THE THE PROGRESSIVE PROGRESSIVE

ERAERAAMERICA SEEKS REFORMS AMERICA SEEKS REFORMS

IN THE EARLY 20IN THE EARLY 20THTH CENTURY CENTURY

ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISMORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISM Work conditions, rights Work conditions, rights

for women and for women and children, economic children, economic reform, reform, environmental environmental issuesissues and social and social welfare were a few of welfare were a few of the issues. the issues.

Influenced by the Social Influenced by the Social Gospel movement and Gospel movement and the Populist movement. the Populist movement.

The Progressive The Progressive movement eventually movement eventually impacted all levels of impacted all levels of government.government.

FOUR GOALS OF REFORMERSFOUR GOALS OF REFORMERS 1) Protect the 1) Protect the Social WelfareSocial Welfare

(governmental provision of economic (governmental provision of economic assistance to persons in need)assistance to persons in need)

2) Promote 2) Promote Moral Improvement Moral Improvement (changes in (changes in character)character)

3) Create 3) Create Economic Reform Economic Reform (government (government change in policies toward businesses)change in policies toward businesses)

4) Foster 4) Foster Efficiency Efficiency (the effective use of (the effective use of resources)resources)

1. PROTECT SOCIAL WELFARE1. PROTECT SOCIAL WELFARE

Industrialization was Industrialization was unregulated.unregulated.

Employers felt little Employers felt little responsibility toward their responsibility toward their workers.workers.

Settlement houses and churches Settlement houses and churches served the community (example: served the community (example: Hull House, founded by Jane Hull House, founded by Jane Addams) Addams)

The The YMCAYMCA and Salvation Army and Salvation Army took on service rolestook on service roles

2. PROMOTE MORAL DEVELOPMENT2. PROMOTE MORAL DEVELOPMENT Some reformers felt that Some reformers felt that

the answer to societies the answer to societies problems was personal problems was personal behavior.behavior.

Proposed such reforms as Proposed such reforms as prohibitionprohibition

Groups wishing to ban Groups wishing to ban alcohol included the alcohol included the Woman’s Christian Woman’s Christian Temperance UnionTemperance Union (WCTU). (WCTU).

3. 3. CREATECREATE ECONOMIC REFORMECONOMIC REFORM

The Panic of 1893 prompted The Panic of 1893 prompted some Americans to question some Americans to question the capitalist economic system.the capitalist economic system.

Some workers embraced Some workers embraced socialism.socialism.

Eugene DebsEugene Debs organized the organized the American Socialist Party in American Socialist Party in 1901.1901.

Debs encouraged workers to reject

American Capitalism

MUCKRAKERS CRITICIZE BIG MUCKRAKERS CRITICIZE BIG BUSINESSBUSINESS

Journalists known as “Muckrakers” Journalists known as “Muckrakers” exposed corruption in business. exposed corruption in business. MuckrakerMuckraker is a name that was first is a name that was first given to American writers in the early given to American writers in the early 20th century who exposed corruption 20th century who exposed corruption and scandals in business and politics. and scandals in business and politics.

Ida TarbellIda Tarbell exposed Standard Oil exposed Standard Oil Company’s for it’s questionable Company’s for it’s questionable methods of eliminating competition.methods of eliminating competition.

Lincoln SteffensLincoln Steffens wrote and wrote and photographed living conditions in photographed living conditions in slums in the late 1800s and early slums in the late 1800s and early 1900’s.1900’s.

Increased numbers of magazines, Increased numbers of magazines, newspapers, and books coupled, as newspapers, and books coupled, as well as a more literate population, well as a more literate population, increased the impact muckrakers had increased the impact muckrakers had on society.on society.

Ida Tarbell

Some view Michael Moore

as a modern muckraker

4. FOSTERING EFFICIENCY4. FOSTERING EFFICIENCY

Many Progressive leaders put Many Progressive leaders put their faith in scientific principles their faith in scientific principles to make society better.to make society better.

In industry, Frederick Taylor In industry, Frederick Taylor began using time & motion began using time & motion studies to improve factory studies to improve factory efficiency.efficiency.

Taylorism became an Industry Taylorism became an Industry fad as factories sought to fad as factories sought to complete each task quickly. complete each task quickly.

CLEANING UP LOCAL GOVERNMENTCLEANING UP LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Efforts at reforming Efforts at reforming local governmentlocal government stemmed from the stemmed from the desire to make desire to make government more government more efficient and efficient and responsive to responsive to citizens.citizens.

Some wanted to limit Some wanted to limit immigrants influence immigrants influence in local governments.in local governments.

REGULATING BIG BUSINESSREGULATING BIG BUSINESS

Under the progressive Under the progressive Republican leadership Republican leadership of of Robert La Follette,Robert La Follette, Wisconsin led the way Wisconsin led the way in regulating big in regulating big business. business.

Known as the Known as the “Wisconsin Idea.”“Wisconsin Idea.”

Robert La Follette

PROTECTING WORKING CHILDRENPROTECTING WORKING CHILDREN As the number As the number

of child workers of child workers rose, reformers rose, reformers worked to end worked to end child labor.child labor.

Children were Children were more prone to more prone to accidents accidents caused by caused by fatigue.fatigue.

Nearly every Nearly every state limited or state limited or banned child banned child labor by 1918.labor by 1918.

EFFORTS TO LIMIT HOURSEFFORTS TO LIMIT HOURS The Supreme Court The Supreme Court

and the states and the states enacted or enacted or strengthened laws strengthened laws reducing women’s reducing women’s hours of work.hours of work.

Progressives also Progressives also succeeded in winning succeeded in winning worker’s worker’s compensationcompensation to aid to aid families of injured families of injured workers.workers.

Political Machines were a ProblemPolitical Machines were a Problem

Political Machines (Political Machines (a a group that controls group that controls the activities of a the activities of a political partypolitical party) ) controlled a large controlled a large number of immigrant number of immigrant voters by:voters by:

1.1. Providing them with Providing them with housing when they housing when they came to the city.came to the city.

2.2. Helping them find food Helping them find food and obtain jobs.and obtain jobs.

3.3. Giving them financial Giving them financial aid at special holidays.aid at special holidays.

ELECTION REFORMELECTION REFORM

Election reform-the purpose was to remove the influence of political machines.

Progressives were successful in getting: secret ballots, referendum votes, and the recall (the act of removing an official by petition).

Citizens could petition and get initiatives (signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters to force a public vote) ) on the ballot.

Direct primaries would allow voters to choose the candidate who would run in the general election.

In 1899, Minnesota passed the first statewide primary system.

DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORSDIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS Before 1913, Before 1913,

each state each state legislature had legislature had to chose its own to chose its own U.S. senators.U.S. senators.

Progressives Progressives pushed for the pushed for the popular election popular election of senators.of senators.

As a result, As a result, Congress Congress passed the passed the 1717thth AmendmentAmendment (1913(1913).).

SECTION 2: WOMEN IN PUBLIC LIFESECTION 2: WOMEN IN PUBLIC LIFE

Before the Civil War, Before the Civil War, American women American women were expected to were expected to devote their time to devote their time to home and family.home and family.

By the late 19By the late 19thth and and early 20early 20thth century, century, women were visible women were visible in the workforce.in the workforce.

DOMESTIC WORKERSDOMESTIC WORKERS Before the turn-Before the turn-

of-the-century, of-the-century, women without women without formal education formal education contributed to contributed to the economic the economic welfare of their welfare of their families by doing families by doing domestic work.domestic work.

70% of women 70% of women employed in 1870 employed in 1870 were servants.were servants.

WOMEN IN THE WORK FORCEWOMEN IN THE WORK FORCE Opportunities for Opportunities for

women women increased increased especially in the especially in the cities.cities.

By 1900, 1-out-By 1900, 1-out-of-5 women of-5 women worked.worked.

The The garment garment tradetrade was was popular. Some popular. Some women also women also worked in worked in offices, offices, department department stores and stores and classrooms.classrooms.

WOMEN LEAD REFORMWOMEN LEAD REFORM

Many of the leading Many of the leading progressive progressive reformers were reformers were women.women.

Middle and upper Middle and upper class women also class women also entered the public entered the public sphere as reformers.sphere as reformers.

Many of these Many of these women had women had graduated from new graduated from new women’s colleges.women’s colleges.

Colleges like Vassar and Smith allowed women to excel

THREE-PART STRATEGY FOR THREE-PART STRATEGY FOR WINNING SUFFRAGEWINNING SUFFRAGE

Suffragists tried Suffragists tried three three approaches to approaches to winning the votewinning the vote 1) Convince 1) Convince

state state legislatures to legislatures to adopt vote adopt vote (Succeeded in (Succeeded in Wyoming, Utah, Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, Colorado).Idaho, Colorado).

2) Pursue court 2) Pursue court cases to test 14cases to test 14thth Amendment.Amendment.

3) Push for 3) Push for national national constitutional constitutional Amendment.Amendment.

ROOSEVELT AND THE ROUGH ROOSEVELT AND THE ROUGH RIDERSRIDERS

Roosevelt grabbed Roosevelt grabbed national attention by national attention by advocating war with advocating war with Spain in 1898.Spain in 1898.

His volunteer cavalry His volunteer cavalry brigade, brigade, the Rough the Rough Riders,Riders, won public won public acclaim for its role in the acclaim for its role in the battle at San Juan Hill in battle at San Juan Hill in Cuba.Cuba.

Roosevelt returned a hero Roosevelt returned a hero and was soon elected and was soon elected governor of NY and later governor of NY and later McKinley’s vice-president.McKinley’s vice-president.

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S SQUARE TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S SQUARE DEALDEAL

President William President William McKinley was McKinley was assassinated 6 assassinated 6 months into his months into his second term.second term.

Theodore “Teddy” Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt became Roosevelt became the nations 26the nations 26thth president.president.McKinley was assassinated by an

anarchist in Buffalo in September of 1901.

THE MODERN PRESIDENTTHE MODERN PRESIDENT Became the youngest president Became the youngest president

ever, at age 42, when he ever, at age 42, when he became the President in 1901. became the President in 1901.

Established himself as a Established himself as a modern president who could who could influence the media and shape influence the media and shape legislation.legislation.

His “His “Square DealSquare Deal” was a ” was a domestic program that domestic program that targeted the middle class. He targeted the middle class. He attacked trusts, while attacked trusts, while protecting business from protecting business from unorganized labor. unorganized labor.

TRUSTBUSTINGTRUSTBUSTING By 1900, By 1900, Trusts Trusts – –

legal bodies created legal bodies created to hold stock in to hold stock in many companies – many companies – controlled 80% of controlled 80% of U.S. industriesU.S. industries . .

Roosevelt filed 44 Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits antitrust suits under the under the Sherman Sherman Antitrust ActAntitrust Act..

The Railroad The Railroad industry regulated industry regulated by the government by the government in both the in both the Elkins Elkins ActAct and the and the Hepburn ActHepburn Act..

1902: The Anthracite Coal Strike1902: The Anthracite Coal Strike In 1902, 140,000 In 1902, 140,000

coal minerscoal miners in in Pennsylvania went Pennsylvania went on strike for:on strike for:1.1. increased wagesincreased wages2.2. a 9-hour work daya 9-hour work day3.3. the right to unionizethe right to unionize

Mine owners Mine owners refused to bargain.refused to bargain.

Roosevelt called in Roosevelt called in both sides and both sides and settled the dispute.settled the dispute.

After that, when a After that, when a strike threatened strike threatened public welfare, the public welfare, the federal government federal government was expected to was expected to step in and help.step in and help.

““THE JUNGLE”THE JUNGLE” LEADS TO FOOD LEADS TO FOOD REGULATIONREGULATION

The Jungle, by Upton by Upton Sinclair, highlighted Sinclair, highlighted all of the unclean all of the unclean and/or unsafe and/or unsafe practices of the meat practices of the meat packaging industry.packaging industry.

Roosevelt pushed for Roosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat passage of the Meat Inspection Act of Inspection Act of 1906.1906.

The Act mandated The Act mandated cleaner conditions cleaner conditions for meatpacking for meatpacking plants.plants.

PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACTPURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT In response to In response to

unregulated unregulated claims and claims and unhealthy unhealthy products, products, Congress passed Congress passed the the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. in 1906.

The Act stopped The Act stopped the sale of the sale of contaminated contaminated foods and foods and medicines. It also medicines. It also called for truth in called for truth in labeling.labeling.

Created the Food Created the Food and Drug and Drug Administration Administration (FDA).(FDA).

The Pure Food and Drug Act took medicines with cocaine and other harmful ingredients

off the market.

ROOSEVELT AND THE ROOSEVELT AND THE ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

Before Roosevelt’s Before Roosevelt’s presidency, the federal presidency, the federal government paid very government paid very little attention to the little attention to the nation’s natural nation’s natural resources.resources.

Roosevelt made Roosevelt made conservation a primary conservation a primary concern of his concern of his administration.administration.

Roosevelt, left, was an avid outdoorsman – here he is with author John Muir at Yosemite Park.

ROOSEVELT’S ENVIROMENTAL ROOSEVELT’S ENVIROMENTAL ACCOMPLISHMENTSACCOMPLISHMENTS

Roosevelt set Roosevelt set aside 148 aside 148 million acres of million acres of forest reserves.forest reserves.

He also set He also set aside 1.5 million aside 1.5 million acres of water-acres of water-power sites.power sites.

He established He established 50 wildlife 50 wildlife sanctuaries and sanctuaries and several several national national parks.parks.

Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

ROOSEVELT AND CIVIL RIGHTSROOSEVELT AND CIVIL RIGHTS

Roosevelt failed Roosevelt failed to support Civil to support Civil Rights for Rights for African African Americans.Americans.

He did, however, He did, however, support a few support a few individuals such individuals such as as Booker T. Booker T. WashingtonWashington..

NAACP FORMED TO PROMOTE NAACP FORMED TO PROMOTE RIGHTSRIGHTS

In 1909, a number of In 1909, a number of African Americans and African Americans and prominent white prominent white reformers formed the reformers formed the National Association for National Association for the Advancement of the Advancement of Colored People.Colored People.

The The NAACPNAACP had 6,000 had 6,000 members by 1914. members by 1914.

The goal of the The goal of the organization was full organization was full equality among the races.equality among the races.

The means to achieve this The means to achieve this was through the court was through the court system.system.

1964 Application

PROGRESSIVISM UNDER PRESIDENT PROGRESSIVISM UNDER PRESIDENT TAFTTAFT

Republican William Republican William Howard TaftHoward Taft defeated defeated Democrat William Democrat William Jennings Bryan to win Jennings Bryan to win the 1908 presidential the 1908 presidential election.election.

Among his Among his accomplishments, Taft accomplishments, Taft “busted” 90 trusts “busted” 90 trusts during his 4 years in during his 4 years in office.office.

Taft, right, was Roosevelt’s War Secretary

TAFT LOSES POWERTAFT LOSES POWER

Taft was not Taft was not popular with the popular with the American public nor American public nor reform minded reform minded RepublicansRepublicans

By 1910, Democrats By 1910, Democrats had regained had regained control of the House control of the House of Representativesof Representatives

Taft called the Presidency, “The loneliest job in the world.”

1912 ELECTION: 3 Parties/Candidates1912 ELECTION: 3 Parties/Candidates

Republicans split between Republicans split between Taft and Teddy Roosevelt Taft and Teddy Roosevelt (who returned after a (who returned after a long trip to Africa).long trip to Africa).

Convention delegates Convention delegates nominated Taft. nominated Taft.

Some Republicans formed Some Republicans formed a third a third party–The Bull Moose Party (also called the Progressive Party) and nominated Roosevelt.and nominated Roosevelt.

The Democrats put The Democrats put forward a reform - forward a reform - minded New Jersey minded New Jersey Governor, Woodrow Governor, Woodrow Wilson.Wilson.

Republicans split in 1912

WILSON’S NEW FREEDOMWILSON’S NEW FREEDOM

As America’s As America’s newly elected newly elected president, Wilson president, Wilson moved to enact his moved to enact his program, program, the “New the “New Freedom.”Freedom.”

He planned his He planned his attack on what he attack on what he called the triple called the triple wall of privilege: wall of privilege: trusts, tariffs, and trusts, tariffs, and high finance.high finance.

W. Wilson U.S. President 1912-1920

CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACTCLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT

In 1914 Congress In 1914 Congress enacted the Clayton enacted the Clayton Antitrust Act which Antitrust Act which strengthened the strengthened the Sherman Act.Sherman Act.

The Clayton Act The Clayton Act prevented prevented companies from companies from acquiring stock from acquiring stock from another company another company (Anti-monopoly).(Anti-monopoly).

The Act also The Act also supported union supported union workers.workers.

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION FORMEDFORMED

The FTC was formed in 1914 The FTC was formed in 1914 to serve as a “watchdog” to serve as a “watchdog” agency to end agency to end unfair unfair business practices.business practices.

The FTC protects consumers The FTC protects consumers from business fraud. from business fraud.

Today the FTC has been working on protecting consumers from ID theft.

FEDERAL INCOME TAX ARRIVESFEDERAL INCOME TAX ARRIVES Wilson lowered Wilson lowered

tariffs. However, tariffs. However, the lost revenue the lost revenue had to come from had to come from somewhere else.somewhere else.

The 16The 16thth

Amendment was Amendment was ratified in 1916. ratified in 1916. It legalized a It legalized a graduated graduated federal federal income tax.income tax.

The Federal Reserve ActThe Federal Reserve Act

Created 12 regional banks as "banker's banks? Created 12 regional banks as "banker's banks? (lend money to banks as a set interest rate).(lend money to banks as a set interest rate).

Established federal regulation of currency Established federal regulation of currency through interest rates.through interest rates.

Established a Federal Reserve Board to oversee Established a Federal Reserve Board to oversee the system of banks the system of banks

WOMEN WIN SUFFRAGEWOMEN WIN SUFFRAGE

Native-born, Native-born, educated, middle-educated, middle-class women grew class women grew more and more more and more impatient.impatient.

Through local, state Through local, state and national and national organizations, organizations, vigorous protests vigorous protests and World War I, and World War I, women finally women finally realized their dream realized their dream in 1920.in 1920.

The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote in 1920.

Temperance Advocates Push for the Temperance Advocates Push for the Prohibition of AlcoholProhibition of Alcohol

The Eighteenth The Eighteenth AmendmentAmendment of the of the United States Constitution, United States Constitution, established Prohibition in established Prohibition in the United States.the United States.

Ratified on January 29, Ratified on January 29, 1919. 1919.

It is the only amendment It is the only amendment to the United States to the United States Constitution that has been Constitution that has been repealed (by the repealed (by the Twenty-Twenty-first Amendmentfirst Amendment).).

LIMITS OF PROGRESSIVISMLIMITS OF PROGRESSIVISM

While the While the Progressive era was Progressive era was responsible for many responsible for many important reforms, it important reforms, it failed to make gains failed to make gains for African for African Americans.Americans.

Like Roosevelt and Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil retreated on Civil Rights once in officeRights once in office.. The KKK reached a

membership of 4.5 million in the 1920s.

WWI Effectively Brought the WWI Effectively Brought the Progressive Era to an EndProgressive Era to an End