Proiect Engleza Raja

7/31/2019 Proiect Engleza Raja

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S.C RAJA S.A. CONSTANTA

- WATER DELIVERY SERVICES -

onoiu Catalina

AAI anul II


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S.C. RAJA S.A CONSTANTA

water delivery services -

In economics, a service is an intangible commodity. More specifically, services are an

intangible equivalent of economic goods.

Service provision is often an economic activity where the buyer does not generally,

except by exclusive contract, obtain exclusive ownership of the thing purchased. The benefits of

such a service, if priced, are held to be self-evident in the buyer's willingness to pay for it. Public

services are those society as a whole pays for through taxes and other means.

By composing and orchestrating the appropriate level of resources, skill, ingenuity, and

experience for effecting specific benefits for service consumers, service providers participate in

an economy without the restrictions of carrying stock (inventory) or the need to concern

themselves with bulky raw materials. On the other hand, their investment in expertise does

require consistent service marketing and upgrading in the face of competition which has equally

few physical restrictions. Many so-called services, however, require large physical structures and

equipment, and consume large amounts of resources, such as transportation services and the

military.

Providers of services make up the tertiary sector of the economy.

Services can be paraphrased in terms of their generic key characteristics .

1. Intangibility

Services are intangible and insubstantial: they cannot be touched, gripped, handled, looked at,

smelled, tasted or heard. Thus, there is neither potential nor need for transport, storage or

stocking of services. Furthermore, a service cannot be (re)sold or owned by somebody, neither

can it be turned over from the service provider to the service consumer nor returned from the

service consumer to the service provider.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_%28economics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ownershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenuityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_assethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insubstantial&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insubstantial&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_assethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenuityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ownershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_%28economics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics


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2. Perishability

Services are perishable in two regards:

The service relevant resources, processes and systems are assigned for service deliveryduring a definite period in time

When the service has been completely rendered to the requesting service consumer, this

particular service irreversibly vanishes as it has been consumed by the service consumer.

3. Inseparability

The service provider is indispensable for service delivery as he must promptly generate and

render the service to the requesting service consumer. In many cases the service delivery isexecuted automatically but the service provider must preparatorily assign resources and systems

and actively keep up appropriate service delivery readiness and capabilities. Additionally, the

service consumer is inseparable from service delivery because he is involved in it from

requesting it up to consuming the rendered benefits. Examples: The service consumer must sit in

the hair dresser's shop & chair or in the plane & seat; correspondingly, the hair dresser or the

pilot must be in the same shop or plane, respectively, for delivering the service.

4. Simultaneity

Services are rendered and consumed during the same period of time. As soon as the service

consumer has requested the service (delivery), the particular service must be generated from

scratch without any delay and friction and the service consumer instantaneously consumes the

rendered benefits for executing his upcoming activity or task.

5. Variability

Each service is unique. It is one-time generated, rendered and consumed and can never be

exactly repeated as the point in time, location, circumstances, conditions, current configurations

and/or assigned resources are different for the next delivery, even if the same service consumer

requests the same service. Many services are regarded as heterogeneous or lacking homogeneity

and are typically modified for each service consumer or each new situation (consumerised).
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Service_consumer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Service_consumer&action=edit&redlink=1


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The generic clear-cut and complete, concise and consistent definition of the service term reads

as follows:

A service is a set of one time consumable and perishable benefits

delivered from the accountable service provider, mostly in close coaction with his

internal and external service suppliers,

effectuated by distinct functions of technical systems and by distinct activities of

individuals, respectively,

commissioned according to the needs of his service consumers by the service customer

from the accountable service provider,

rendered individually to an authorized service consumer at his/her dedicated trigger,

and, finally, consumed and utilized by the trigg

The delivery of a service typically involves six factors:

The accountable service provider and his service suppliers (e.g. the people)

Equipment used to provide the service (e.g. vehicles, cash registers, technical systems,

computer systems)

The physical facilities (e.g. buildings, parking, waiting rooms)

The requesting service consumer

Other customers at the service delivery location

Customer contact

The following is an incomplete list of service industries , grouped into rough sectors.

business functions (that apply to all organizations in general)

o consulting

o customer service

o human resources administrators

childcare

cleaning, repair and maintenance services

construction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_consultinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childcarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanlinesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance,_repair_and_operationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance,_repair_and_operationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanlinesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childcarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_consulting


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dispute resolution and prevention services

o courts of law

o incarceration (provides the service of keeping criminals out of society)

o law enforcement (provides the service of identifying and apprehending criminals)

o lawyers (who perform the services of advocacy and decisionmaking in many

dispute resolution and prevention processes)

o military (performs the service of protecting states in disputes with other states)

education (institutions offering the services of teaching and access to information)

entertainment (when provided live or within a highly specialized facility)

o gambling

o movie theatres (providing the service of showing a movie on a big screen)

o sport

o television

financial services

o accountancy

o banks and building societies

foodservice industry

personal grooming

health care (all health care professions provide services) risk management

o insurance

o security

transport

Public utility

o electric power

o natural gas

o telecommunications

o waste management

o water industry
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_resolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarcerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamblinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodservicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_groominghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_groominghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodservicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamblinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarcerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_resolution


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The water industry

The water industry provides drinking water and wastewater services (including sewage

treatment) to residential, commercial, and industrial sectors of the economy. The modern water

industry operates sophisticated and costly water and wastewater networks and sewage treatment

plants. It is generally a natural monopoly, and as a result is usually run as a public service by a

public utility which is owned by local or national government. In some countries as France, the

UK and Czech Republic, the water industry is regulated but services are largely operated by

private companies with exclusive rights for a limited period and a well-defined geographical

space.

In Constanta the water services are operated by S.C.RAJA S.A Constanta. The company

is owened by 33 local councils, such as: Tuzla, Costinesti, 23 August, Mihail Kogalniceanu,

Mangalia, Constanta, Lumina, Cumpana, Navodari.

Whatever the ownership structure, water quality standards and environmental standards

relating to wastewater are usually set by national bodies. For countries within the European

Union, water-related directives are important for water resource management and environmental

and water quality standards. Key directives include the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive

1992 (requiring most towns and cities to treat their wastewater to specified standards), and the

Water Framework Directive 2000.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monopolyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_Wastewater_Treatment_Directive&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Framework_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Framework_Directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_Wastewater_Treatment_Directive&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_directivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monopolyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water


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assistance to contribute to the preparation for accession to the European Union of the following

applicant countries: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,

Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia (referred to as beneficiary countries), in the area of

economic and social cohesion, concerning environment and transport policies []".

ISPA finances investment projects in :

- Environmental infrastructure, enabling Candidate Countries to comply with the

requirements of Community environmental legislation and with the objectives of the Accession

Partnerships;

- And transport infrastructure, promoting sustainable mobility, and in particular those

projects, which constitute a common interest for the Community.

Regarding the environment, ISPA applies to the following domains: the water reserve,cleaning used water and air pollution.

So S.C. RAJA S.A. with the help from EU can now change the infrastructure, replace old

technology with new one and improve water quality.

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