Progressivism: The Search for Order
-
Upload
nasim-barron -
Category
Documents
-
view
23 -
download
2
description
Transcript of Progressivism: The Search for Order
![Page 1: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PROGRESSIVISM: THE SEARCH FOR ORDER
![Page 2: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
WHO WERE THE PROGRESSIVES?
• Broadly defined: a collection of people who strove to bring about change in American social, political, economic life. • In general Progressives are reacting to “bigness”
in American society—want to preserve individual freedoms.
![Page 3: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
CITIES
• Progressivism is generally centered in urban spaces. While artists become preoccupied with cityscapes, and urban life, there still exists massive inequality even as the city came to symbolize modernity.• “Muckraking” journalists such as Lincoln Steffens,
Ida Tarbell, and Upton Sinclair capture the corruption of party bosses, the corporate greed of Standard Oil, and unsanitary conditions of slaughterhouses in Chicago.
![Page 4: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
MULBERRY STREET, NYC. CIRCA 1900
![Page 5: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
VANDERBILT MANSION, FIFTH AVE.
![Page 6: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
IMMIGRATION
• Between 1901-14, about 13 million immigrants came to America from Italy, Russia, and Austria-Hungary. Many of these immigrants are motivated by “push” factors in their own country, and “pull” factors in America. Many (Irish/Mexican) want to make enough money to acquire land back home.• Asian and Mexican immigrants flood into the
Western U.S.
![Page 8: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
COMING TO AMERICA
• By 1910 1/7 Americans was foreign born• Formed ethnic neighborhoods in urban centers
like Germans in Milwaukee, Jewish in NY. Many see the US as a land of economic/religious/legal opportunity, and relied on friends/relatives to make that happen. Immigration is a carefully considered and planned venture.
![Page 9: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
CONSUMERS
• In Progressive Era, the growth of department stores, mail order catalogues, chain stores make mass consumption (the ability to afford and enjoy luxury goods) central to American freedom.• Leisure also part of consumption: amusement
parks, dance halls, and theaters attract large crowds.• Ability to consume is limited by wage inequality
and income distribution. Desire for consumer goods sparks workers to join unions, fight for higher wages.
![Page 10: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
MS. INDEPENDENT
• Native-born white women see the number of jobs available to them expand. By 1920, 25% of employed women were office workers or telephone operators.
• Working woman becomes a symbol of female emancipation. Earning money independently, they participate in a consumer society. They still face wage discrimination/exclusion form many jobs
• Desire to work, be “American” causes tension in immigrant families. Daughters resist curfews, spend part of their wages of clothing, makeup, leisure.
![Page 11: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
HENRY FORD’S EXPEDITION
• 1905 founds Ford Motor Company, introduces the Model T in 1908.• Ford concentrates on standardizing output and
lower prices (more cars, more cheaply, for more people). In 1913 his factory in Michigan adopts the moving assembly line.• Although Ford pays his workers well ($5/day),
conditions in his plant were poor and the work was monotonous.• In 1910 Ford’s cost $700 each, in 1916, it was
$316
![Page 12: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
INDUSTRIAL WORKERS
• As large auto, electrical, steel companies seek greater control over production with scientific management, many white collar workers (corporate managers, salespeople) complain of the loss of autonomy. The greater number of these workers also undermined personal freedom in that these were workers who used to operate their own business.• This helps lead to idea of industrial freedom; was
believed to be at heart of labor troubles.
![Page 15: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
SOCIALISTS
• Founded in 1901, the party calls for reforms like free college, improvement in working conditions, and control over the econonmy through public ownership of RR’s and factories.• By 1912 Socialist Party had 150,000 members
and flourished in immigrant communities like the Lower East Side, and Milwaukee.
![Page 16: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
EUGENE DEBS
• For two decades, Debs spoke all across the country for “political equality and economic freedom,” as he led the Socialist movement in the United States.• In 1912 he receives 900,000 votes for President,
and the socialist paper The Appeal to Reason has the highest circulation of any weekly in the country at 700,000.
![Page 17: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
AFL AND IWW
• By 1904, AFL membership had risen to 1.4 million. At the same time, under Samuel Gompers, the AFL joined the National Civic Federation, with business leaders like George Perkins and Mark Hanna, which accepted the right to collectively bargain for “responsible” unions.
• In 1905, a rejection of the AFL’s representation of all white, skilled, native born workers leads to the formation of the International Workers of the World. The IWW wanted to organize ALL workers excluded from the AFL: immigrants, agricultural workers, women, blacks, etc.
![Page 18: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
STRIKE ONE
• The IWW was often called into run strikes of immigrant workers who demand to collectively bargain. In 1912, workers in the wool mills in Lawrence MA, called in the IWW after workers went on strike to protest pay cuts. The IWW organized the workers and engineered the successful realization of their demands
![Page 19: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
LUDLOW
• Not all strikes (or even most) had the success of Lawrence. In Sept. 1913, workers from the Rockefeller owned Colorado Fuel Iron Company demanded recognition of the UMW, wage increases, an 8hr workday, and the right to shop and live in non-company own places.• Evicted from their housing, workers move into
tent colonies, which armed militia attack and burn on April 20th, 1914. Killing 30 men, women, and children.
![Page 21: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
FREE SPEECH
• Struggles like Ludlow put free speech at the center of public discourse.• IWW speakers, attempting to Unionize the west,
are often arrested or jailed for addressing crowds. • State courts regularly issue injunctions prohibiting
these workers from speaking.• IWW would send hundreds of speakers to one
locale, forcing local officials to arrest them all and become overwhelmed.
![Page 22: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
FEMINISM
• A word first used in the Progressive Era, it came to mean a merged call for suffrage, economic opportunity, and greater sexual freedom. • Free sexual expression and reproductive choice
become central elements of women’s liberation.
![Page 23: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
BIRTH CONTROL
• Women’s presence in the labor market strengthen demands for birth control. The right to control one’s body comes to mean enjoying an active sex life without bearing children.• Emma Goldman and Margaret Sanger were two
women who braved arrest, abuse, and condemnation for lecturing/educating women about their right to sexual freedom in speech and print.
![Page 25: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ATLANTIC CROSSINGS
• The Progressive Era is really a transnational dialogue about reform going on in countries across the world. • Britain, France, and Germany all create pension
systems, minimum wage laws, unemployment insurance, and regulate workplace safety during this time.• In the US this prompts discussion of what type of
government would be necessary to implement these types of reforms
![Page 26: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ACTIVIST STATE
• Progressives reject notion that powerful government threatened individual liberty. Only the government had the power to intervene in public/private life for greater good.
• Most reforms take place at state/local level and are aimed at political bosses, natural monopolies like gas and water works. Progressives want to increase taxes in to order to improve schools, parks, etc.
• Most influential state gov. Robert Lafollette of Wisconsin. In his “Wisconsin Idea” Lafollette implemented the nomination of candidates through primaries, taxation of corporate wealth, and regulation of railroads and utilities.
![Page 27: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
PROGRESSIVE DEMOCRACY…?
• Progressives have no one coherent program, partially as a result, they expand and contract freedom in contradictory ways.• 17th Amendment: direct election of Senators.• Suffrage for women (19th Amendment).• Localities replace mayors w/non-partisan
commissioners or city managers. This negates political machines, but is a further degree from popular control.• New literacy tests/registration reqs limit right to
vote among poor and immigrants.
![Page 28: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
JANE ADDAMS
• Founds Hull House in Chicago in 1889 as a “settlement house” dedicated to improving the lives of poor immigrant women.• By 1910, more than 400 homes had been
established nationwide. They ran schools, employment bureaus and health clinics.• Quickly learn that legislation is required for
dealing with housing, income, and health inequalities.
![Page 29: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
SUFFRAGE
• After 1900, campaign for women’s suffrage begins to become a larger movement.• National American Women’s Suffrage Association
membership booms, and campaigns have success in places like Wyoming Colorado Idaho and Utah. These campaigns combine militancy, publicity, and advertising.• These campaigns are costly, and increasingly the
focus shifts to the national level.
![Page 30: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
TEDDY
• Increasingly, the political question of the day becomes how can the US achieve Jeffersonian ends with Hamiltonian means. Self determination and individual freedom through government intervention in the economy.• Roosevelt is the first president to fully grapple
with this question; he becomes President after McKinley is assassinated in 1901. Roosevelt was a proponent of the “strenuous life” of manly adventure and daring. In many ways he becomes a model for the 20th century activist president.
![Page 32: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
THE SQUARE DEAL
• Seeks to address problems of economic consolidation by distinguishing between good and bad corporations.• Perhaps TR’s most famous example was his
prosecution of the Northern Securities Company. This was a holding company used by JP Morgan that monopolized rail transport between the Great Lakes and the Pacific. In 1904, the Supreme Court ordered Northern Securities dissolved.
![Page 34: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
SQUARE DEAL, PART II
• Roosevelt also believed the president should help settle labor disputes. In 1902, he brought union leaders and managers to the White House when a strike paralyzed the coal industry. Roosevelt appointed a special commission to help settle the strike.• After winning re-election in 1904, Roosevelt
helped strengthen the ICC, helping pass the Hepburn Act in 1906. This gave the ICC power to set railroad rates, and key step in establishing federal regulatory power.
![Page 35: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
TAFT
• William H. Taft was TR’s hand picked successor in 1908, defeating William Jennings Bryan. Pursuing antitrust policy vigorously, Taft influenced the Supreme Court in 1911 to declare Standard Oil in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act, and ordered it broken up into several companies.
• This case, along with the prosecution of American Tobacco Company, allowed for a rule of reason in antitrust policy, going after bad companies for stifling competition. Taft also supported the 16th Amendment, which implemented a graduated income tax, providing the government with a reliable and flexible revenue source.
![Page 36: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
1912 ELECTION
• Taft tended to ally with the conservative wing of the Republican party, and alienated some of the Progressives, including TR. After Roosevelt failed to wrest the Rep. nomination from Taft, he launched a third party called the Progressive, or Bull-Moose Party. Both faced challenges from Democrat Woodrow Wilson and (to much lesser degree) Socialist Eugene V. Debs.
![Page 37: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
WILSON VS. TR
• the fight between Roosevelt and Wilson over the federal government’s role in the economy captivated most voters in 1912.
• Wilson argued that government had to be independent of big business and restore market competition without creating “big” government. His program, the New Freedom, involved strengthening antitrust, protecting workers rights to organize unions, and encouraging small business. Roosevelt’s program, the New Nationalism, accepted bigness and the need for strong government regulation to check its abuses. Roosevelt proposed heavy personal and corporate taxes and federal regulation of industries such as rail, mining, and oil.
![Page 38: Progressivism: The Search for Order](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062717/56812ae5550346895d8ecc21/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
WILSON
• The split in the Republican Party gave Wilson a resounding victory. With Democrats controlling Congress, Wilson passed the Underwood Tariff, which reduced duties on imports but made up for them with a graduated income tax on the wealthy. The Clayton Act of 1914 exempted unions from antitrust laws and barred courts from issuing injunctions that limited workers’ right to strike.
• Wilson pushed Congress to create the Federal Reserve System in 1913, which gave government-regulated banks the ability to issue currency, help failing banks, and influence interest rates. In 1914, Congress, at Wilson’s urging, also created the Federal Trade Commission, tasked with investigating and prosecuting “unfair” business activity such as price-fixing and monopoly.