1. 1. Progress Towards Open Standards-Based Agro-Geoinformatics George Percivall Chief Engineer and CTO, OGC Agro-Geoinformatics 2015 20 July 2015 Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
2. 2. OGC Its about turning data into information Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial ConsortiumSource: http://techcrunch.com/2015/04/01/the-new-queen-of-green/
3. 3. OGC What is Agro-Geoinformatics? Copyright 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium Farming decisions relying on geospatial data Source: Agriculture Ad Hoc Report to OGC TC Plenary March 2014
4. 4. OGC Geospatial Tech and Agriculture Source: The Geo-Green revolution, Mark Noort and Anand Kashyap, Geospatial World, September 2013
5. 5. OGC Agriculture Geo-Information Exchange Efficient exchange of data on utilization of farmland, soil and crop characteristics, water availability, environmental impacts, Many user roles: growers, advisors, landowners, foodstuff processors, regulators and all levels of government Major challenges to agricultural: climate change, increasing population, shortage of water and arable land Increasing need for information standards to support transparency in agricultural goods and services markets Copyright 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium
6. 6. OGC Agriculture Info Exchange Environment Agriculture System Product, Production Information Equipment-based Recording In-situ and Remote Sensing Maps Geo-data Source: Frans van Diepen, frans.vandiepen@rvo.nl OGC TC March 24, 2014
7. 7. OGC Urgent need for more information on soils at varying geographic scales Diversity of data makes integration and harmonisation difficult Soil data needs to be freely available and in formats that can be readily used for a wide range of purposes Need for harmonization of methods UN General Assembly declared 2015 The International Year of Soils
8. 8. OGC Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium Fundamental data for understanding Earth-system processes How much arable land will be available in coming decades? How much food and fiber can it produce? How do landuse decisions in one district, country or region have consequences elsewhere? Pillar Four Enhance quantity & quality of soil information Global system to monitor and forecast condition of Earths soil resources Standard ISO 28258 requires tests by a broader community of soil data holders to gain acceptance and become routinely applied
9. 9. OGC ISO 28258:2013 Soil quality Digital exchange of soil-related data Submodels Project Spatial relation Site Plot Soil mapping Soil observation Soil sampling Profile description GML implementation Terminology Feature: Feature type SoilProfile. Soil Profile elements: horizons and layers Soil feature types Soil body Soil map Soil mapping unit Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
10. 10. OGC SoilML information model scope (features of interest) Input data - Soil sites/profiles Co-variates Context Attribute surfaces 90m resolution grid/stack standard depths spline + uncertainty Site (x3) Profile Horizons Transect Mapped polygon Components Reference profiles Layers Outputs Source IUSS presentation to OGC, December 2010
11. 11. OGC Confirm with Peter Wilson Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium International Activities on Soil Information International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) Working Group on Soil Information Standards (WG-SIS)
12. 12. OGC OGC Soil Interoperability Experiment International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) proposed the IE to OGC in May 2015 IE Initiators Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Landcare Research ISRIC World Soil Information Participating Organizations Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Agrobiology and Pedology Research Centre, Alterra - Wageningen UR, Federation University Australia, Geomatics & Cartographic Research Centre, Carleton Univ. Harvard Univ., IIASA, JRC, USGS, USDA Open to additional participants Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
13. 13. OGC OGC Soil Interoperability Experiment Testing standards for exchange soils data Soil feature data: soil bodies, profiles, horizons, and related entities. Transfer between databases, allowing easy access and analysis. Use Cases 1. Technologic - soil data integration & publication 2. Commercial & public - soil sensor data 3. Policy - soil property modelling and predictions 4. Scientific - pedo-transfer functions Develop and test a Soil Markup Language: GML encoding Prepare OGC/IUSS engineering report Demonstration at OGC TC meeting, e.g,. Sydney, December 2015 Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
14. 14. OGC ISRIC - ICSU World Data Centre for Soils Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium Source: Jorge Mendes de Jesus ISRIC http://www.isric.org/content/faq-soilgrids GlobalSoilMap.net
15. 15. OGC SoilGrids1km Global Soil Information Based on Automated Mapping Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium Predicted global distribution of the soil organic carbon stock in tonnes per ha for 0200 centimetres. SoilGrids1km Global Soil Information Based on Automated Mapping Tomislav Hengl , et.al. PLOS one, August 29, 2014 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0105992 Sinusoidal equal area projection to give a realistic presentation of areas.
16. 16. OGC 2www.foodie-project.eu One platform for all the most common tasks Production planning Production monitoring, alerting and analyses Subsidies management Environmental burden monitoring Ownership of farmers data Farmers data are private and sensitive data Remains farmers property Modularity Customizable and scalable platform User needsFOODIE project Creating a platform where spatial and non-spatial data related to agricultural sector are available in the cloud for agri-food stakeholders One Platform for most Common Tasks Production Planning Production monitoring, alerting and analyses Subsidies Management Environmental Burden Monitoring Project is defining Data Models and APIs
17. 17. OGC Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium 16www.foodie-project.eu Core Data Model Management zones Interventions Treatments Sensor Data Model ISO 19156 O&M also VGI Transport Data Model OSM for navigation FOODIE Data Models edge edge vertex vertex vertex edge edge edge edge Road segment attributes Identifier, e.g. http://foodie-project.eu/dat/tn/654787 National code, e.g. 43 Road width, e.g. 5 meters Maximum height, e.g. 2.1 meters Maximum weight, e.g. 2 tons Speed limit, e.g. 20 kmh-1 Surface category, e.g. asphalt, unpaved, HAZMAT limitation, i.e. flammable/explosive/corrosive/toxic/oxidizing www.foodie-project.eu Core Data Model class Foodie Core Data Model v featureTy Agricultural and Aquacultu Site + code :Identifier + geometry :GM_Object + activity :EconomicActi + validFrom :DateTime + validTo :DateTime [0. + beginLifespanVersion + endLifeSpanVersion :D voidable + includesAnimal :FarmA dataT Agricultural and Aquacul FarmAnima voidable + livestock :LivestockSp + aquaculture :Aquacul featureTyp Plot + code :Identifier + validFrom :DateTime + validTo :DateTime [0. + beginLifeSpanVersion + endLifeSpanVersion :D + geometry :GM_Object + description :CharacterS + originType :OriginTyp featur Treat + quantity :Measure [1..*] + tractorId :CharacterStrin + machineId :CharacterSt + motionSpeed :Measure + pressure :Measure [0..1] + flowAdjustment :Measu + applicationWidth :Meas + areaDose :DoseUnit [0.. + formOfTreatment :Form + treatmentPurpose :Trea + treatmentDescription :C codeList OriginTypeValue + manual + system featureTy Interventi + type :CharacterString + description :CharacterS + notes :CharacterString + status :CharacterString + creationDateTime :Da + interventionStart :Date + interventionEnd :DateT + interventionGeometry + supervisor :CI_Respons + operator :CI_Responsib + evidenceParty :CI_Res dataType ActiveIngredi + code :CharacterString [ + ingredientName :Chara + ingredientAmount :Me 0..* +containsPlot 1.. HoldingPlots Data Model compliant to: Directive 2007/2/EC (INSPIRE) ISO standards 19100 series Open and scalable
18. 18. OGC Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium 13www.foodie-project.eu Core Data Model class Foodie Core Data Model v4.1 proposal featureType Agricultural and Aquaculture Facilities Model::Holding featureType Agricultural and Aquaculture Facilities Model:: Site + code :Identifier + geometry :GM_Object + activity :EconomicActivityNACEValue [1..*] + validFrom :DateTime + validTo :DateTime [0..1] + beginLifespanVersion :DateTime + endLifeSpanVersion :DateTime [0..1] voidable + includesAnimal :FarmAnimalSpecies [0..*] dataType Agricultural and Aquaculture Facilities Model:: FarmAnimalSpecies voidable + livestock :LivestockSpeciesValue [0..*] + aquaculture :AquacultureSpeciesValue [0..*] featureType Activity Complex::ActivityComplex + inspireId :Identifier + thematicId :ThematicIdentifier [0..*] + geometry :GM_Object + function :Function [1..*] + userId :CharacterString voidable + name :CharacterString [0..1] + validFrom :DateTime + validTo :DateTime [0..1] voidable, lifeCycleInfo + beginLifespanVersion :DateTime + endLifespanVersion :DateTime [0..1] featureType Plot + code :Identifier + validFrom :DateTime + validTo :DateTime [0..1] + beginLifeSpanVersion :DateTime + endLifeSpanVersion :DateTime [0..1] + geometry :GM_Object [1..*] + description :CharacterString [0..1] + originType :OriginTypeValue featureType Treatment + quantity :Measure [1..*] + tractorId :CharacterString [0..*] + machineId :CharacterString [0..*] + motionSpeed :Measure [0..1] + pressure :Measure [0..1] + flowAdjustment :Measure [0..1] + applicationWidth :Measure [0..1] + areaDose :DoseUnit [0..1] + formOfTreatment :FormOfTreatmentValue [1..*] + treatmentPurpose :TreatmentPurposeValue [0..*] + treatmentDescription :CharacterString [0..1] dataType NutrientsType + N :Measure [0..1] + P2O5 :Measure [0..1] + K2O :Measure [0..1] + MgO :Measure [0..1] + CaO :Measure [0..1] + S :Measure [0..1] + Zn :Measure [0..1] + Cu :Measure [0..1] + Fe :Measure [0..1] + B :Measure [0..1] + Mn :Measure [0..1] + Mo :Measure [0..1] codeList TreatmentPurposeValue + weed + pest + disease featureType CropSpecies + beginDate :Date + endDate :Date [0..1] + cropArea :GM_Object + cropSpecies :CropType [1..*] + production :ProductionType [0..*] featureType Product + productCode :CharacterString [0..*] + productName :CharacterString [1..*] + productType :CharacterString + productSubType :CharacterString [0..*] + productKind :ProductKindValue + description :CharacterString [0..1] + manufacturer :CI_ResponsibleParty [1..*] + nutrients :NutrientsType [0..*] + safetyInstructions :CharacterString [0..1] + storageHandling :CharacterString [0..1] + registrationCode :CharacterString [0..*] + registerUrl :URL [0..*] featureType SoilNutrients + nutrientName :GenericName + nutrientAmount :Measure + nutrientMeasure :CharacterString codeList ProductKindValue + organic + mineral dataType SoilTextureType + clay :Percent + silt :Percent + sand :Percent dataType ProductionType + productionDate :Date + variety :CharacterString + productionAmount :Measure + productionAnalysis :ProductionAnalysisType [0..*] dataType ProductionAnalysisType + productionAnalysisDate :Date + property :Measure codeList OriginTypeValue + manual + system featureType Alert + code :Identifier + type :CharacterString [1..*] + description :CharacterString [0..1] + checkedByUser :Boolean + alertDate :Date + alertGeometry :GM_Object featureType Intervention + type :CharacterString + description :CharacterString + notes :CharacterString [0..1] + status :CharacterString + creationDateTime :DateTime + interventionStart :DateTime + interventionEnd :DateTime [0..1] + interventionGeometry :GM_Object [1..*] + supervisor :CI_ResponsibleParty [0..1] + operator :CI_ResponsibleParty [0..*] + evidenceParty :CI_ResponsibleParty [1..*] featureType TreatmentPlan + treatmentPlanCode :CharacterString [0..*] + description :CharacterString [1..*] + type :CharacterString + campaign :TM_Period [1..*] + treatmentPlanCreation :DateTime + notes :CharacterString [0..1] featureType ProductPreparation + productQuantity :Measure + solventQuantity :Measure [0..*] + safetyPeriod :TM_Period dataType ActiveIngredients + code :CharacterString [0..1] + ingredientName :CharacterString + ingredientAmount :Measure codeList DoseUnit + minimumDose :Measure + maximumDose :Measure codeList FormOfTreatmentValue + manual + applicationMachine + aerial featureType ManagementZone + code :Identifier + validFrom :DateTime [0..1] + validTo :DateTime [0..1] + beginLifeSpanVersion :DateTime + endLifeSpanVersion :DateTime [0..1] + geometry :GM_Object [1..*] + notes :CharacterString + dateOfAnalysis :DateTime [0..*] featureType SoilType + soilType :CharacterString [1..*] featureType SoilTexture + soilTexture :SoilTextureType [1..*] featureType pH + pH :Measure [1..*] featureType OrganicMatter + organicMatter :Percent featureType ElectricConductivity + electricConductivity :Measure [1..*] featureType ZonePolygon + area :Measure dataType CropType + name :CharacterString + scientificName :CharacterString + description :CharacterString + notes :CharacterString + seedingAdvice :CharacterString + harvestingAdvice :CharacterString 0..* 1..* +contains 1..* HoldingSites 1..* 0..* +containsZone 0..* +HoldingPlot 0..* +containsPlot 1..* HoldingPlots 0..* 0..1 0..1 0..* 0..* +crop 0..*
19. 19. OGC Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium 24www.foodie-project.eu Two kinds of APIs Open (interoperable, typically based on OGC and/or INSPIRE) Lightweight (proprietary, fast) Open So far OGC CSW, WMS, WFS, WCS, WPS, SOS, SPS Lightweight Following best practices like OGC/ESRI GeoServices REST Specification REST interface (resource oriented) (Geo)JSON as the exchange format Initial Development of APIs
20. 20. OGC GeoWebAgri Project - FMIS interoperability Interoperability with commercial FMIS demonstrated with real farm data exchange via WFS and WFS-T (ISO 19142) Proved that agricultural machines can request and update field operational data on-line, in real time and at high update rate using open standards. Agricultural machinery supporting a web client platform can use several services simultaneously (scalability) However, complex feature mapping is needed, i.e. knowledge of the domain via GML application schema (ISO 19109) used with SoilML and many others Source: Nrremark, M. et.al., Data interchange between Web client based task controllers and management information systems using ISO and OGC standards, EFITA-WCCA-CIGR Conference: Sustainable Agriculture through ITC Innovation, Torino, Italy, June 2013
21. 21. OGC GeoWebAgri Spatial Data Components Implement actuator Interface InterfaceService FMIS SQL database Web client Electronic control unit (ECU) and terminal Controller Data acquisition Web serverGML (ISO 19136) XML (SOAP) Web client Web browser Task management Data utilisation WFS (ISO 19142) Transactional- WFS (ISO19142) Source: Nrremark, M. et.al., Data interchange between Web client based task controllers and management information systems using ISO and OGC standards, EFITA-WCCA-CIGR Conference: Sustainable Agriculture through ITC Innovation, Torino, Italy, June 2013
22. 22. OGC Sensor Web-Enabled Precision Farming Research on sensor data infrastructure for precision farming Open source software and OGC Sensor Web Enablement Mobile & stationary observations from same infrastructure Source: Jakob Geipel, et.al. Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2015, 4, Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
23. 23. OGC Sensor Web-Enabled Precision Farming Collection and storage of spatio-temporal agricultural sensor data, accessible by SWE services and user applications Open source software, offering the possibility to deploy numerous sensor systems and SWE services. Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium Source: Geipel, et.al., ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2015, 4, http://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/4/1/385
24. 24. OGC Real-time In-situ Soil Monitoring in Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada deployed network of monitoring stations for soil moisture, soil temperature and meteorological data for the main crop types, soil textures Near real-time data helps researchers develop better predictive models for crop yield or flooding using soil moisture values from satellite imagery Canadian producers can use this information in adjusting their operational decisions based on changing weather, water and climate conditions. SMAP Validation Site - Data sharing will occur for the duration of the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Source: Allan Howard, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
25. 25. Locations of In-Situ Monitoring Sites 25 Real-Time In-Situ Soil Monitoring for Agriculture (RISMA) Source: Allan Howard, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
26. 26. Data Collection and Dissemination 26 Data recorded at 15 min intervals and transmitted hourly: Soil Moisture (m3/ m3) Soil Temperature (oC) Precipitation (mm) Air Temperature (oC) Relative Humidity (%) Wind Speed (m/sec) Wind Direction (deg) Solar Radiation (MJ/ m2)* *At some sites Datalogger Telecom AAFC Firewall Data Receiver LoggerNet & Adcon Gateway Processing & Storage Server Internet SOS Server Raw and QC Data AAFC Internet Server Download via User- Friendly Website Download via AAFC FTP Real-Time In-Situ Soil Monitoring for Agriculture (RISMA) Source: Allan Howard, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
27. 27. OGC Soil Observations from UAVs UAVs increasingly more common and economical for geospatial observations Sensor types on UAVs Visual RGB camera for soil surface characteristics (Corbane et al.2012) Multispectral to monitor soil composition (Biasio et al. 2010) SAR for monitoring soil resources (Ouchi 2013). (Koo et al. 2012) Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium Figure 1. Left: The UAS is hand launched At 50 m altitude the autopilot is engaged predefined flight route. Right. Willow fields The preliminary results show that it was p homogeneity with high spatial precision us generated with the UAS, when considering was also possible to differentiate between provided that single images were used for were sufficiently large. Source: NJF Seminar 438 Sensors for soil and plant mapping and terrain analysis, Skara, Sweden, 27-28 October 2010 Source: https://www.techinasia.com/ci-agriculture-precision-farming-indonesia/ Source: https://amergeog.wordpress.com/2015/02/19/10-non-aggressive-uses-of-drones/
28. 28. OGC SMAP's Radiometer captures views of Global Soil Moisture SMAP = Soil Moisture Active Passive NASA spacecraft Rotating 6-m reflector L-band radar and L-band radiometer Global soil moisture 3 Day Composites of SMAP radiometer data Volumetric water content in top 5 cm
29. 29. OGC SMAP's Radiometer captures views of Global Soil Moisture SMAP = Soil Moisture Active Passive NASA spacecraft Rotating 6-m reflector L-band radar and L-band radiometer Global soil moisture 3 Day Composites of SMAP radiometer data Volumetric water content in top 5 cm
30. 30. OGC SMAP EASE-Grid 2.0 Equal-Area Scalable Earth Grid (EASE-Grid) Global-scale gridded data Defined on WGS 84 ellipsoid GeoTIFF compatibility Simplified nested grids Data from various sources expressed as digital arrays of varying grid resolutions Visualization and intercomparison are simplified, making analysis more convenient Source: Brodzik, et. al., ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2012, 1, 32-45; doi:10.3390/ijgi1010032
31. 31. OGC Discrete Global Grid Systems Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium National Nested Grid SCENZ-Grid Earth System Spatial Grid Snyder Grid
32. 32. OGC Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS) Standards Working Group (SWG) Develop common criteria that will define conformant DGGSs Considering Goodchild criteria Develop conceptual standard to facilitate data fusion between DGGSs using OGC Standards to make them interoperable with conventional and other DGGS data to standardize operations on them Engage stakeholders to encourage new use cases and adoption of interoperability through DGGSs http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/dggsswg Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
33. 33. OGC Geoprocessing for Crop Information Source: GMU, AIP-6 Agriculture/Disaster Engineering Report, 2014
34. 34. RFCLASS Remote Sensing based Flood Crop Loss Assessment Service Systems Online system supported with Open Geospatial Web services OGC WCS, WMS, WFS are the backbone components Crop loss assessment using crop condition profiles Flood time series analyses Source: GMU, AIP-6 Agriculture/Disaster Engineering Report, 2014
35. 35. GADMFS - Global Agricultural Drought Monitoring and Forecasting System Low latency information production with Open Geospatial Web services OGC WCS, WMS, WFS supports data access Global coverage Interactive query, visualization and data retrieval Source: GMU, AIP-6 Agriculture/Disaster Engineering Report, 2014
36. 36. OGC Cropland monitoring program - CropScape United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) CropScape: web access to Cropland Data Layer products Open accessibility, visualization, and geospatial analytics Free and open access to digital geospatial data layers. Utilizes open web standards, supporting transparent and collaborative government initiatives. Determine planted agricultural cropland area at the field level for any given year across the landscape of US Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
37. 37. OGC Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
38. 38. OGC CropScape architecture Source: Weiguo Han, et.al., IEEE J-STARS, V.7., N.11., November 2014
39. 39. OGC Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium CERSGIS - GMV, 20152015/02/24 Supporting Agriculture Development in Ghana with Geospatial Technologies Page 16 SERVICE CHAIN Source: Foster Menash, Centre for Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Services, www.cersgis.org Service Chain - Kenya
40. 40. OGC Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium CERSGIS - GMV, 20152015/02/24 Supporting Agriculture Development in Ghana with Geospatial Technologies Page 17 Source: Foster Menash, Centre for Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Services, www.cersgis.org - Kenya
41. 41. DEMAND INCREASES FOR FOOD, ENERGY & WATER 2010 2050 FOOD 2010 2050 ENERGY 2010 2050 WATER Food-energy-water nexus risk The 2050 perfect storm 33% to >9 BILLION WORLDS POPULATION BOOMS biofuels hydro- electric http://www.ecoclimax.com/2010/06/2030-perfect-storm.html 20102050 URBAN AREAS ABSORB GROWTH 70% LIVE IN CITIES 2010 2050 DEMAND increases 50% DEMAND increases 50% DEMAND increases 30% Presented by Brant Foote, NCAR to to WWHGD WG Meeting Climate and Human Security Symposium: June 03 & 04 - Univ of Colorado, Boulder
42. 42. OGC IPCC 5th Assessment Report - Chapter 5. Coastal Systems and Low-Lying Areas Seawater inundation has become a major problem for traditional agriculture in Bangladesh (Rahman et al., 2009), and in low-lying island nations (e.g. Lata and Nunn, 2012). The combination of rice yield reduction induced by climate change and inundation of lands by seawater causes an important reduction in production (Chen et al., 2012). Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
43. 43. OGC Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium OGC Testbed 12 Urban Climate Resilience GCAM Model access using WPS
44. 44. OGC Standards-Based Agro Geoinformatics with a focus on soil Information SoilML for information exchange Soil information platforms Precision Agriculture and In-situ networks Remote sensing from satellites and drones Big Data processing for decision support Climate - Food - Water nexus Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
45. 45. OGC OGC support of Agro-Geoinformatics Agriculture Domain Working Group Identify geospatial interoperability challenges in agriculture domain Forum to identify standards-based solutions, new standards Discrete Global Grid Systems standards development Geometric partitioning of Earth surface into cells with identifiers Enable fusion of disparate data for spatial analysis and modeling Soil Data Interoperability Experiment (SoilIE) Testing standards for exchange of soils data Results to converge and mature soil information standards. Get involved as participant or an observer, contact: David Medyckyj-Scott Medyckyj-Scottd@landcareresearch.co.nz and others Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
46. 46. OGC The OGC Mission Global forum for collaboration of developers and users of spatial data products and services Advance development of international standards for geospatial interoperability. Source: 3d Stadtmodell Berlin Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium Source: One GeologySource: Space Time Toolkit
47. 47. OGC Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium Civilization advances by extending the number of important operations we can perform without thinking of them. - Alfred North Whitehead
48. 48. OGC For More Information Open Geospatial Consortium www.opengeospatial.org OGC Standards - freely available www.opengeospatial.org/standards OGC on YouTube http://www.youtube.com/user/ogcvideo George Percivall gpercivall@opengeospatial.org Copyright 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium