Progressions in Progressions in Psychomotor Psychomotor DevelopmentDevelopment

Birth through 9 Birth through 9 yearsyears

From 2 – 2.5 yearsFrom 2 – 2.5 years

• A child canA child can– Jump from a height of 12” with Jump from a height of 12” with

one foot leadingone foot leading– Jump off the floor with both feetJump off the floor with both feet– Balance on one footBalance on one foot– Takes short running steps on Takes short running steps on

toestoes– Throws a 9.5 ball 4-5 feetThrows a 9.5 ball 4-5 feet

From 2.5 – 3 yearsFrom 2.5 – 3 years

• A child canA child can– Jump from a height of 18” with Jump from a height of 18” with

one foot leadingone foot leading– Stands on a walking board 6 cm. Stands on a walking board 6 cm.

widewide– Attempts to step while on walking Attempts to step while on walking

boardboard– Catches a 16.25 inch ball with Catches a 16.25 inch ball with

arms straightarms straight

From 3 – 3.5 yearsFrom 3 – 3.5 years• Child canChild can

– Walk backwards easilyWalk backwards easily– Walk UP stairs alternating feet, no railsWalk UP stairs alternating feet, no rails– Make sharp turns while runningMake sharp turns while running– Jump forward and land on both feetJump forward and land on both feet– Rises to feet from a kneeling position in Rises to feet from a kneeling position in

a mature patterna mature pattern– Climb on playground equipmentClimb on playground equipment– Jumps down from 8 inch elevation with Jumps down from 8 inch elevation with

both feet togetherboth feet together– Demonstrates elementary hopping Demonstrates elementary hopping

pattern – 1 footpattern – 1 foot

From 3.5 to 4 yearsFrom 3.5 to 4 years• Child canChild can

– Walk down stairs, alternating feet, Walk down stairs, alternating feet, WITH use of railWITH use of rail

– Jump from a height of 12” with feet Jump from a height of 12” with feet together; together;

– Performs 3 consecutive hops on Performs 3 consecutive hops on preferred footpreferred foot

– Throw a tennis ball for distance (8-9 Throw a tennis ball for distance (8-9 feet) using a forward stancefeet) using a forward stance

– Identify body planesIdentify body planes– Catches a 16.25 inch ball with Catches a 16.25 inch ball with

elbows in frontelbows in front

From 4 – 4.5 yearsFrom 4 – 4.5 years• Child canChild can

– Stand/balances on one foot for 4-8 Stand/balances on one foot for 4-8 secondsseconds

– Walk on the balance beamWalk on the balance beam– Balance while changing direction, Balance while changing direction,

from the trunkfrom the trunk– Walk up and down stairs WITHOUT Walk up and down stairs WITHOUT

rail, alternating feetrail, alternating feet– Run smoothly, at alternating speedsRun smoothly, at alternating speeds– Jump forward, 8-10 inches; running Jump forward, 8-10 inches; running

jump 22-33 inches jump 22-33 inches – Jump over a rope 2 inches highJump over a rope 2 inches high

4 – 4.5 years - continued4 – 4.5 years - continued

• Child canChild can– Catch a large ball with arms Catch a large ball with arms

flexed at the elbowflexed at the elbow– Throw a tennis ball Throw a tennis ball overhand overhand

with trunk rotationwith trunk rotation – Bounce a large playground ballBounce a large playground ball– Kick a large playground ball with Kick a large playground ball with

accuracyaccuracy– Ride a tricycle expertlyRide a tricycle expertly– Turn a forward summersaultTurn a forward summersault

From 4.5 – 5 yearsFrom 4.5 – 5 years

• Child canChild can– Jump backwardJump backward– Jump over a stationary rope 4” Jump over a stationary rope 4”

highhigh– Slide down a playground slideSlide down a playground slide– Swing on a playground swingSwing on a playground swing

From 5 – 5.5 yearsFrom 5 – 5.5 years

• Child canChild can– Stand on one foot without visual Stand on one foot without visual

feedbackfeedback– Walk the balance beam forward, Walk the balance beam forward,

sideways and backwardssideways and backwards– Run 35 feet in 10 secondsRun 35 feet in 10 seconds– Hop 45 feet in 10 secondsHop 45 feet in 10 seconds– Throw a tennis ball with trunk rotation Throw a tennis ball with trunk rotation

and forward weight shift (step)and forward weight shift (step)– Catch a bounced tennis ball with handsCatch a bounced tennis ball with hands

From 5 – 5.5 yrs. - continuedFrom 5 – 5.5 yrs. - continued

• Child canChild can– Hit a T-ball with a batHit a T-ball with a bat– March, keeping time to the musicMarch, keeping time to the music– Use skates, sled, wagon or Use skates, sled, wagon or

scooter wellscooter well– Gallop leading with both Gallop leading with both

preferred and non-preferred legpreferred and non-preferred leg– Kicks a soccer ball through the Kicks a soccer ball through the

air a distance of 8-11.5 feetair a distance of 8-11.5 feet– Alternates feet in basic skipping Alternates feet in basic skipping

movementsmovements

From 5.5 – 6 yearsFrom 5.5 – 6 years

• Child canChild can

– Throw a 9.5 inch ball 14-15 Throw a 9.5 inch ball 14-15 feetfeet

– Catch a 16.25 inch ball with Catch a 16.25 inch ball with elbows at the side of the elbows at the side of the bodybody

From 6 to 7 yearsFrom 6 to 7 years• Child canChild can

– Skip at an intermediate levelSkip at an intermediate level– Throw a softball for distanceThrow a softball for distance

•Boys - 34.1 feetBoys - 34.1 feet•Girls - 19 feetGirls - 19 feet

– Walk on a balance beam 4 cm wide Walk on a balance beam 4 cm wide and 2.5 meters long in 9 seconds and 2.5 meters long in 9 seconds stepping off less than once per trialstepping off less than once per trial

– RunRun•Boys - 4.2 yd/sec.Boys - 4.2 yd/sec.•Girls - 4.1 yd/secGirls - 4.1 yd/sec..

6 – 7 years - continued6 – 7 years - continued• Child canChild can

– Perform a standing broad jumpPerform a standing broad jump•Boys - 37+ inchesBoys - 37+ inches•Girls - 36+ inchesGirls - 36+ inches

– Perform a standing high jump of 8 Perform a standing high jump of 8 inchesinches

– Kick a soccer ball in the air a Kick a soccer ball in the air a distance of 10-18 feetdistance of 10-18 feet

– Perform 2-2 hopping pattern and skip Perform 2-2 hopping pattern and skip in mature pattern ~ 6.5 yrs [Girls].in mature pattern ~ 6.5 yrs [Girls].

– Hop 15 ft. on right and left feet Hop 15 ft. on right and left feet [Boys][Boys]

6 – 7 years - continued6 – 7 years - continued• Child canChild can

– Visually fixate on and pursue Visually fixate on and pursue (track) an object through all (track) an object through all meridia and cross the mid-line meridia and cross the mid-line smoothly smoothly •while Keeping the head/neck in a while Keeping the head/neck in a fixed positionfixed position

– Can cross mid-line in gross and Can cross mid-line in gross and fine motor activities in a fine motor activities in a differentiated [smooth and differentiated [smooth and easy] fashioneasy] fashion

From 7 – 8 yearsFrom 7 – 8 years

• Child canChild can – RunRun

•Boys – 4.6 yd/sec.Boys – 4.6 yd/sec.•Girls – 4.4 yd/sec.Girls – 4.4 yd/sec.

– Throw softball for distanceThrow softball for distance•Boys – 45+ feetBoys – 45+ feet•Girls – 25+ feetGirls – 25+ feet

– Perform a standing broad jumpPerform a standing broad jump•Boys – 41+ inchesBoys – 41+ inches•Girls – 40 inchesGirls – 40 inches

7 – 8 years - continued7 – 8 years - continued

• Most girls can perform 3-2 Most girls can perform 3-2 hopping patternhopping pattern

• Both boys and girls Mature Both boys and girls Mature skip in mature fashionskip in mature fashion

From 8 – 9 yearsFrom 8 – 9 years• Child canChild can

– Throw a softball for distanceThrow a softball for distance•Boys – 59 ft.Boys – 59 ft.•Girls – 34 ft.Girls – 34 ft.

– RunRun•Boys - 5.1 yd/sec.Boys - 5.1 yd/sec.•Girls – 4.6 yd/sec.Girls – 4.6 yd/sec.

– Perform a standing broad jumpPerform a standing broad jump•Boys – 46+ inchesBoys – 46+ inches•Girls – 46 inchesGirls – 46 inches

Also from 8-9 yearsAlso from 8-9 years

• Most boys can perform 2-2 Most boys can perform 2-2 hopping patternhopping pattern

Developmental Developmental Parameters of Parameters of

VisionVision

VISIONVISION• TWO TYPES:TWO TYPES:

– REFRACTIVEREFRACTIVE

((focal visionfocal vision)) … …

VERSUSVERSUS ORTHOPTICORTHOPTIC ((related related toto depth perception and depth perception and balancebalance))•THESE ARE THE THESE ARE THE CRITICAL CRITICAL COMPONENTSCOMPONENTS OF VISION OF VISION AND VISUAL DEVELOPMENTAND VISUAL DEVELOPMENT

–The critical The critical subcomponentssubcomponents of of vision and visual development vision and visual development –VISUAL ACUITYVISUAL ACUITY•REFRACTIVEREFRACTIVE

–FIGURE-GROUND FIGURE-GROUND PERCEPTIONPERCEPTION•ORTHOPTICORTHOPTIC

–DEPTH PERCEPTIONDEPTH PERCEPTION•ORTHOPTICORTHOPTIC

–VISUAL-MOTOR VISUAL-MOTOR COORDINATIONCOORDINATION•OPTHOPTICOPTHOPTIC

•Visual AcuityVisual Acuity -- Static VisionStatic Vision (pick out(pick out

detail in stationary objects, detail in stationary objects, Snellen chart: 20/20)Snellen chart: 20/20)

-- Dynamic Vision Dynamic Vision (pick(pick out detail in moving out detail in moving objects)objects)

-- Developmental aspectsDevelopmental aspects ((rapid improvement 5-7rapid improvement 5-7, plateau , plateau 7-8, mature 10-12)7-8, mature 10-12)

•Figure-Ground Figure-Ground PerceptionPerception wherewhere

-- FigureFigure (specific object) (specific object)-- GroundGround (background (background object(s))object(s))-- Developmental aspectsDevelopmental aspects (slow improvement 3-4, (slow improvement 3-4, rapid rapid improvement 4-6improvement 4-6,, mature 8-12) mature 8-12)

• An element of An element of depth perceptiondepth perception

•Depth PerceptionDepth Perception judging judging distancedistance -- accomplished via depth cuesaccomplished via depth cues

- (- (monocularmonocular = size, texture, = size, texture, distance, shading etc.)distance, shading etc.)- - ((binocular binocular = retinal = retinal

disparity, disparity, convergence)convergence)-- Developmental aspects Developmental aspects (frequent errors 3-4 yrs., (frequent errors 3-4 yrs., few few errors 5-6 yrs.errors 5-6 yrs.,, rapid rapid improvement 7-11 yrs.improvement 7-11 yrs.,, mature mature 12 yr.)12 yr.)

•Visual-Motor CoordinationVisual-Motor Coordination the the ability to coordinate vision with bodyability to coordinate vision with body

movementsmovements

-- A.K.A. A.K.A. Object trackingObject tracking & & interceptioninterception

- - Developmental aspects Developmental aspects ( (rapid rapid improvement 3-7 yrs.improvement 3-7 yrs.,, slow slow improvement, 7-9 yrs., mature 11-12 improvement, 7-9 yrs., mature 11-12 yrs.)yrs.)

Development of Body ImageDevelopment of Body Image

• Identification of Body PartsIdentification of Body Parts•Understanding the Function Understanding the Function

of Body Partsof Body Parts• Efficient Utilization of SpaceEfficient Utilization of Space•Right-left and Bi-Lateral Right-left and Bi-Lateral

Discriminations during Discriminations during Movement FunctionMovement Function

A child A child from birth through 3from birth through 3 can can visually/verballyvisually/verbally identify these identify these

body partsbody parts

• Birth Birth

• 1 year 1 year

• 3 years 3 years

• Can watch the hand Can watch the hand movemove

• Stomach, head , parts Stomach, head , parts of face, limbs, hands, of face, limbs, hands, fingers and toesfingers and toes

• Objects in relation to Objects in relation to body planes, e.g., body planes, e.g., “things are in front, to “things are in front, to the back or to the side the back or to the side of ..”of ..”

AlsoAlso …. a child at …. a child at age 3age 3

•Knows the words Knows the words “right”“right” and and “left,”“left,” but but notnot that that they are on opposite sides they are on opposite sides of the bodyof the body

A child A child from 5 through 7from 5 through 7 can can visually/verballyvisually/verbally identify these identify these

body partsbody parts

• 5 years 5 years

• 6 years 6 years

• 7 years 7 years

• Shoulders, elbows, knees; Shoulders, elbows, knees; middle and ring fingersmiddle and ring fingers

• Trunk appears in Trunk appears in drawings; thighs, drawings; thighs, forearms, etc. identifiedforearms, etc. identified

• Wrists, ankles, shins, Wrists, ankles, shins, parts of limbsparts of limbs

Left-right identification 5 – 9 yearsLeft-right identification 5 – 9 years

• 5 years 5 years

• 6 years 6 years

• 7 years 7 years

• 8 years 8 years

• 9 years 9 years

• Knows right and left are on Knows right and left are on opposite sides but is unable opposite sides but is unable to tell which is whichto tell which is which

• Some left-right judgments Some left-right judgments made accuratelymade accurately

• More correct right-left More correct right-left judgments on self and in judgments on self and in letters, numbers etc.letters, numbers etc.

• Can identify the left-right Can identify the left-right of others when facing themof others when facing them

• Can describe the left-right Can describe the left-right movements of others while movements of others while watching themwatching them

Fine Motor Skill Fine Motor Skill ProgressionsProgressions

Note Note Critical Developmental Critical Developmental Skills of Prehension, Grasping Skills of Prehension, Grasping

and Releasingand Releasing

–PrehensionPrehension grasping and grasping and releasing e.g. tennis ball, releasing e.g. tennis ball, pencil, etc.pencil, etc.•Effective grasping Effective grasping (9 mos.)(9 mos.)•Thumb opposition Thumb opposition (9-10 (9-10 mos.)mos.)

•Object release Object release (18 mos.)(18 mos.)

Manipulating a Writing Manipulating a Writing InstrumentInstrument

– Sequence = Sequence = supination, supination, pronation, dynamic pronation, dynamic tripod tripod (7 yrs.)(7 yrs.)

–Posture, hand Posture, hand positionposition

Continued - Continued - Fine Motor Fine Motor Manipulative BehaviorManipulative Behavior

• Drawing and Drawing and writingwriting

Stages of Stages of Drawing and Drawing and

WritingWriting

Stage 1 Stage 1 –ScribblingScribbling developing developing hand-eye coordinationhand-eye coordination (15-20 MOS.)(15-20 MOS.)

Stage 2Stage 2

•Development of Development of Diagrams and Diagrams and combinations of combinations of diagrams ~ 1-2 yrs.diagrams ~ 1-2 yrs.

Stage 3 Stage 3 •Combine stageCombine stage basic geometric basic geometric figures (spirals, figures (spirals, crosses) crosses) to more to more precise figures, e.g., precise figures, e.g., circles, squares, etc. circles, squares, etc. ~ 2 yrs~ 2 yrs

• ~ 2 ~ 2 yrs.yrs.

Stage 4 Stage 4 –Aggregate stageAggregate stage combines diagrams and combines diagrams and figuresfigures into combinations into combinations (3+) resulting in more (3+) resulting in more complex drawings complex drawings 3/7 yrs.3/7 yrs.

Stage 5Stage 5

–Pictorial stagePictorial stage increased increased precisionprecision and and complexitycomplexity ~ 8-9 yrs.~ 8-9 yrs.

Fine motor development Fine motor development – printing and writing – printing and writing

patternspatterns

•4 yr. olds4 yr. olds may be able to may be able to print recognizable print recognizable letters/numbersletters/numbers

•NoNo particular organizational particular organizational pattern for numbers/letterspattern for numbers/letters

•5-6 yrs.5-6 yrs. = name printing = name printing–5 yrs.5 yrs. = ½ - 2” upper = ½ - 2” upper case letterscase letters

–Letters become Letters become larger larger toward end of nametoward end of name

–6 yrs.6 yrs. = similar with = similar with occasional reversals – occasional reversals – may include surnamemay include surname

–By By 7 7 letters are ~1/4 letters are ~1/4 inches – lowercase letters inches – lowercase letters may continue to be may continue to be difficultdifficult

By 3 rd gradeBy 3 rd grade

•Single stroke letters easier Single stroke letters easier ((I, c, l)I, c, l)

•Horizontal-vertical letters Horizontal-vertical letters follow follow ((E, T)E, T)

•Letters with Slants Letters with Slants (horizontal-vertical) follow(horizontal-vertical) follow– ((K, B, Z)K, B, Z)

•Spacing Spacing (9 yrs.)(9 yrs.)