdocumentation, imaging)

Infection control (includes biohazard control, handwashing, infection controlrisk assessments, construction materials)

Disaster planning Safety and security Dimensional consideration (includes space planning, costs) Energy and cost-effectiveness

Single vs semiprivate room key findings:

Private rooms are the trend in hospital planning and design. The advantages of

single occupancy rooms are cited as improvements in patient care, a reduction in

the risk of cross infection, and greater flexibility in operation. However, it is

important to view and interpret the benefits of single-occupancy rooms within the

context of patient care issues, other environmental changes and management policy

changes in order to bring about desired and sustainable outcomes

F ir st and operating costs:

Literature focusing on comparative first costs for single and multi-occupancy

rooms is scarce. The limited number of articles exploring the relationship between


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first costs and operating costs indicates that operating costs are proportionately

more than the capital cost of hospitals, and this is true even for cost estimates

Universal rooms or acuity adaptable rooms are a current trend in design, especially

in hospitals that are promoting patient-centered care and family participation in the

patients healing program. These rooms are all private rooms. Results from a

limited number of studies have indicated that medication errors, patient falls and

procedural problems may be reduced in acuity adaptable . However, these results

may be specific to the particular institutions studied. More detailed study with

examples from multiple hospitals is required before drawing specific conclusions.


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CHAPTER -2

Scope of Our project is planning and designing of hospital building by cement

stabilization.

Planning of the hospital building and its various departments as listedabove in introduction is done.

The various soil tests viz.,core cutter method ; liquid limit , plastic limittests;sieve analysis are carried out.

The design is carried out for 2 storeyed hospital building i.e., g+2. Each room dimensions and department dimensions are taken according to

basic bye laws provisions.

Design is carried out for slabs The slab is checked for one way or two way then by following regular design procedure of slab the design is

carried out.

Design of beams is carried out The regular design procedure of beams is carried out Rectangular simply supported beams design is carried out

Design of columns is carried out Design of square columns is carried out Where max loading is changing there the design is carried out and

from it the various columns design is taken

Design of footings is carried out. Footings may be isolated or combined. Generally isolated footings are considered in our design


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The scope of project is to plan the hospital building with its various departments

viz.,cardiology,ICU etc as stated above,soil tests are carried out to check

whether the soil is suitable for the building to be constructed on it or not.

After the suitable tests conducted on soil , making ensure that those properties

are satisfied and soil is suitable for construction the designing of the building is

carried out.

Design of slabs,beams,columns footings of the building is done

This is our project based on.


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Core cutter method apparatus


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Sieve analysis being done by mechanical shaker.

SIEVE ANALYSIS SIEVES

WITH VARIOUS SIZES


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DESIGN

OFHOSPITAL

BUILDING

design of

slabs

design of

beams

design of

columns

design of

footings

SLABS

one way

two way

COLUMNS

rectangular

columns

FOOTINGS

isolated


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BUI LDI NG ATTRIBUTES

Regardless of their location, size, or budget, all hospitals should have certain

common attributes.

Efficiency andCost-Effectiveness

An efficient hospital layout should: Promote staff efficiency by minimizing distance of necessary travel

between frequently used spaces

Allow easy visual supervision of patients by limited staff Include all needed spaces, but no redundant ones. This requires careful

pre-design programming

Provide an efficient logistics system, which might include elevators,pneumatic tubes, box conveyors, manual or automated carts, and gravity

or pneumatic chutes, for the efficient handling of food and clean supplies

and the removal of waste, recyclables, and soiled material

Make efficient use of space by locating support spaces so that they maybe shared by adjacent functional areas, and by making prudent use of

multi-purpose spaces

Consolidate outpatient functions for more efficient operationon firstfloor, if possiblefor direct access by outpatients

Group or combine functional areas with similar system requirements Provide optimal functional adjacencies, such as locating the surgical

intensive care unit adjacent to the operating suite. These adjacencies

should be based on a detailed functional program which describes the
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hospital's intended operations from the standpoint of patients, staff, and

supplies.

Flexibility and expandability:

Since medical needs and modes of treatment will continue to change hospitals

should:

Follow modular concepts of space planning and layout Use generic room sizes and plans as much as possible, rather than highly

specific ones

Be served by modular, easily accessed, and easily modified mechanicaland electrical systems

Where size and program allow, be designed on a modular system basis,such as theVA Hospital Building System. This system also uses walk-

through interstitial space between occupied floors for mechanical,

electrical, and plumbing distribution. For large projects, this provides

continuing adaptability to changing programs and needs, with no first-

cost premium, if properly planned, designed, and bid. The VA Hospital

Building System also allows vertical expansion without disruptions to

floors below.

Be open-ended, with well planned directions for future expansion; forinstance positioning "soft spaces" such as administrative departments,adjacent to "hard spaces" such as clinical laboratories.

Therapeutic Environment

Some important aspects of creating a therapeutic interior are:

Using familiar and culturally relevant materials wherever consistent withsanitation and other functional needs


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Using cheerful and varied colours and textures, keeping in mind thatsome colours are inappropriate and can interfere with provider

assessments of patients' pallor and skin tones, disorient older or impaired

patients, or agitate patients and staff, particularly some psychiatric

patients.

Admitting ample natural light wherever feasible and using colour-corrected lighting in interior spaces which closely approximates

natural daylight

Providing views of the outdoors from every patient bed, and elsewherewherever possible; photo murals of nature scenes are helpful where

outdoor views are not available

Designing a "way-finding" process into every project. Patients, visitors,and staff all need to know where they are, what their destination is, and

how to get there and return. A patient's sense of competence is

encouraged by making spaces easy to find, identify, and use withoutasking for help. Building elements, colour, texture, and pattern should all

give cues, as well as artwork and signage.

Cleanliness and Sanitation

Hospitals must be easy to clean and maintain. This is facilitated by:

Appropriate, durable finishes for each functional space Careful detailing of such features as doorframes, casework, and finish

transitions to avoid dirt-catching and hard-to-clean crevices and joints

Adequate and appropriately located housekeeping spaces Special materials, finishes, and details for spaces which are to be kept

sterile, such as integral cove base. The new antimicrobial surfaces might

be considered for appropriate locations.


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IncorporatingO&M practicesthat stress indoor environmental quality(IEQ)

Accessibility:

All areas, both inside and out, should:

Ensuring grades are flat enough to allow easy movement and sidewalksand corridors are wide enough for two wheelchairs to pass easily

Ensuring entrance areas are designed to accommodate patients withslower adaptation rates to dark and light; marking glass walls and doors

to make their presence obvious

Controlled Circulation

A hospital is a complex system of interrelated functions requiring constant

movement of people and goods. Much of this circulation should be controlled.

Outpatients visiting diagnostic and treatment areas should not travelthrough inpatient functional areas nor encounter severely ill inpatients

Typical outpatient routes should be simple and clearly defined Visitors should have a simple and direct route to each patient nursing unit

without penetrating other functional areas

Separate patients and visitors from industrial/logistical areas or floors Outflow of trash, recyclables, and soiled materials should be separated

from movement of food and clean supplies, and both should be separated

from routes of patients and visitors

Transfer of cadavers to and from the morgue should be out of the sight ofpatients and visitors

Dedicated service elevators for deliveries, food and building maintenanceservices
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Aesthetics

Aesthetics is closely related to creating a therapeutic environment (homelike,

attractive.) It is important in enhancing the hospital's public image and is thus an

important marketing tool. A better environment also contributes to better staff

morale and patient care. Aesthetic considerations include:

Increased use ofnatural light,natural materials, and textures Use of artwork Attention to proportions, color, scale, and detail Bright, open, generously-scaled public spaces Homelike and intimate scale in patient rooms, day rooms, consultation

rooms, and offices

Compatibility of exterior design with its physical surroundingsSecurity and Safety:

In addition to the general safety concerns of all buildings, hospitals have several

particular security concerns:

Protection of hospital property and assets, including drugs Protection of patients, including incapacitated patients, and staff Safe control of violent or unstable patients Vulnerability to damage from terrorism because of proximity to high-

vulnerability targets, or because they may be highly visible public

buildings with an important role in the public health system.

Sustainability
http://www.wbdg.org/design/aesthetics.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php?r=hospitalhttp://www.wbdg.org/design/secure_safe.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/design/sustainable.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/design/sustainable.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/design/secure_safe.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php?r=hospitalhttp://www.wbdg.org/design/aesthetics.php


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Hospitals are large public buildings that have a significant impact on the

environment and economy of the surrounding community. They are heavy users

ofenergy andwater and produce large amounts of waste. Because hospitals

place such demands on community resources they are natural candidates

forsustainable design.

EMERGING ISSUES

Among the many new developments and trends influencing hospital design are:

The decreasing numbers of general practitioners along with the increaseduse of emergency facilities for primary care

The increasing introduction of highly sophisticated diagnostic andtreatment technology

Requirements to remain operational during and after disastersrequiring earthquake resistance, both in designing new buildings and

retrofitting existing structures

Preventative care versus sickness care; designing hospitals as all-inclusive "wellness centers"

Use of hand-held computers and portable diagnostic equipment to allowmore mobile, decentralized patient care, and a general shift to

computerized patient information of all kinds. This might require

computer alcoves and data ports in corridors outside patient bedrooms.

For more information, see WBDG Integrate Technological Tools

Need to balance increasing attention to building security with openness topatients and visitors

Emergence of palliative care as a specialty in many major medical centers
http://www.wbdg.org/design/minimize_consumption.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/design/conserve_water.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/design/sustainable.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/design/sustainable.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/design/conserve_water.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/design/minimize_consumption.php


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A growing interest in more holistic, patient-centered treatment andenvironments such as promoted byPlanetree.

Guidelines in the planning of hospital buildings departments:

Space-area in square meters:

Office of the Chief of Hospital- 5.02/staff

Maintenance and Housekeeping Area -5.02/staff

Parking Area for Transport Vehicle- 9.29

Supply Room -5.02/staff

Dietary

Dietitian Area -5.02/staff Food Preparation Area- 4.65 Cooking and Baking Area -4.65 Serving and Food Assembly Area -4.65 Washing Area -4.65 Garbage Disposal Area -1.67 Dining Area -1.40/person Toilet -1.67

Clinical Service

Emergency Room

Waiting Area- 0.65/person Toilet -1.67 Nurse Station -5.02/staff


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Examination and Treatment Area with Lavatory/Sink 7-.43/bed Observation Area- 7.43/bed

Equipment and Supply Storage Area -4.65

Outpatient Department

Waiting Area- 0.65/person Toilet -1.67 Admitting and Records Area -5.02/staff Examination and Treatment Area with Lavatory/Sink -7.43/bed Consultation Area -5.02/staff

Surgical and Obstetrical Service

Major Operating Room -33.45 Delivery Room- 33.45 Sub-sterilizing Area -4.65 Sterile Instrument, Supply and Storage Area- 4.65 Dressing Room- 2.32 Toilet -1.67 Nurse Station- 5.02/staff

Space Area in Square Meter for Administrative Service:Lobby

Waiting Area -0.65/person Information and Reception Area- 5.02/staff Toilet- 1.67

Business Office- 5.02/staff

Medical Records -5.02/staff


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CHAPTER 3

Design considerations of hospital by FGI guidelines:

Dining, recreation, and day spaces. A total of 55 square feet (5.11 square

meters) per bed shall be provided for dining, recreation, and day spaces (areas

may be in separate or adjoining spaces).

Physical therapy treatment room(s). The size of the therapy space shall

depend upon the requirements of the functional program. Space requirements

shall be designed to permit access to all equipment and be sized to

accommodate equipment for physical therapy.

(1) Privacy. For thermotherapy, diathermy, ultrasonics, hydrotherapy, etc.,

cubicle curtains shall be provided around each individual treatment area.

(2) Hand-washing station(s) shall also be provided. One hand-washing station

shall be permitted to serve more than one cubicle.

(3) Facilities for collection of wet and soiled linen and other material shall beprovided.

(4) As a minimum, one individual treatment area shall be enclosed within walls

and have a door for accessminimum size 80 square feet (7.43 square meters).

Curtained treatment areas shall have a minimum size of 70 square feet (6.51

square meters).

Patient Room

Capacity

(1) The maximum number of beds per room shall be one unless the functional

program demonstrates the necessity of a two-bed arrangement. Approval of a

two-bed arrangement shall be obtained from the licensing authority.


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(2) Where renovation work is undertaken and the present capacity is more than

one patient, maximum room capacity shall be no more than the present capacity,

with a maximum of two patients.

Space requirements

(1) Area. In new construction, patient rooms shall be constructed to meet the

needs of the functional program and have a minimum clear floor area of 120

square feet (11.15 square meters) in a single-bed room and 100 square feet (9.29

square meters) per bed in a multiple-bed room.

(2) Clearances

*(a) The dimensions and arrangement of rooms shall be such that there is a

minimum clear dimension of 3 feet (91.44 centimeters) between the sides and

foot of the bed and any wall or any other fixed obstruction.

(b) In multiple-bed rooms, a minimum clear dimension of 4 feet (1.22 meters)

shall be provided at the foot of each bed to permit the passage of equipment and

beds.

(3) Where renovation work is undertaken, every effort shall be made to meet the

above minimum standards. If it is not possible to meet the above minimum

standards, authorities having jurisdiction may grant approval to deviate from

this requirement. In such cases, patient rooms shall have a minimum clear floor

area of 100 square feet (9.29 square meters) in a single-bed room and 80 square

feet (7.43 square meters) per bed in a multiple-bed room.

LDR/LDRP rooms.In accordance with the functional program, a specific

number of patient rooms shall be provided with the capability of serving as

labor/delivery/recovery (LDR) or labor/delivery/recovery/postpartum (LDRP)

rooms in the event an obstetrical patient arrives at the facility in need of such

services.

(1) Space requirements


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(a) LDR and LDRP rooms shall have a minimum clear floor area of 340 square

feet (31.57 square meters) with a minimum dimension of 13 feet (3.96 meters).

This includes an infant stabilization and resuscitation space with a minimum

clear floor area of at least 40 square feet (3.7 square meters).

(i) The infant stabilization and resuscitation space shall be an area within the

room that is distinct from the mother's area.

(ii) Where required by the functional program, there shall be enough space for a

crib and reclining chair for a support person.

(b) When renovation work is undertaken, every effort shall be made to meet theabove minimum standards. If it is not possible to meet the above square-footage

standards, existing LDR or LDRP rooms shall be permitted to have a minimum

clear area of 200 square feet (18.58 square meters).

*(2) Storage. If LDR/LDRP functions are programmed for a critical access

hospital, a storage area for case carts, delivery equipment, and bassinets shall be

provided.

Diagnostic X-Ray

Space requirements. Radiography rooms shall be of a size to accommodate the

functional program.

Tomography and radiography/fluoroscopy rooms. Separate toilets with hand-

washing stations shall be provided with direct access from each dedicated

gastrointestinal fluoroscopic room and to an adjacent passage so that a patient

can leave the toilet without having to reenter the fluoroscopic room.

Mammography rooms

Shielded control alcoves

(1) Each x-ray room shall include a shielded control alcove. For mammography

machines with built-in shielding for the operator, omission of the alcove shall


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26

be permitted when approved by the certified physicist or state radiation

protection agency.

(2) This area shall be provided with a view window designed to provide full

view of the examination table and the patient at all times, including full view of

the patient when the table is in the tilt position or the chest x-ray is in use.

Hand-washing station. A hand-washing station shall be provided within the

procedure room unless the room is used only for routine screening such as chest

x-rays where the patient is not physically handled by the staff.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Space requirements

(1) Space within the overall MRI suite shall be provided as necessary to

accommodate the functional program and to meet the minimum technical siting

requirements provided by the MRI equipment

manufacturer.

(2) MRI suites as well as spaces around, above, and below (as applicable) shall

be designed and configured to facilitate adherence to U.S. Food and Drug

Administration requirements established to prevent unscreened individuals from

entering the 5-gauss (0.5 millitesla) volume around the MRI equipment.

(3) The MRI scanner room shall be large enough to accommodate equipment

and to allow clearance in accordance with manufacturers recommendations.

Design configuration of the MRI suite

(1) Suites for MRI equipment shall be planned to conform to the four-zone

screening and access control protocols identified in the American College of

Radiologys Guidance Document for Safe MR Practices.

(2) The layout shall include provisions for the following functions:

(a) Patient interviews and clinical screening


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(b) Physical screening and changing areas (as indicated)

(c) Siting of ferromagnetic detection systems

(d) Access control

(e) Accommodation of site-specific clinical and operational requirements

(3) An anteroom visible from the control room shall be located outside the MRI

scanner room so that patients, health care personnel, and other employees must

pass through it before entering the scanning area and control room. This room

shall be outside the restricted areas of the MRIs magnetic field.

(4) Any area in which the magnetic field strength is equal to or greater than 5

gauss (0.5 millitesla) shall be physically restricted by the use of key locks or

pass-key locking systems.

Control room

(1) A control room shall be provided with a full view of the patient within the

MRI scanner.

(2) The control console shall be positioned so the operator has a full view of the

approach and entrance to the MRI scanner room.

Hand-washing station. Hand-washing stations shall be provided convenient to

the MRI scanner room, but need not be within the room.

Computer room. A computer room shall be provided.

Equipment installation requirements

(1) Power conditioning shall be provided as indicated by the MRI

manufacturers power requirements and specific facility conditions.

(2) Magnetic shielding shall be provided at those sites where magnetic field

hazards or interferences cannot be adequately controlled through facility

planning.


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(3) For super-conducting MRI equipment, cryogen venting, emergency exhaust,

and passive pressure relief systems shall be provided in accordance with the

original equipment manufacturer's specifications.

In new construction, single-patient rooms should be at least 12 feet (3.65

meters) wide by 13 feet (3.96 meters) deep (approximately 160 square feet or

14.86 square meters). These spaces should accommodate comfortable furniture

for one or two family members without blocking staff member access to

patients.


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WAITING ROOM OF HOSPITAL


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CHAPTER 4Sand confining to zone 2 (Visakhapatnam zone)

M 20 grade of concrete is used

M10 grade of P.C.C is used


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GROUND FLOOR PLAN


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FIRST FLOOR PLAN


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SECOND FLOOR PLAN


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CHAPTER 5

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

DESIGN OF SLAB

Design of a one way slab:

Effective span= 4.8 m

live load= 3 kn ,

Factored load= 1.5 kn,

Fck=M20

Wall thickness=300 mm

Solution:

Given

ly=12.7mts, lx=4.5mts

If ly/lx>2 then it is a one way slab.

Depth:

In general depth is given by d= l/25

d=4800/25

d=180mm,

Clear cover =40mm

Adopt=12mm diameter

Total depth=206mm

Effective spans:


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Lex= 4.5mts

Ley=12.7mts

Loads:

Self weight of the slab= D25

= 0.2065

=5.15kn/m2

Live load= 3kn/m2

Floor finish=1kn/m

2

Total load=Live load+ self weight of slab+ floor finish

=5.15 +3+1

=9.15kn/m2

Factored load=1.5Total load

=1.5 9.15=13.72kn/m2

Factored Bending moment and shear force:

Factored bending moment (Mu) =wul2/8

=13.724.682

=37.56kn-m

Factored shear force (Vu) = wl/2

=13.72 4.68

=32.10 kn-m

Minimum depth required:

Mu=0.138fckbd2

=0.1381000.1502


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d =116.6mm>Mu

Section is under reinforced

Tension reinforcement:

Mu=0.87fyAst[1-fyAst/fckbd]

Ast=622.63mm2

so provide Ast=620mm2

MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT =0.12% of gross area

0.12*1000*206=247.2mm2

Ast>Astmin

Hence it is ok.

Use 12mm dia bars and spacing of bars

Spacing:

S=ast/Ast100

S=181.64 mm

Maximum spacing

(i) 3*d=3*180=540mm

(ii)300mm whichever is less

Hence provide 12mm bars at180mm c/c.

Distribution reinforcement:

Ast=0.12% of given gross area

Ast=247.2mm2

Using 12mm diameter bars of 300 mm c/c.


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Check for deflection :

Pt=100 Ast/bd

P=0.345

fs=0.58415=240.7

modification factor =1.5

maximum permitted l/d ratio=1.520

=30

l/d provided=4500/180

=25


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lx=4.5+0.16=4.6m

ly=8.6+0.16=8.76m

ly/l

x=8.76/4.6=1.90.

LOADS:

Per unit area of slab:-

Self weight of the slab=0.2*25=5

Live load=3kn/m2

Floor finish=1kn/m

2

Total load=9kn/m2

Factored load wu=1.5x9=13.5kn/m2

DESIGN MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCE:-

x(+ve)=0.062 , y(-ve)=0.037,x(-ve)=0.082,y(+ve)=0.028

Mux(-ve)=0.082x13.5x4.62=23.42kn-m

Mux(+ve)=0.062x13.5x4.62=17.71kn-m

Muy(-ve)=0.037x13.5x4.62=10.56kn-m

Muy(+ve)=0.028x13.5x4.62=7.99kn-m

Vu=wul/2=13.5x4.6/2=31.05kn

MINIMUM DEPTH REQUIRED:

Mu=0.138xfckxbxd2

23.42x106=0.138x20x1000xd

2

d=92.11


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Hence provided depth is required

REINFORCEMENT:

Along x-direction

Mux=0.87xfyAstxd[1-(fyAst)/(fckbd)]

Asrt=430mm2

Using 12mm dia bars, spacing of bars

S=(ast/Ast)x1000

=( /4)xd

2

x1000/430

=263mm

Maximum spacing:

3xd=3x160=480mm

300mm whichever is less.

hence provide 12mm bars @260mmc/c

Along X-direction(+ve):

Mux=0.87 fyAstd[1-(fyAst)/fckbd)]

Ast=319.8mm2

Ast=320mm2

Using 12mm diameter bars, spacing of bars

S=(ast/Ast)x1000

=113.09x1000/320=350mm

Hence provide 12mm bars@350mm c/c.


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Maximum spacing:

3xd=3x160=480mm


ALONG Y-DIRECTIION:-

Muy(-ve)= 0.87 fyAstd[1-(fyAst)/fckbd)]

Ast=200mm2


S=(ast/Ast)x1000

=113.09x1000/200=565mm

Maximum spacing

3xd=3x148=444mm

300mm whichever is less

Hence provide12mm bars@560mm c/c.

Muy(-ve)= 0.87 fyAstd[1-(fyAst)/fckbd)]

Ast=150mm2


S=(ast/Ast)x1000

=113.09x1000/150=754mm

Maximum spacing

3xd=3x148=444mm


Hence provide12mm bars@560mm c/c.

REINFORCED IN EDGE STRIPS:


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Ast=0.12% of gross area

=0.12x1000x200=240mm2


S=(ast/Ast)x1000

=47.12

Maximum spacing

(i) 5xd=5x160=800mm

(ii) 450mm whichever is less.

Hence provide 12mm bars at 40mmc/c in edges

TORSION REINFORCEMENT:-

Two adjacent edges discontinuous, area of reinforcement of each layer,

At=3xAst/4=3x320/4=240mm2

Distance over which torsion reinforcement is to be provided.

Lx/5=4600/5=920mm

Using 8mm dia bars, spacing

S=(/4)xd2x1000/240=209.41mm;d=8

Hence provide 8mm of bars200c/c at corners where two adjacent edge

discontinuous.

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:

l/d ratio =20

% of steel at mid span

Pt=(ast/bd)x100=(/4)x122x100/150x160=0.47%

Percentage of steel=0.47%


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fs=0.58fy=0.58x415=240N/mm2

Modification factor=1.5[from is 456-2000]

Maximum permitted l/d ratio=1.5*20=30

l\d provide=4600/160=28.7

so 28.7


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Design of columns:columns

c1,c4,c29,c32 which

at the corners of

building for ground

floorGiven data.

Load =875.5

Factored load= 1313.25

Assuming 1% steel(Asc) 0.01 of Ag

Area of concrete= 0.99 Ag

Axially loaded short

column

Ag= 122733.6

Size of column= 350*400

Asc= 1227.336

provide 6 bars of 18 mm

dia.Asc provided= 1526.81

Ac=Ag-Asc= 121206.8

Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= 1349830

= 1349.830> 1313.25

lateral ties

diameter of lateral ties

should not be less than

=/4= 4.5Or 6

adopt 6 mm diapitch

least lateral dia 450

16* 288

consider 300 spacingprovide 6mm ties at 300


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Columns

c1,c4,c29,c32 first

floorData Given

Load = 788

Factored load= 1182


Area of concrete= 0.99 Ag

Axially loaded short

column

Ag= 100850.47Size of column= 300*450

Asc= 1008.5047provide 8 bars of 18mm

dia.

Asc provided= 2034.72

Ac=Ag-Asc= 98815.747

Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= 1297171.3

= 1297.171> 1182

lateral ties


should not be less than=/4= 4.5

Or 6

adopt 6 mm dia

pitch


16* 288provide 6mm ties at

300c/c


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Columns

c1,c4,c29,c32 second

floorData Given

Load = 709.2Factored load= 1063.8


Area of concrete= 0.99 AgAxially loaded short

column

Ag= 99420.56


Asc= 994.2056

provide 6 bars of 18mm

dia.


Ac=Ag-Asc= 97893.75


1163.32> 1063.8

lateral tiesdiameter of lateral tiesshould not be less than

/4= 4.5

Or 6

adopt 6 mm dia

pitch


16* 288

provide 6mm ties at

300c/c


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Columns

c5,c8,c9,c12,c13..

for ground floorData Given

Load = 690Factored load= 1035


Area of concrete= 0.99 AgAxially loaded short column

Ag= 96728.97


Asc= 967.2897provide 6 bars of 18mm dia.


Ac=Ag-Asc= 95202.16

Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= 11417931141.793> 1035

lateral ties


should not be less than/4= 4.5Or 6

adopt 6 mm dia

pitch


16*= 288

provide 6mm ties at

300c/c


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Columns

c5,c8,c9,c12,c13..

For first floorData Given

Load = 621Factored load= 931.5



Ag= 87056.07




Ac=Ag-Asc= 86038.71

Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= 941632.4941.632> 931.5

lateral ties



adopt 6 mm dia

pitch


16* 288

provide 6mm ties at

300c/c


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Columns

c5,c8,c9,c12,c13..

Second floorData Given




Ag= 78350.47



Asc provided 1017.36

Ac=Ag-Asc= 77333.11

Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= 871987.5871.987> 838.35

lateral ties



adopt 6 mm dia

pitch


16* 288

provide 6mm ties at

300c/c


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Columns

c2,c3,.c30,c31

Ground floorData Given




Ag= 100934.6




Ac=Ag-Asc= 99407.77

Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= 11754381175.438> 1080

lateral ties



adopt 6 mm dia

pitch


16*= 288

provide 6mm ties at

300c/c


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Columns

c2,c3,.c30,c31

First floorData Given




column

Ag= 90841.12


Asc= 908.4112

provide 6 bars of 18mm

dia.


Ac=Ag-Asc= 89314.31


1094.69> 972

lateral tiesdiameter of lateral tiesshould not be less than

/4= 4.5

Or 6

adopt 6 mm dia

pitch


16*= 288

provide 6mm ties at

300c/c


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Columns

c2,c3,.c30,c31

Second floorData Given




column

Ag= 81757.01


Asc= 817.5701

provide 4 bars of 18mm dia.

Asc provided 1017.36

Ac=Ag-Asc= 80739.65

Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= 899239.8

899.239> 874.8

lateral ties

diameter of lateral tiesshould not be less than/4= 4.5

Or 6

adopt 6 mm dia

pitch


16*= 288

provide 6mm ties at

300c/c


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Columns c23,c33..

Lift ground floorData GivenLoad = 850

Factored load= 1275Assuming 1% steel(Asc) 0.01 of Ag


column

Ag= 119158.9



dia.


Ac=Ag-Asc= 117632.1


1321.232> 1275

lateral ties

diameter of lateral tiesshould not be less than

/4= 4.5

Or 6

adopt 6 mm dia

pitchleast lateral dia 450

16* 288

provide 6mm ties at

300c/c


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Columns c23,c33..

Lift first floorData GivenLoad = 765

Factored load= 1147.5Assuming 1% steel(Asc) 0.01 of Ag


column

Ag= 107243



dia.


Ac=Ag-Asc= 105716.2


1225.905> 1147.5

lateral ties


/4= 4.5

Or 6

adopt 6 mm dia


16*= 288

provide 6mm ties at

300c/c


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Columns c23,c33..

Lift second floorData GivenLoad = 688.5

Factored load= 1032.75Assuming 1% steel(Asc) 0.01 of Ag


column

Ag= 96518.69



dia.


Ac=Ag-Asc= 94991.88


1140.11> 1032.75

lateral ties


/4= 4.5

Or 6

adopt 6 mm dia


16*= 288

provide 6mm ties at

300c/c


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DESIGN OF BEAMS:

B 21beam =A1=E4+G2

=((1.52+6.1)/2*3.05)+(1/2*6.1*3.05)

=11.62+9.3

=20.92 m2

Loads:

Dead load=20.92*0.15*25=78.45 KN

Live load=20.92*3=62.76 KN

Floor finish=20.92 KN

Self wt. of beam=0.3*0.5*6.1*25=22.875 KN

Total load(W1)=185 KN

Factored load (Wu)=1.5*185=277.5 KN

U.D.L=277.5/6.1

= 45.48KN/m

B 22area =F4+H2

=2.95 m2

Total load (W)=31.972 KN

Factored load (Wu)=1.5*31.972


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=47.958 KN

U.D.L =47.958/2.43=19.73 KN/m

In fixed beams :

MAB=-wl2/12=-45.49*6.1

2/12 =-141.05 KN.m

MBA=wl2/12=+141.05 KN.m

MBC=-wl2/12=-19.73*2.43

2/12 =-9.7 KN.m

MCB=+9.7 KN.m

Stiffness factor:

Joint B:KBA=4EI/L=0.65EI

KCB=4EI/2.43=1.64EI

KB=KBA+KCB=0.65EI+1.64EI

=2.29EI

Distribution factor:

KBA/KB=0.65EI/2.29EI= 0.28

KCB/KB=1.64EI/2.29EI =0.72


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A B B C

-141.05 141.05 -9.7 9.7

-36.78 -94.57

-18.39 -47.286

-159.44 104.27 -104.27 -37.586

MA=-159.44 KN.M

MB=104.27 KN.M

MC=37.586KN.M

Breadth= 300mm

Mid span of B 1:

MD=wl2/8=45.49*6.1

2/8=211.58*10

6N.mm

MD=0.87 fy Astd(1-fyAst/fck bd)

211.58*106=0.87*415*Ast*350(1-415*Ast/20*300*350)

Ast=2530.36 mm2

Mid span of B2:

MD=wl2/8=19.73*2.432/8 = 14.56*106N.mm

M D=0.87 fy Ast d(1-fyAst/fckbd )


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4.56*106=0.87*415*Ast*350(1-415*Ast/20*300*350)

Ast =117.96 mm2

Depth required:

Mu=0.138fck bd2

211.58*106=0.138*20*1000*d

2

d=6/0.138*20*1000d=276.87 mm

take d=350 mm

because small values not suitable check

overall depth required =350 mm

Reinforcement:

MA=0.87fyAstd(1-fyAst/fck bd)

159.44*106=0.87*415*Ast*350(1-415*Ast/20*300*350)

Ast=2400 mm2

MB= 0.87fyASTD(1-FYAST /FCKBD)

104.27=0.87*415*AST*350(1-415AST/20*300*350)

AST=1038 mm2

MC=0.87fyAstd(1-fyAst/fckbd)


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37.586*106=0.87*415*Ast*350(1-415Ast/20*300*350)

Ast=317.83 mm2

Provide 8 @20 mm bars

Hence Ast provided=2513. 2mm2

Check

Depth of neutral axis:

Xu=0.87fyAst/0.36fckbd=0.87*415*2513.2/0.36*20*300=420 mm

Xu1max=0.48d=0.48*350=168 mm

Xu>Xu1max

Hence the section is over reinforced section

Moment of resistance:

Mu=0.36fckbxumax(d-0.42xumax)

=0.36*20*300*168*(350-0.42*168)

=101.4*106N.mm

=101.4 KN.m

Design of shear reinforcement:

B =300 mm

D =350 mm


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Max S.F in beam =wl/2=45.49*6.1/2=138.7 KN

Nominal shear stress=

T v=Vu/bd=138.7*103/300*350

=1.32N/mm2

Percentage of tension steel:

P t=Ast/bd*100

=(2513.2/300*350)*100

=2.4%

From table 19 of IS 456-2000

Shear stress Tc=0.81N/mm2

Max shear stress in concrete from table 20

T cmax=2.8 N/mm2

Shear force (Vu)=138.7*103N

As Tv


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2. 300 mmHence provide 2 legged 8 mm stirrups @265 mm

Check for deflection:

E=200N/mm2

W =45.49 KN/m=0.04549 KN/mm

I xx=bd3/12=300*350

3/12

Y max =5wl4/384EI=5*0.04549*61004/384*350(300*3503/12)

=2.18 mm

Y per=span /325=6100/325=18.76 mm

Y max


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Design of foundation

: , , , Soil Pressure

Axial load =2372.7KN

Column= 350 400mmApproximate area of footing required=

= 5.2m5.2m = 27.04

Bending moment

Bending moment about x-x axis

Effective depth required is, BM

Adopt 560mm effective depth and 600mm overall depth. Increased depth is

taken due to shear considerations.

Area of tension steel is given by BM ( )

Shear one-way action


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( )

Shear two-way action

Nominal Shear stress

Shear strength of M20 concrete

Development of reinforcement

Development length for 10mm bars

1.6 is factor due to deformed bars

Actual embedment provided from face of the column is


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Load transfer from column to footing

Nominal bearing stress in the column concrete

Allowable bearing stress= To carry excess load

Provide 5-20mm bars as dowels, The stress in 20 mm dowelsmust be developed above and below the junction of column and footing.

for compression =

The available vertical length for anchorage is= 600-35(clear cover)-210(footing bars)-20(dowel)

=525mm 695mmLet us provide smaller diameter bars as dowels so that the available vertical

length in the footing is sufficient for anchorage. Use 16 mm bars as dowels.

Development length = 34.75 16 = 560mmProvide 816 mm bars,


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Design of foundation: Soil Pressure

Axial load =1951 KNColumn= 350300

Approximate area of footing required=

= 4.5m4.5m = 20.25

Bending moment Bending moment about x-x axis

Effective depth required is, BM



Area of tension steel is given by BM (

)


( )


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1.6 is factor due to deformed bars Actual embedment provided from face of the column is




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Allowable bearing stress=

To carry excess load


for compression =

The available vertical length for anchorage is= 600-35(clear cover)-210(footing bars)-20(dowel)=525mm 695mm

Let us provide smaller diameter bars as dowels so that the available vertical


Development length = 34.75

16 = 560mm

Provide 816 mm bars,


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Design of foundation: , Soil Pressure

Axial load =2303KNColumn= 350300Approximate area of footing required=

= 5.2m5.2m = 27.04

Bending moment Bending moment about x-x axis



Area of tension steel is given by BM ( )


( )


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for compression =

The available vertical length for anchorage is

= 600-35(clear cover)-2

10(footing bars)-20(dowel)





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Design of foundation

: , , , Soil Pressure

Axial load =1869.9 KN

Column= 300350

Approximate area of footing required=

= 4.5m4.5m = 20.25

Bending moment

Bending moment about x-x axis

Effective depth required is, BM Adopt 560mm effective depth and 600mm overall depth. Increased depth is


Area of tension steel is given by BM

( )



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( )









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for compression =

The available vertical length for anchorage is= 600-35(clear cover)-210(footing bars)-20(dowel)





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SYNOPSIS:

o The hospital building is planned in a proper way so that it satisfies all thebasic requirements as given above. Sanitation ,ventilation etc are to be

considered while planning various departments of hospital.

o Soil is tested before constructing the hospital building on it so that it willavail whether it is suitable for building construction or not.

o Now coming to design part, Design of slabs,beams,columns,footings are carried out for proper

existence of the building in feature without any failure or collapse.

Design considerations are taken and respective components are designedaccordingly

Dimensions of beams columns and the reinforcement needed for eachcomponent are done to accurate extent.

Materials used for construction like cement ,sand,aggregate in particularquantities are taken.


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REFERENCES

Is 456-2000 Interent browsing-google search Websites like FGI( facility guidelines institute) ; WBDG(whole building

design guide).

Standard text books like cm&m by B.C.Punmia,Rangwala;structures byA.K.Jain ;Rangwala

Project Literature

Documents

Transcript of Project Literature