progress test 1...2. “Were you able to answer all the questions on the test?” “Yes, I had...

1. Countries that enter the EU attract foreign investment. a. a great deal of c. a great number of b. too much d. many

2. “Were you able to answer all the questions on the test?” “Yes, I had making the time limit though.” a. difficulty a little c. the little difficulty b. little difficulty d. a little difficulty

3. “You are very ill and you need to rest.” “Should I stay inside days?” a. for next few c. for the next few b. for few next d. in the few next

4. “Is your village as tranquil as it used to be?” “Oh yes. Luckily, of the surrounding countryside still remains underdeveloped.” a. the most c. a few b. basically all d. little

5. “Do you have someone you can confide in?” “Yes, Michelle. We’re always telling our problems.” a. one the other c. each the other b. one to the other d. one another

6. “Please come away with us this weekend.” “I can’t, I have an assignment that is due .” a. to the next week c. next week b. following week d. to the week coming

7. The new school building could not be built because funds. a. of shortage of c. of shortages of b. of the shortage of d. of a shortage of

8. “Is domestic violence a common phenomenon here?” “Yes. It is evident in approximately homes in this region.” a. one in ten c. the one out of ten b. one in the ten d. the one in ten

9. Approximately employees in our company are dissatisfied with the new work schedules. a. the sixty percent of c. a sixty percent of b. sixty percent of the d. a sixty percent of the

10. “Yolanda’s broken up with Gerry again.” “The way he treats her! I’m not surprised.” a. the least c. at least b. the least bit d. in a least

11. In your forthcoming exam, each of the four reading passages five questions. a. are accompanying from c. are accompanied from b. is accompanied by d. is being accompanied by

12. “You shouldn’t drink so much.” “I actually don’t anymore, but .” a. I am used to c. I was used to b. I got used to d. I used to

13. If one exam section is harder one year than it was the previous year, the score needed to pass it slightly. a. is being lowered c. has been lowered b. is lowering d. is lowered

14. “You don’t look very well. Are you alright?” “It’s true that I a little sick, but I can’t stand this weather.” a. seem c. have been seeming b. am seeming d. seem like

15. “How do you like New York?” “Well, at first it was terrible, but I here now.” a. used to live c. am used to living b. have used to living d. get used to living

16. “Is Kenny going to try out for the team?” “Yeah, he won’t make it unless he training soon.” a. has started c. should start b. will start d. starts

17. Current government statistics show that unemployment figures have a record high. a. recently hit c. been recently hit b. recently been hitting d. recently been hit

18. The new president of the company has become the driving force its recent success. a. in front of c. behind b. beyond d. within

19. I would like you to you are holding. a. Jenny to give the book c. Jenny give the book b. give to Jenny the book d. give Jenny the book

20. After so many years, I would like to my college math professor again. a. contact with c. be contacted with b. get in contact with d. have contacted with

ALLOTTED TIME: 60 MINUTES GRAMMAR Choose the most appropriate alternative.

progress test 1TO BE SET AFTER REVISION LESSON A - pp. 44-45

1 Progress Test 1

21. a. since c. in b. from d. for

22. a. In c. From b. At d. By

23. a. struck c. erupted b. recurred d. devastated

24. a. to know c. for knowing b. knowing d. of knowing

25. a. next one c. the next one b. a next one d. next the one

26. a. taken c. done b. hit d. killed

27. a. resulted c. made b. caused d. cost

28. a. been c. long b. then d. had

29. a. once c. as b. after d. before

30. a. on c. to b. from d. in

31. a. which c. they b. and d. but

32. a. may be c. can be b. is being d. has been

33. a. due c. prior b. owing d. led

34. a. where c. such b. for d. any

35. a. on c. in b. to d. at

36. a. after c. then b. may d. to

37. a. promote c. serve b. indicate d. deem

38. a. can c. would b. must d. is

39. a. means c. potential b. issues d. circumstances

40. a. order c. collusion b. conjunction d. together

CLOZE Choose the most appropriate alternative.

� e belief that animals can predict earthquakes has been around (21) centuries. (22) 373 B.C., historians recorded that animals deserted the Greek city of Helice in droves just days before a quake (23) . Earthquakes are however a sudden phenomenon and seismologists have no way (24) exactly when or where (25) will hit.

One of the world’s most earthquake-prone countries is Japan, where devastation has (26) countless lives and (27) enormous damage to property. Researchers there have (28) studied animals in the hope of discovering what they hear or feel (29) the Earth shakes in order to use that sense as a prediction tool. American seismologists, (30) the other hand, are skeptical. Even though the seismologists have successfully documented cases of strange animal behavior before earthquakes, (31) claim that a valid connection between a speci� c animal behavior and the occurrence of a quake has never been made.

Whatever the case (32) , many comparable patterns of animal behavior (33) to earthquakes have been reported independently by people all over the world. Seismologists have even proposed a special website (34) people could call or write in if they see strange behavior (35) their animals. � e messages would (36) be analyzed to determine where they originated. A sudden surge of e-mails from a particular region might then (37) that a quake was imminent.

� e information (38) of course be checked to ensure the observations were not caused by other (39) known to a� ect the behavior of animals. And to avoid issuing false warnings, the data would be used in (40) with other monitoring devices such as seismological measurements.

2 Progress Test 1

41. The illness that Mr. Harrison contracted was by a

combination of stress, anxiety and poor nutrition.

a. noted c. undertaken

b. muffled d. induced

42. Demanding questions were to the minister

regarding the reasons for the country’s political isolation.

a. undertaken c. posed

b. assumed d. surveyed

43. The proposed government will be made up of six

nuclear specialists and three environmentalists.

a. staff c. crew

b. panel d. jury

44. Our recent sales figures are of our company’s

economic success.

a. appropriate c. indicative

b. potential d. infectious

45. Immigrants often take formal courses in order to

to their new environments.

a. vary c. adapt

b. suspect d. serve

46. A(n) needs to be carried out to determine

whether toy commercials have any effect on infants.

a. survey c. sample

b. assessment d. report

47. We enjoy spending our weekends doing

activities, like cycling or swimming.

a. recreational c. modified

b. definitive d. indicative

48. Yacht skippers have been warned not to set sail as there

is a tropical storm off the coast.

a. remaining c. airing

b. lurking d. excavating

49. The racing car did not with the specifications and

was thus not allowed to participate in the grand prix.

a. abide c. worship

b. conform d. comply

50. The widespread African drought of 6,000 B.C. was the first

such cataclysmic event ever to have been .

a. documented c. devastated

b. occurred d. estimated

51. Thanks to improved policing, muggings are no longer a

widespread on the streets of New York.

a. occurrence c. circumstance

b. prediction d. imminence

52. Little Joey threw when he realized his parents

were not going to give in to his demands.

a. a drove c. an air

b. a tantrum d. a devastation

53. A driver’s license is by a government authority,

not a private organization.

a. abided c. issued

b. made d. launched

54. Michelle had the that her husband would return

earlier than he had said, so she started dinner.

a. faith c. notion

b. account d. stance

55. One should look forward in life and not on the

past.

a. repent c. dwell

b. aim d. surge

56. Children are on their parents, especially

when they are young.

a. dependent c. relied

b. inferred d. focused

57. Increased public spending was as the main

reason for high inflation this year.

a. called c. considered

b. referred d. cited

58. The to overthrow the government was found out

and the instigators were imprisoned.

a. subversion c. pretext

b. conspiracy d. conception

59. Whale sharks grow to 20m in length and are listed as

to extinction.

a. in jeopardy c. in danger

b. vulnerable d. at risk

60. You had better remind your wife about tonight’s dinner;

with so much on her hands, she’s to forget.

a. probable c. possible

b. apt d. deemed

VOCABULARY Choose the most appropriate alternative.

3 Progress Test 1

READING Choose the correct answer to the questions based on the passage.

Most spiders are very mean creatures. Nearly all of these solitary creatures �ght or cannibalize each other when they meet. Among the 34,000 spider species, only about eighteen are known as social spiders. �ese social spiders mingle with members of the same species who live in the same colony. Similar to ants, these spiders work together cooperatively to maintain their nest.

Social spiders share food and cooperate in capturing prey, web-building, and maintaining the nest. If something damages their nest slightly, they migrate as a group to a new location. Unless their nest is completely destroyed by outside conditions, such as severe storms or large animals, these creatures stay together inde�nitely.

Most social spider nests have an average of ten females to one male. Natural selection probably accounts for the predominance of females. It would be detrimental to the nest if there were more males because they would have to compete with each other for a mate. Moreover, females are the workers of the colony and sustain the males. When the colony eats, it is because the females have closely coordinated their hunting activities. �e females also work together building webs to catch their prey. �ese structures are o�en large enough to snare oversize prey such as katydids, beetles, and moths.

Some large colonies of social spiders build elaborate nests. Sometimes as large as a small car, the nests are fashioned from leaves and other undergrowth. �ey are so spacious that bats o�en take up residence in deserted nests to escape bad weather.

61. Social spiders associate with...

a. only eighteen species of spiders.

b. any spider of the same species.

c. spiders in their colony only.

d. ants.

62. A colony of social spiders will not stay together...

a. if there are too many males in the colony.

b. when the nest gets too small for the

population.

c. when migrating.

d. if their nest is totally ruined.

63. According to the passage, the nests of social

spiders...

a. are made of plant material.

b. can be found in cars.

c. are actually former bat nests.

d. are leaf-shaped.

64. The main function of the male social spiders is to...

a. locate new nest sites.

b. produce offspring.

c. rebuild the nest when it gets damaged.

d. protect the nest from animals.

65. Because the female social spiders outnumber the

males,...

a. the females must work harder.

b. the females are less likely to kill the males after

mating with them.

c. many of the males migrate to form new

colonies.

d. the social balance is maintained.

VOCABULARY Supply the appropriate translation.

66. conduct (n) 71. abide

67. indicative 72. devote (v)

68. modify 73. estimate (n)

69. isolate 74. excavate

70. transmit 75. contemporary (adj)

4 Progress Test 1


Venice, a unique city built on a group of islands now part of Italy, has some 800 historic buildings, probably the world’s greatest concentration of structures 500 or more years old. �e surrounding lagoon, a 200-square-mile maze of marshes, mud, and channels, provided a natural barrier against foreign invasion. But unfortunately, the elements that once preserved the city for centuries are currently contributing to its deterioration.

During the highest tides, because sea water now reaches above the stone foundations of many buildings, salt is causing buildings to deteriorate. So far e�orts to save Venice have concentrated on the treatment of symptoms. Buildings are cleaned, their bricks purged of accumulated salt and proofed against further permeation.

It is only recently that specialists, called in to assist in restoration work, have developed the equipment and methods necessary for investigating the city’s waterlogged base. In conjunction with acoustic studies, core samples taken below the water table have revealed important features of the geophysical environment of the lagoon. Considerable variation in the depth of the lagoonal sediments has been discovered. Many of Venice’s structures have stone foundations on top of dense �elds of submerged wooden poles 10 to 15 feet tall driven into the lagoonal sediments. Where the poles extend down through the so� lagoonal sediments to rest on the harder underlying base sediment, considerable weight can be supported, but those poles extending no further than the so� sediment are slowly sinking. �e only way to really rescue Venice is through investigation of what lies beneath each particular building; by doing so it may be possible to save the buildings from sinking into the sea. �e challenge, however, will be in developing cost-e�ective methods for carrying out such work.

76. What is a weakness in the preservation method

Venetians have been using?

a. It’s not solving the source of the problem.

b. Salt is not being removed well.

c. The poles are resting on hard base sediment.

d. It damages the stone foundations.

77. What have investigators recently learned about

Venice?

a. The sediment can hold more weight than

expected.

b. The soft sediment is slowly sinking.

c. The lagoon is deeper than they thought it was.

d. The base on which buildings rest is not at a

constant depth.

78. Why do restorationists need to study each building

separately?

a. to find out what each structure rests on

b. to see if the sediment is rising

c. to get rid of accumulated salt

d. to save time and money

79. The newly developed equipment enables

researchers...

a. to clean the stone and bricks.

b. to use more cost-effective methods.

c. to investigate below the water table.

d. to take samples of salt.

80. What is the best type of support for Venetian

buildings?

a. bricks that have been proofed

b. poles that reach down to base sediments

c. foundations that are made of stone

d. poles that are not submerged


81. remains (n) 86. imminent

82. presence 87. account (v)

83. desert (v) 88. reform

84. detectable 89. infer

85. valid 90. conventional

Total: /90 5 Progress Test 1

1. The meeting has been by two weeks and will now take place on the 22nd. a. put forward c. put up b. called back d. called off

2. I reading a good novel to a poem, don’t you? a. would rather like c. much prefer b. would much sooner d. like much

3. The employees came the company’s decision to lower salaries by staging a strike. a. into c. down with b. out against d. up against

4. “Why do you take the subway to work?” “Because it’s far more than driving.” a. economic c. economical b. economized d. economizing

5. The lobby group doesn’t agree with the opinion that industries are overall than they used to be. a. polluted less c. less polluting b. pollution less d. less of a polluting

6. As the use of e-mail and electronic commerce becomes , there is a need to make e-mail messages more secure and private. a. adopting more widely c. more widely adopted b. more widely adopting d. more adopted widely

7. The witness was summoned to the police precinct to tell the detective . a. how the suspect c. like how the looked like suspect looked b. what looked like d. what the suspect the suspect looked like

8. “What did you think of the play?” “It was good, but I’d expected.” a. as different as c. more different than b. different from what d. different to that

9. Our new office premises are approximately a basketball court. a. the size of c. as sized as b. the same size of d. a size of

10. The weather was stormy, and the bad state of the roads made it to drive. a. so much difficult c. so much so difficult b. all the more difficult d. more so difficult

11. Good computer programmers are because of the rapid development of this sector. a. with rather short supply c. quite shortly supplied b. in fairly short supply d. too shortly supplied

12. Thanks to the USA’s foreign policy, homeland security is becoming a all over the globe. a. growing concern c. growing concerned b. grown concern d. grown concerning

13. “Do you still plan to go to the debate tonight?” “Yes, and I wish you’d consider too.” a. that you attend c. to be attending b. to attend d. attending

14. “Are you taking a break this weekend?” “No. I’ve got so much work to do that to leave town.” a. I have difficulty c. it is difficult b. I find difficulty d. I feel it difficult

15. “What did your attorney say about the case?” “He believes that changes will definitely on both sides.” a. need being made c. need to be made b. be needed to make d. need making

16. “I wonder where the library is!” “ a student here, you should be able to tell me.” a. To have been c. Being b. You have been d. As you had been

17. Tourism is this state’s largest industry, over $750 million in profits every year. a. bringing in c. brings in b. having brought in d. to bring in

18. It was obvious to all his colleagues that the recently employed laborer was averse his hands dirty. a. to get c. getting b. to getting d. to have

19. This area is off-limits to everybody. You enter unless you have written permission. a. needn’t c. ought to not b. are not to d. don’t have to

20. “Did you hear about Gary mistreating his girlfriend?” “Yeah, what a jerk! He we would find out.” a. had to have known c. could know b. had known d. would have known


progress test 2TO BE SET AFTER REVISION LESSON B - pp. 86-87

7 Progress Test 2

“Extreme” sports are those largely (21) athletic activities that require people to push themselves “to the limit”, often by defying (22) gravity and society’s standards for reasonable risk. (23) , extreme athletes also project an image that counters that of the “normal” athlete (24) terms of appearance, attitude, and training regimen.

�e fitness craze of the 1980s inspired many (25) , non-athletic individuals to (26) up activities like jogging and aerobics. �e emerging popularity of extreme sports in the 1990s reflected a (27) in American fitness trends. A cult of “adrenaline addiction” infiltrated youth culture and (28) the marketing strategies that were aimed (29) these new consumers of the “extreme” image. Sales of mountain bikes, in-line skates, and snowboards (30) up dramatically, as did the (31) of bungee jumping and skydiving. ESPN’s X Games took (32) of this emerging trend and applied measurable performance criteria to such recreational pursuits as skating, rock climbing, and snowboarding. �e X Games are thus now able to partly control (33) chaotic sports.

(34) of their perceived physical dangers, extreme sports have generally garnered society’s disapproval, thus amplifying their popularity in youth culture. (35) , in the wake of the X Games, which have assimilated extreme sports (36) an organized brand of Olympic-like games, such activities have become (37) respectable and organized. As a result, extreme sports are (38) a popular pleasure because of their marginality and perceived (39) to the mainstream, but events like the X Games make extreme sports (40) marginal and subsequently alter their popular cultural meanings.

21. a. other c. such b. compulsory d. individualistic 22. a. the c. both b. and d. in 23. a. However c. Typically b. Also d. Despite 24. a. whose c. with b. to d. in 25. a. inactive c. inactively b. active d. actively 26. a. take c. give b. start d. log 27. a. merge c. shift b. turn d. set 28. a. influenced c. persuaded b. alleged d. regarded 29. a. to c. at b. for d. in 30. a. grew c. shot b. brought d. rose 31. a. popularity c. capability b. same d. submergence 32. a. awareness c. over b. manipulation d. advantage 33. a. potentially c. probably b. likely d. doubtlessly 34. a. Except c. Instead b. Because d. Not 35. a. However c. Moreover b. Hence d. Despite 36. a. beyond c. to b. into d. with 37. a. further c. less b. more d. so 38. a. enough c. now b. being d. fairly 39. a. due c. look b. thanks d. threat 40. a. more c. both b. into d. less


8 Progress Test 2

41. The intrepid explorers some valuable artifacts in

the ancient temple.

a. came into c. came across

b. ran into d. ran across

42. The victim took an hour to after the collision.

a. get round c. get over

b. come to d. come over

43. Suzan saw the perpetrator up close and it her

duty to help the police artist with his profile.

a. cited c. postulated

b. deemed d. alleviated

44. All toxic effluent from chemical factories has to be

of safely.

a. disposed c. deprived

b. derived d. diffused

45. If you stop taking your medication, you won’t

your cold.

a. come over c. get over

b. get around d. come around

46. Prices of local farm produce are bound to as a

consequence of the low temperatures experienced.

a. raze c. raise

b. arise d. rise

47. The organizers of the treasure hunt provided all the

participants with written directions to follow.

a. explicit c. contemplated

b. reflected d. rejected

48. It is difficult to estimate the of Buddhism in

Communist countries.

a. denial c. likelihood

b. contemplation d. influence

49. Trainee pilots only receive their pilot’s license once

they up over 100 hours in the cockpit.

a. cog c. log

b. fog d. hog

50. The computer program picked twenty questions at

out of the database to pose to the interviewees.

a. random c. condition

b. premise d. compulsory

51. After years of painstaking study, archeologists finally

managed to hieroglyphics.

a. translate c. decipher

b. discern d. encrypt

52. Unfortunately, the complaints laid by local citizens to the

mayor’s office have been ignored.

a. largely c. highly

b. barely d. roughly

53. The disgraceful behavior of the goalkeeper badly

on the whole team.

a. reflected c. degraded

b. humiliated d. disgraced

54. It is believed that the Hobbit was a primate

species that lived in lush tropical forests.

a. plainly c. widely

b. greatly d. fairly

55. Opposition parties in the developing country have

that the recent elections were fixed.

a. assured c. alleged

b. ensued d. insured

56. This esteemed 19th century drama school was

by the top performers of the time.

a. devoted c. lavished

b. founded d. imposed

57. The witness had no choice but to against her

husband in the hope of reducing his sentence.

a. log c. transform

b. vote d. testify

58. Some cultures and religions have a(n) aversion

to eating certain types of meat.

a. intake c. indulgent

b. inherent d. infertile

59. The hijackers fled the scene of the crime, with the police

in hot .

a. chase c. pursuit

b. hunt d. search

60. Constructors don’t build on sandstone as it is

to water.

a. infiltrated c. permeable

b. marginal d. penetrated


9 Progress Test 2


�e carillon is one of the few inventions that began as a mechanical device and evolved into a musical instrument. Bell founders and clock makers were the technological wizards of the Middle Ages, charged with maintaining the complex machinery that allowed Europe’s citizenry to organize their lives and communicate with one another. �e town clock and its bells were more than a time piece; they were a news network, an emergency response system and public entertainment rolled into one.

Once, bells ruled daily life throughout Europe. A morning bell called townsfolk to early mass; rung in the evening, it signaled the closing of the city gates or announced curfew. Bells warned of fire in the town; when a citizen died, the tone of the bell signified the gender and age of the departed. With their ability to broadcast news far and wide, bells were a media network. �ey were most often found in the church, which served as a community center as well as a place of worship.

When the weight-driven tower clock was refined around 1360, it was naturally paired with the town bell to sound the hour. During the next hundred years, the clock and bell became indelibly linked. When an unknown inventor thought of attaching bell ropes to a keyboard so the bells could be operated manually, the carillon was born. �is had certainly happened by 1510, when a carillon keyboard was mentioned in the records of a Dutch town. �e evolution from mechanism to musical instrument was complete, and though the carillon has undergone many refinements, its basic structure has remained unchanged for five centuries.

61. According to the author, what is unusual about

the carillon?

a. It hasn’t changed since the 1300’s.

b. It has been simplified since the Middle Ages.

c. It was developed by church musicians.

d. It wasn’t originally meant to be a

musical instrument.

62. The author implies that the people who made the

town clock and bells...

a. were thought to use magic.

b. were leaders of the church.

c. were trained musicians.

d. had relatively advanced technical skills.

63. A carillon player uses his hands to...

a. pull bell ropes.

b. hit bells with a weight.

c. operate a keyboard.

d. swing small bells.

64. When was the carillon invented?

a. before 1360

b. between 1360 and 1510

c. in 1510

d. after 1510

65. Why does the author refer to the bells as

“a media network” in paragraph two?

a. They conveyed information.

b. Not one, but a system of many bells was used.

c. They linked various churches in each town.

d. They were found in the average town.


66. largely 71. explicit

67. embark (on) 72. reject

68. interpretation 73. arise

69. commerce 74. alleviate

70. propensity 75. postulate

10 Progress Test 2


Lichens, deceptively simple organisms commonly found growing on trees and rocks, are among the oldest living things on Earth. No casual observer of a lichen would ever suspect that it was a composite of interacting life forms. �e seemingly uncomplicated lichen is actually composed of a fungus and a colony of algae. A few species of lichen even include an additional life form, bacteria. A complete lichen is strikingly different from its separated partners in both appearance and biochemistry. Many produce unique compounds which cannot be made by the component organisms alone.

Lichens have long been recognized as dual organisms, but controversy over the nature of the symbiosis involved is still not entirely resolved. �e fungus is always dependent on the algae’s photosynthesis for food in the form of carbohydrates, but so far, scientists can only guess about the exact nature of the relationship between these two components of lichen. Some scientists think of the fungus as a parasite on the algae. Others see the fungus instead as a contributing partner, storing water and providing mineral nutrients for the algae in a mutually beneficial symbiosis.

Because lichens are so sensitive to air pollution, they are used as environmental monitors. Many lichens can tolerate extreme heat, cold, or dryness. Very few, however, can withstand severe air pollution, and many survive only where the air is very clean. �e disappearance of lichens from an area gives warning of a threatened environment. �eir ability to accumulate metals and other elements from rainwater and dust enables scientists to determine how far pollution has spread, by chemically analyzing the lichens in an area.

76. This passage focuses primarily on...

a. what lichens are and how they can be useful.

b. environmental threats to lichens.

c. the relationships between lichens and algae.

d. the effects of lichens on other life forms.

77. How can scientists use lichens?

a. to produce unique compounds

b. to store water

c. to measure pollution

d. to remove metals and dust from air

78. What is the role of the algae?

a. to store water

b. to produce carbohydrates

c. to provide minerals

d. to control bacteria

79. According to the author, what is not obvious to

most people about lichens?

a. that they are such an old life form

b. that they can live in nearly any environment

c. that they are uncomplicated organisms

d. that they are dual organisms

80. What is one controversy about lichens mentioned

in the passage?

a. whether or not lichens contain bacteria

b. whether or not lichens can clean polluted air

c. whether or not the fungus is a parasite

d. whether lichens are algae or fungi


81. inherent 86. uncertainty

82. marginal 87. respectively

83. individualistic 88. allege

84. tension 89. consent (n)

85. ingenious 90. subsequently


1. The number of computer games aimed at adults in recent years. a. has increased c. increased b. has been increased d. have been increased

2. “You’re Mr. Jacob’s son, aren’t you?” “Sorry, but I believe you .” a. are mistaken c. have a mistake b. mistook d. are mistaking

3. Children who cats or dogs may be at less risk of developing pet allergies. a. bring up with c. get brought up b. grow up d. grow up with

4. “Did you get the job?” “No, the position already been filled.” a. applied for had c. I applied had b. I was applied for had d. I was applying for had

5. The space shuttle, in the 1980s, was an effective tool for the space program in the last century. a. launched first c. had first launched b. was first launched d. first launched

6. My hair is going gray; I must color it. a. have mine hairdresser c. get my hairdresser to b. get my hairdresser d. have my hairdresser to

7. Dwarf elephants appear vanished off the face of the earth as the result of a major volcanic eruption. a. that they c. they were b. to have d. to have been

8. A plan, on both environmental and economic concerns, had originally been agreed on by government ministries. a. is based c. based b. having based d. to base

9. We’re going to be late if we don’t leave now, so we’d better . a. get going c. have gone b. being gone d. get gone

10. “I don’t know how to improve this conclusion!” “_______ with your course supervisor - he’ll tell you what to do.” a. Get into contact c. Contact b. Have a contact d. Be contacted

11. “Why am I not improving much?” “You better English if you worked at it a bit harder.” a. can speak c. could speak b. will speak d. would have spoken

12. I’d be lazing on the beach this morning if it my science test tomorrow. a. wasn’t c. weren’t for b. weren’t d. hadn’t been

13. I have to leave because the school counsellor me in his office during the lunch break. a. wishes he saw c. wishes to see b. wishes he had seen d. wished to see

14. Trevor would prefer it if you anyone about his recent separation. a. haven’t told c. didn’t tell b. won’t tell d. had told

15. DVDs are now harder to copy new anti-piracy measures devised by copy protection firms. a. thanks to c. as long as b. but for d. only if

16. “Are you going to buy a new car?” “I would enough money.” a. if I have c. if I had b. had I had d. if I have had

17. The research paper concluded that gorillas have odd habits, are almost human. a. of which c. some of which b. that d. some of them

18. “Did you get a lot of Xmas presents?” “Yes, there were so many I don’t know who .” a. gave what me c. did give me what b. gave me what d. gave to me what

19. Many people suffered during the dictator’s reign the laws were unfair. a. only if c. as b. even if d. even though

20. “Are you still coming out with us tonight?” “ tired, I think I’ll be able to manage it.” a. Despite being c. In spite of me b. Although my d. Even if I was


progress test 3TO BE SET AFTER REVISION LESSON C - pp. 128-129

13 Progress Test 3

21. a. perceived c. patented b. pioneered d. paralleled

22. a. enter c. exist b. havoc d. deplete

23. a. are c. that b. for d. have

24. a. readily c. potently b. likely d. fatally

25. a. which c. for which b. for d. that

26. a. submerge c. that b. divert d. respond

27. a. for c. actions b. so that d. so as

28. a. Unless c. Without b. Due to d. Provided

29. a. run c. running b. to running d. being run

30. a. therefore c. although b. moreover d. however

31. a. Why c. Where b. When d. Who

32. a. while c. these b. the d. which

33. a. were c. is b. had d. who

34. a. conduct c. difference b. attachment d. consequences

35. a. tend c. perceive b. had d. able

36. a. are c. have b. seem d. play

37. a. more c. quite b. too d. less

38. a. enough c. as b. being d. rather

39. a. Nevertheless c. But for b. Even though d. Therefore

40. a. than c. with b. so d. from


Hans Selye, who (21) stress research, felt that two kinds of stress (22) in our lives. Most of us recognize distress, one of the two types. Sleep deprivation, divorce, financial worries, health problems, and losing a job (23) all familiar types of distress. �e second kind of stress, eustress, is one that we may not recognize so (24) . It accompanies peak moments in our lives when we accomplish something (25) we have worked hard.

Our bodies (26) in the exact same way to both types of stress. When we meet with stressors, our sympathetic nervous systems go into action and increase our heart rates (27) to pump more blood into our muscles. (28) this response, we wouldn’t be able to react to danger or respond to emergencies. When the sympathetic nervous system is chronically (29) on high alert (30) , physical illnesses, depression, and anxiety can develop in some people.

(31) is it that some people seem to thrive on stressful situations, (32) others become sick or depressed? A lot of the difference has to do with genetics. If one (33) born with a family history of depression, one would probably be more susceptible to the (34) of stress.

In addition, how we perceive life events can play a role in whether we get stressed out over a situation. If we (35)

to have a pessimistic outlook and to see the negative side of things, we’re more likely to get stressed out than those people who (36) a positive outlook. If we’re rigid in our outlook on life, stress is more likely to result over things that wouldn’t stress out a (37) flexible person. People who are (38) tense by nature and unable to relax, are more likely to suffer from stress-related problems. (39) , angry, confrontational people are more likely to have problems with stress (40) positive thinkers who take things in their stride.

14 Progress Test 3

41. Rising temperatures are said to be the way

penguins feed.

a. altering c. dotting

b. marring d. shifting

42. Many children in state schools have expressed frustration

at having to with values they don’t share.

a. conform c. abide

b. comply d. comprise

43. The results from the series of experiments

the scientists’ calculations.

a. infiltrate c. corroborate

b. devour d. deplete

44. The children were delighted when their mother brought

them another of homemade pancakes.

a. poultry c. scam

b. batch d. jurisdiction

45. Adobe buildings were once to the south of

the United States.

a. home c. odd

b. endemic d. peculiar

46. Wine is made by leaving grape juice to until all

the sugar in it has turned to alcohol.

a. haul c. dot

b. feast d. ferment

47. Due to last night’s avalanche, the mountain road

is after the next bend.

a. conceivable c. superfluous

b. impassable d. horrified

48. In a number of developing countries, civil war has been

a significant to progress.

a. assertion c. impediment

b. device d. sanctuary

49. The dictator’s passport was by the new

government to prevent him leaving the country.

a. premeditated c. patented

b. confiscated d. disclosed

50. Researchers have finished perfecting a special

for finding people trapped in collapsed buildings.

a. gait c. batch

b. device d. dimension

51. Recent archeological excavations have offered

insights into Inca culture.

a. unprecedented c. unanimous

b. unwarranted d. unprovoked

52. Urban Transport authorities are a survey to find

out what people think of the new bus service.

a. making c. holding

b. achieving d. carrying out

53. Several people were injured in the train collision.

a. fatally c. deadly

b. inherently d. terminally

54. The rain in the area has been falling for days and shows

no sign of .

a. diverting c. dissuading

b. abating d. tapering

55. Environmentalists assert that the protection of the earth’s

rainforests is a high issue.

a. dimension c. concern

b. priority d. milestone

56. Dan’s doctor told him that his hairline may

be stress related.

a. roaming c. receding

b. severed d. encasing

57. Jeremy gave up his office job to a career as

a fitness trainer.

a. devise c. construct

b. pursue d. embark

58. A trait of a good manager is to be able to work

to the correct persons.

a. emit c. bypass

b. delegate d. transmit

59. When making their purchases, consumers often

high price with good quality.

a. associate c. monitor

b. intricate d. attach

60. The accused was set free after she had managed to

the jury of her innocence.

a. devise c. abstain

b. emit d. convince


15 Progress Test 3


Everyone who has flown in an airplane has experienced turbulence: the sudden, and often violent, shaking of an airplane. Although most people know about this mild turbulence, few people are aware that each year nearly twenty U.S. airplanes experience enough turbulence to cause injuries to passengers. �ese injuries could have been avoided, however, if pilots had had warning of the turbulence that was coming.

Most often, turbulence is a side effect of storms. When pilots see storm clouds ahead, they can take evasive action or at least warn passengers to use their seat belts. �e turbulence that is most dangerous, however, is clear-air turbulence (CAT), which occurs when there is hardly a cloud in the sky. �is turbulence is most dangerous because pilots don’t know it’s there and can’t avoid it. CAT can be caused by many things, including a change in direction of winds, a clash of opposing air masses or a swirl of wind rising off a mountain. Not only is the phenomenon invisible to the eye, but to radar as well.

Until recently, the best defense pilots have had against such turbulence is an alert by other pilots ahead of them who have experienced a pool of unsteady air. �e Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is improving this pilot reporting system by equipping planes with software that measures even mild turbulence and quickly sends data to the ground, where computers collate the information and send it back up to all planes in the area. Of course, the most advanced turbulence-warning system on earth will not do a bit of good unless passengers heed the warnings of the pilots by using their seat belts.

61. What is an important difference between CATs

and common turbulence?

a. CATs cause more damage to the plane.

b. Common turbulence causes more serious

injuries.

c. Common turbulence can be easily predicted.

d. CATs are found in storm clouds.

62. According to the passage, how do pilots find out

about common turbulence?

a. They see bad weather ahead.

b. They don’t find out until they encounter it.

c. They use the “pilot reporting system”.

d. They look for it in the clear air near mountains.

63. How do pilots typically find out about CATs?

a. The FAA tells them.

b. They see CATs ahead.

c. Radar signals inform them.

d. Another pilot tells them.

64. According to the passage, what is one possible

effect of a plane encountering a CAT?

a. The airplane crashes.

b. The airplane’s radar no longer works.

c. Passengers are injured.

d. The airplane’s computer no longer works.

65. What is new about the system described in

paragraph 3?

a. It uses computers to collect and report

information about CATs.

b. It creates a computer image of what pilots see.

c. It makes CATs detectable by radar.

d. It warns passengers to fasten seat belts.


66. associate 71. census

67. intricate 72. fatal

68. sever 73. diversion

69. devise 74. submerge

70. procreation 75. confiscate

16 Progress Test 3


Lately, annual runs of wild coho on the Rogue River have been about 80 percent below average. In fact, most strains of Pacific salmon are in deep trouble as a result of overfishing at sea and destruction of freshwater streams where the big fish spawn and their offspring grow large enough to return to the ocean. �e deteriorating condition of streams has seriously limited the ability of wild salmon, namely Coho and Chinook, to recover from record low numbers. To reproduce, salmon require clean beds of stones in which to lay eggs. And the hatchlings need deep pools of clean water with many nooks where they can hide from predators while waiting to seize aquatic insects, their main food.

Trees are important in creating a good environment and an ample food supply for the Coho. But over the years, people have removed fallen trees from streams, transforming the deep pools into shallow channels. In addition, the cutting of trees along stream banks has deprived some aquatic insects of the leaf material on which they feed. Furthermore, tree removal, by eliminating shade, has allowed stream water to warm, reducing the number of microorganisms that other aquatic insects eat. Salmon numbers plummet under these conditions and require decades to recover after shoreline trees reappear.

Nevertheless, measures can be taken to improve the situation. Tree trunks can be reintroduced into the freshwater habitats. Within a very short period of time, the movement of water under and around the logs transforms the shallow spots into deep pools. Tests of this strategy have resulted in a thousand-fold increase in the number of young salmon that survive.

76. According to the author, what is causing the

decrease in the number of wild salmon?

a. pollution in freshwater streams

b. too much fishing in freshwater streams

c. a worsening of the young salmon’s

environment

d. an increase in competition between Chinook

and Coho salmon

77. What does the author say about microorganisms?

a. They cause disease in salmon.

b. They are a food source for insects.

c. They are an important food source for salmon.

d. They help keep the water clean.

78. Relatively cool stream water...

a. benefits the microorganisms.

b. harms the young salmon.

c. causes the number of aquatic insects to

decrease.

d. discourages the salmon from laying eggs.

79. A tree that has fallen into a salmon stream...

a. can change deep pools into shallow channels.

b. becomes a valuable food source for the

Chinook.

c. can create a good spawning bed.

d. can create a suitable place for young salmon

to live.

80. The author says that the salmon population could

be quickly increased by...

a. planting trees on the shoreline.

b. putting dead trees in the streams.

c. eliminating predators.

d. reducing the number of microorganisms in

the water.


81. assert 86. debilitation

82. dissuade 87. roam

83. impede 88. resident

84. sanctuary 89. verify

85. comprise 90. jurisdiction


1. It wasn’t until I heard John come in I’d forgotten all

about our appointment.

a. did I realize c. that I had realized

b. when I did realize d. that I realized

2. To such an extent in the fire that it had to be

pulled down.

a. was the building damaged c. did the building damage

b. the building did damage d. the building was damaged

3. Cathy put on her glasses but not even then

was speaking to.

a. she could see who she c. could she see who she

b. could she see who d. she could see who

4. Only when you have a digital ID, a secure e-mail.

a. send you c. had you sent

b. you can send d. can you send

5. “Why is Mrs. Geraldson so unhappy?”

“Because her son and daughter haven’t visited her for

long time.”

a. so c. too

b. such a d. a such

6. Martha had a light lunch today and .

a. so did I c. so had I

b. I had too d. also did I

7. “Why has John been grounded?”

“Because he hasn’t done the household chores,

nor to.”

a. does he intend c. he does intend

b. intends he d. he intends

8. I can’t make up my mind or not.

a. if I go c. whether to go

b. either to go d. to go

9. to become a successful artist.

a. Hers is the goal c. Her goal is

b. The goal of hers d. She has goal

10. This problem is for the level of this class.

a. too much really hard c. really much too hard

b. much too really hard d. really hard too much

11. The institute hired ten new programmers,

just finished college.

a. most of whom had c. which most had

b. most have d. most of them have

12. Global warming will continue as long as greenhouse gases,

primarily carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere.

a. are accumulated c. accumulating

b. accumulates d. accumulate

13. from traveling for ten hours, Henry decided to stop

for the night.

a. Having been tired c. Tired

b. Had tired d. Tiring

14. time, I eat lunch around noon.

a. Most of c. Of the most

b. The most d. Most of the

15. Dogs and wolves are two species of mammals.

a. closely related c. closed related

b. related closely d. close related

16. Amy’s two cats are very different .

a. one from each other c. one of the other

b. one another d. from each other

17. I searched everywhere in the kitchen for some sugar

but none.

a. have not found c. found

b. did not find d. finding

18. After worked in the factory for two years, Jill finally

transferred to the main office.

a. she has c. her having

b. being d. having

19. “Here’s a picture of three boys and three girls.

Do you know any of them?”

“Yes, I know boys.”

a. three of the c. of three

b. the three d. three

20. “Is gender a factor in heart disease?”

“Yes, heart disease occurs in men more than four

times women.”

a. than that of c. more in

b. as often as in d. as many as

progress test 4TO BE SET AFTER REVISION LESSON D - pp. 154-155


19 Progress Test 4

21. a. way c. order b. name d. reason

22. a. recreate c. comprise b. conceive d. spend

23. a. undergone c. run b. carried d. exposed

24. a. arise c. be b. increase d. suggest

25. a. go c. hold b. last d. fetch

26. a. make c. carry b. take d. set

27. a. They c. Women b. It d. Volunteers

28. a. After c. Based b. Back d. Set

29. a. had c. hardly b. must d. were

30. a. test c. rest b. end d. activity

31. a. but c. even b. not only d. thanks

32. a. cut c. taken b. let d. dropped

33. a. make c. carry b. take d. step

34. a. as c. being b. to d. like

35. a. During c. Beyond b. While d. Provided

36. a. which c. that b. but d. so

37. a. predicted c. which b. teams d. results

38. a. that c. who b. whom d. they

39. a. had c. gotten b. language d. were

40. a. childish c. childhood b. childlike d. childcare

A group of twelve women have spent two months in bed all in the (21) of science. Designed to (22) the effects of weightlessness, the experiment was (23) by the European Space Agency in France, which hopes that the results of the study will help scientists anticipate medical problems that may (24) as space missions go further and (25) longer.

�e women had to (26) out all daily activities in their bed, tilted back at a six degree angle. (27) underwent more than 180 tests, and were kept under constant video scrutiny before being allowed out of bed 60 days later. (28) on their feet for final tests, the women said they (29) proud to have helped future female cosmonauts. �eir rehabilitation came to a(n) (30) after living in the MEDES medical research center in Toulouse in France (31) for the sixty-day, bed-rest period, but also for a three-week phase at either end of the bed-rest.

�e women were (32) off from the outside world and split into three groups; one fed a special diet, one asked to (33) out certain muscular exercises and the other used (34) a control group. (35) the 60-day ‘bed-rest’ stint they were allowed books, TV, music and internet access, (36) had face-to-face contact only with medical staff.

�e twelve scientific teams from 11 different countries involved in the study (37) the physical effects would include a swollen face, blocked nose, twinges and aches, muscle wastage and loss of bone mass. �e volunteers, (38) had to be aged between 25 and 40, in good health and fluent in English or French, (39) paid 15,200 euros for their participation. During a press conference after their stay, all the volunteers noted that they were proud to have come within touching distance of their (40) dreams of going into space.


20 Progress Test 4

41. Many teenagers today are surprisingly about

international politics.

a. ignorant c. outrageous

b. appealing d. itinerant

42. The new cell phone has been designed to mainly

to the teenage market.

a. embalm c. preach

b. encase d. appeal

43. Apartheid was a system of racial that once

existed in South Africa.

a. submission c. abolition

b. segregation d. outrage

44. My arm unfortunately had to be in plaster after I

had broken it in three places.

a. embalmed c. encased

b. entailed d. encroached

45. During his long sermon, Father Davies about the

need for humility.

a. worshipped c. prayed

b. preached d. pierced

46. After in the Air Force, Leroy married and

attempted to settle down.

a. recruiting c. ruling

b. enlisting d. severing

47. The research results distinct differences between

the preferences of men and women.

a. associated c. noted

b. submitted d. monitored

48. Because of the technical challenges , most films

were silent before the late 1920s.

a. yielded c. involved

b. implicated d. enclosed

49. Nigel breaking his mother’s expensive statue.

a. accuses c. repents

b. wonders d. denies

50. The language course a class book, a practice

book and audio-visual material.

a. makes up c. composes

b. abolishes d. comprises

51. This piece of music was specifically for the guitar.

a. composed c. noted

b. involved d. discriminated

52. Call the electrician; the fuse box repairing.

a. wants c. gets

b. has d. does

53. I’ll the kids to bed while you’re getting the dinner.

a. put c. make

b. have d. let

54. The sudden drenched all the pedestrians and

brought downtown traffic to a standstill.

a. outbreak c. downpour

b. outburst d. downfall

55. Sylvia an operation on her fractured leg

last week.

a. underwent c. agonized

b. suffered d. digested

56. Not many people are aware that Namibia was

called South West Africa.

a. widely c. formerly

b. prior d. sometime

57. Engineers have decided to build three more bridges

to the river so as to facilitate commuters.

a. span c. extend

b. surround d. undergo

58. The old building during the terrible thunderstorm

last night.

a. damaged c. collapsed

b. ruined d. destroyed

59. Even though they have plenty of money, they tend

to be .

a. financial c. thrifty

b. economical d. skimp

60. A(n) yellow line alongside the curb means that

parking is forbidden.

a. continual c. incessant

b. continuous d. extended


21 Progress Test 4


Kennewick Man is the name given to an ancient skeleton found in the northwestern United States in 1996. From studying the 80% of the skeleton that was recovered, anthropologists have concluded that this early American was a muscular man in his forties, about 5 feet 9 inches tall. A depression over the left eye was probably the result of a minor injury. Researchers have not been able to agree about the significance of other injuries to the skeleton, including six broken ribs and an arrowhead embedded in the pelvis. However, they do agree, based on radiocarbon dating of the bones, that Kennewick Man is more than 9,300 years old.

Since the discovery of the skeleton, scientists and Native American tribes living in the area have been in a dispute about what should be its fate. Five tribes claim Kennewick Man as an ancestor and want the remains buried immediately. Researchers, however, want to continue to study these bones that have forced anthropologists to rethink theories about where the original Americans came from. �ese researchers say that Kennewick Man appears to be more closely related to the people of Polynesia and southern Asia than to the Native American tribes that claim him. If that is true, it calls into question the long-held belief that North America’s earliest arrivals came by a land bridge from Russia. Kennewick Man introduces the possibility that the first Americans came here by boat or by some alternate route, and that they were not the ancestors of today’s Native Americans.

A DNA analysis might settle the question of the relationship between Kennewick Man and Native Americans, but to date none of the laboratories that attempted to extract DNA for analysis was successful.

61. What caused the death of Kennewick Man? a. an injury to the ribs b. an injury to the head c. an arrow injury d. It is uncertain.

62. How could a DNA study be used on Kennewick Man? a. to decide what should be done with the bones b. to confirm how Kennewick Man died c. to get a better estimate of the age of the bones d. to determine how old Kennewick Man was when he died

63. What is the major disagreement between the scientists and the Native American tribes mentioned in the passage? a. what caused Kennewick Man’s injuries b. whether or not the bones should be studied further c. how old the skeleton is d. which of the five tribes Kennewick Man belonged to

64. Why does the author mention Polynesia? Because... a. Kennewick Man’s ancestors may have come from Polynesia. b. Polynesia is close to southern Asia. c. Polynesians came to North America by a land bridge from Russia. d. Native Americans claim to be related to Polynesians.

65. Why are scientists so interested in Kennewick Man? The skeleton may... a. help them prove that Native Americans are related to Polynesians. b. show them how the five tribes of Native Americans are related to each other. c. help them understand more about burial rituals of ancient North Americans. d. help them develop new theories about who the earliest people living in North America were.


66. embalm 71. submission

67. ignorance 72. itinerant

68. obscenity 73. continually

69. ruling 74. gender

70. segregation 75. sedative

22 Progress Test 4


Sodium is unlike any of the metals you commonly

encounter. In chemistry laboratories, it is stored in bottles

where the metal is covered with a liquid such as kerosene.

Sodium is stored this way to protect it from air and

moisture, with which the metal reacts vigorously. Even

so, the sodium in these bottles often looks nothing like

a metal. Frequently it is encrusted with yellowish-brown

crystals from reaction with oxygen and water, which have

still managed to find their way to the metal.

If you cut through a chunk of this corrosion-covered

sodium (and you can easily do that with even a very

dull knife), you will see a bright, silvery metal. If you

were to put a small piece in water, you would find that

it floats. �e density of sodium is 0.968 grams per cubic

centimeter. (�e density of water is 1.000 grams per cubic

centimeter.) �e metal is also interesting in that it melts at

98° Centigrade, which is below the boiling point of water.

Advantage is taken of this low melting point to transport

the metal in special tank cars. Liquid sodium is pumped

into the tank, where it solidifies. When the metal is to be

removed, it is remelted by passing hot water through coils

around the tank, then pumped out.

76. According to the passage, how does sodium

become covered with yellowish-brown crystals?

a. Oxygen and moisture react with it.

b. The crystals manage to find their way to

sodium.

c. Liquid kerosene reacts with it.

d. This is the natural state of sodium.

77. Sodium is unlike most metals in that it...

a. solidifies in hot water.

b. reacts with kerosene.

c. is composed of yellowish-brown crystals.

d. reacts violently with air and water.

78. According to the passage, how is sodium stored?

a. in bottles covered with water

b. in yellowish-brown crystals

c. in liquid filled containers

d. in tank cars filled with hot water

79. Pure sodium is...

a. hard and silvery.

b. soft and silvery.

c. hard and yellow.

d. soft and yellow.

80. Why is sodium transported by the method

described in the passage?

a. It is dangerous in its liquid form.

b. It melts at 98Ο Centigrade.

c. It floats in water.

d. It solidifies in water.


Total: /90

81. wander 86. collapse (n)

82. comprise 87. ram (v)

83. borrow 88. digestion

84. principle 89. rehabilitation

85. stationary 90. scrutiny

23 Progress Test 4

1. Scientists that biological species can change over

time by natural means.

a. have now convinced c. have now been convincing

b. are now convincing d. are now convinced

2. Labor legislation stipulates that employers are obliged to

contribute their employees’ pension funds.

a. with c. on

b. in d. to

3. The detectives carried out of the room after the

suspect had left.

a. a search detailed c. a detailed search

b. detailed search d. a detailing search

4. “Mr. Smith is a boring coach.”

“Do you mean you don’t enjoy his training

sessions?”

a. saying c. say that

b. that say d. to say

5. The fire a series of explosions at the oil refinery.

a. set off c. set about

b. set out d. set in

6. “Did you see Kay at the seminar?”

“Actually I didn’t. I don’t know where .”

a. was she c. she was

b. had she been d. she would be

7. Eating properly the energy to make it through

the day.

a. results in c. contributes to you

b. provides you with d. offers for you

8. After new evidence, she was acquitted the crime.

a. for c. to

b. of d. from

9. “They’re planning to build a new power plant in the valley.”

“That should solve our problems.”

a. energetic c. energized

b. energy d. energies

10. “Aren’t you going out with Denise again?”

“You must be kidding me. She is turn-off.”

a. such a c. a such

b. so a d. such

11. That was the bad news. Now, note, I’d like to tell

you of the project’s advantages.

a. more positively c. to be a positive

b. on a more positive d. at a positive

12. Sally had no choice but to give her children’s

demands.

a. up c. in to

b. down d. off

13. At least 10,000 babies born in this clinic every

year.

a. is c. are

b. have been d. were

14. “Did you enjoy the movie?”

“No, but I did think it was .”

a. directing well c. directed good

b. well directing d. well directed

15. James has made in his studies this semester.

a. considerable progress c. considerably progress

b. progress considerably d. progress considerable

16. “Prices at the new discount store are pretty good.”

“I hear you get for money there.”

a. so many values c. very much valuable

b. so much value d. too much value

17. “Why are things always going so wrong?”

“ to rush whatever you’re doing usually has that

result.”

a. Tried c. Trying

b. But for trying d. Having tried

18. Encrypting e-mail ensures that only the recipient can read

the message while it is .

a. in transit c. on transit

b. on transitory d. in transitory

19. I told you already that I’m not interested in

football.

a. the least c. in the least

b. the least bit d. at least

20. Call Barry to fix it; he’ll it working in no time.

a. have c. put

b. make d. leave

consolidation exam 1 GRAMMAR

25 Consolidation Exam 1

21. Automakers have penetrated the Chinese market as they

saw many opportunities in it.

a. rising c. aising

b. raised d. arising

22. “Was the boss angry when you missed work on Friday?”

“No, he was understanding .”

a. for it c. with it

b. to me d. about it

23. The weather may be cold, but it isn’t as it

is in December.

a. half so badly c. the half so bad

b. half as bad d. such bad

24. “What did your sociology professor say?”

“He believes that crime is a problem poverty.”

a. resulted from c. as a result from

b. resulting of d. resulting from

25. “I saw Cathy at the new club last night.”

“That’s a surprise. She goes dancing.”

a. ever scarcely c. never scarcely

b. scarcely never d. scarcely ever

26. “This car is far more economical than that one.”

“ it that way, I guess it’s a better buy.”

a. Being seen c. To see

b. The seeing of d. Seeing

27. The mayor spent approximately ninety thousand

dollars of that bizarre statue.

a. in erection c. on the erection

b. for erection d. for erecting

28. “Did you pass the oral interview?”

“No, revising all week, I didn’t.”

a. despite c. although

b. even though d. however

29. You should take some time off; you work .

a. way enough c. too many

b. quite much d. far too much

30. He’s working a lot as he plans money for his trip.

a. having saved c. to save

b. to saving d. that he saves

31. The new Hollywood movie is set the background

of the American Revolution.

a. about c. apart

b. against d. towards

32. their last three games, the hockey players

were unhappy.

a. Have lost c. Having lost

b. Have been losing d. Having been lost

33. Tracy just stood at the entrance to the building,

completely lost.

a. having felt c. to feel

b. being felt d. feeling

34. Thank goodness hurt in the train accident.

a. didn’t more people get c. more didn’t get people

b. didn’t get more people d. more people didn’t get

35. we leave at 3:00, we should get there by 5:30.

a. Assuming c. To assume

b. Having assumed d. Assumed

36. The colleagues in Vanessa’s office are all

a big family.

a. alike c. as if

b. such as d. like

37. In the examination, it is important to remember that all

answers must be in pencil.

a. well-markable c. well-marked

b. well-mark d. well-marking

38. “Did you hear the speech she made at the conference?”

“Did I ever! It certainly wasn’t for such an affair.”

a. suiting c. suitably

b. suited d. suitable

39. As the fans left the stadium, a number of them paused to

watch TV screens sporting hero.

a. to show an up c. to show up

and coming and coming

b. showing up d. showing an up

and coming and coming

40. The enthusiastic support for Darwin’s research led to

the term ‘Darwinism’ .

a. to be coining c. being coined

b. having coined d. to coin


CLOZE

Every year, a small asteroid (41) in the Earth’s atmosphere with an energy equivalent to 5,000 tonnes of TNT. �is may not be common knowledge, but (42) asteroid scientists are well aware of it and state that the possibility of a major impact from space is a (43) .

Geological records show that the Earth has been hit many times by large objects, some of which have come close to (44) life clean from the face of the planet. All asteroid researchers say (45) will be hit again by objects much greater than one mile across - although it (46)

not happen for tens, hundreds or even thousands of years.

�e Spaceguard Survey, (47) by the U.S. space agency, is looking for these big rocks with wide-field (48)

. In the space out to about 150 million miles, it has so far found about 650 “monsters” - none of (49) have orbits that pose a threat to the Earth. (50) a threatening object is found, many researchers are confident Earth will (51) the time and the technology to do something about it. But researchers have been wrestling with the question of (52) we should be told if a monster rock is heading our way for some time now, with some even suggesting that there (53) no point worrying the global population (54) its imminent demise.

�eir argument is that there is (55) nothing we can do about it; we can’t intercept it, we can’t move people out of the way, so their logic is that it makes no (56) to incur social costs from (57) panic or overreaction there will be. (58) , others justly support that we have a right to know and that bureaucrats do not have the right to (59) such knowledge from the general public, claiming that people react well in a crisis. After all, the single most important reason there (60) not more casualties at the World Trade Center collapse was because there was no panic.

41. a. encases c. enters b. explodes d. erupts

42. a. any c. all b. no d. few

43. a. must c. knowledge b. certainty d. confidence

44. a. getting c. wiping b. making d. having

45. a. that c. they b. we d. when

46. a. may c. must b. can d. would

47. a. researched c. undergone b. carried d. conducted

48. a. telescopes c. researchers b. asteroids d. impacts

49. a. which c. all b. whom d. them

50. a. If c. While b. Unless d. Although 51. a. have c. take b. keep d. make

52. a. when c. where b. whether d. what

53. a. has c. needs b. is d. exists

54. a. who c. about b. of d. which

55. a. barely c. wholly b. totally d. absolutely

56. a. point c. reason b. use d. sense

57. a. whenever c. whoever b. however d. whatever

58. a. Moreover c. However b. Needless d. Despite

59. a. keep c. make b. prevent d. carry

60. a. were c. had b. if d. was


VOCABULARY61. The government is planning to strict legislation to combat vehicle emissions. a. compose b. install c. enact d. derive

62. Apply this lotion three times a day so as to sunburn. a. avoid b. prevent c. dissuade d. preclude

63. Human Rights Watch is a campaign to stop child abuse. a. mounting b. lurking c. bolting d. logging

64. Getting your children involved in group activities gives them the opportunity to as members of a team. a. occur b. devote c. tolerate d. function

65. Scientists suspect that there are still outbreaks of this deadly virus along major coastal trade routes. a. punctual b. rational c. occasional d. timely

66. The growing security issue of internet transactions is a major in their popularity. a. snag b. propensity c. surge d. premise

67. Officials were so at the onset of World War I that they closed the New York Stock Exchange for six months. a. butchered b. nerving c. foiling d. petrified

68. On-line hotel reservations must be in full a minimum of two weeks prior to the arrival date. a. predicted b. preserved c. prepaid d. presented

69. Few analysts doubt that we are soon going to face global water crisis. a. an imminent b. a contemporary c. an explicit d. a prosperous

70. Ted and Fay have just spent $40,000 a power system that includes solar panels and wind turbines. a. setting b. installing c. carving d. interpreting

71. Teacher training courses help graduates to feel more confident when they are sent out . a. on an errand b. in the dark c. into the field d. in conjunction

72. The reporter’s source agreed to speak to him on condition that her last name was . a. withered b. withstood c. withdrawn d. withheld

73. The proposal was accepted after a vote in its favor. a. unanimous b. homogeneous c. worshipped d. dominant

74. John Lennon’s music the social and racial barriers of his era. a. denied b. challenged c. gathered d. deserted

75. Conrad claimed that his extremely low mark in math was just a(n) and promised to do better next semester. a. malocclusion b. random c. aberration d. conclusive

76. Studies have found that across the EU only 5% of the general public e-commerce. a. embarks b. trusts c. contemplates d. detects

77. Excavations at the ancient site have what were formerly huge marble columns. a. declared b. revealed c. disposed d. triggered

78. Syphilis reached epidemic during European colonial expansion. a. dosages b. scopes c. capacities d. proportions

79. The curriculum for this postgraduate course contains a group of six subjects. a. base b. core c. domain d. cult

80. The employees’ pessimism didn’t dampen the of the company’s general manager. a. lethargy b. commerce c. enthusiasm d. concern


81. I would appreciate it if you didn’t my affairs. a. meddle in b. involve in c. tamper with d. intrude on

82. It will take Martin a couple of days to himself with this new computer program. a. acquaint b. prolong c. ingratiate d. accustom

83. Trevor enjoys a sweat at the gym during his lunch hour. a. working up b. going on c. putting on d. turning out

84. Elephants often travel in large herds and for hours. a. nourish b. forage c. seek d. reform

85. Don’t forget to up your running shoes well before the race! a. bind b. lace c. fix d. rev

86. Any members not with the existing dress code will not be permitted to enter the club. a. abiding b. relating c. in compliance d. corresponding

87. The corrupt businessman me into embezzling the money. a. colluded b. coerced c. coaxed d. forced

88. We should go for a walk now that the rain has . a. gotten off b. let up c. got over d. come by

89. I had no idea that the man I had just met was intentionally trying to me. a. take in b. scout c. deceive d. prey

90. You are strongly encouraged to make a backup of your files of their getting damaged. a. for the sake b. on condition c. under the circumstance d. in the event

91. My manager gets on my nerves. He everything I do. a. finds fault with b. mistakes me for c. puts it down to d. lays the blame on

92. Sally when she heard that her sister was on the hijacked plane. a. took aback b. broke down c. fell out d. put off

93. Freda was of crying when she was left alone in the locked car. a. on the verge b. at the edge c. on the rim d. across the line

94. The former convict enlisted in the U.S. Navy, but within a few months. a. dispersed b. recurred c. deserted d. exposed

95. Don’t panic; your keys will probably when you least expect it. a. come across b. put down c. run up against d. turn up

96. The researchers were still unsure of their test results, so they could not their findings. a. elaborate on b. notion to c. conform to d. bid for

97. We have no choice but to your new proposal. a. avoid b. averse c. object d. reject

98. Harriet at the thought of losing her beloved husband. a. contradicted b. yearned c. despaired d. isolated

99. The mathematician over the problem for hours before he solved it. a. convened b. pondered c. concentrated d. postulated

100. The plane crash was pilot error. a. resulted in b. admonished by c. attributed to d. inflicted by


READING 1

Lore Lindu, on Indonesia’s island of Sulawesi, is a forest with secrets. �ere are birds that laugh like people and primates three inches high. �ere are also ancient granite carvings, called megaliths, which no one can explain. �e megaliths vary in size from a few inches to 15 feet high. No one knows who carved them, when, or why.

Until now, the existence and location of the megaliths was not formally documented. �e Nature Conservancy is helping Indonesian park officials to find and protect the carvings, as well as the forest around them. So far more than 400 of the carvings have been found around the island. Among the megaliths are about 30 arca menhirs, or human forms. Some are toppled over in rivers, their massive faces and unblinking eyes covered in mud and drifting leaves. Others stand forgotten in rice fields, obscured by long grasses.

According to local legend, some of the statues may have been used for ancestor worship. One named Tokala’ea, for instance, is said to be a rapist turned to stone; deep cuts in the rock represent scars from knives. Another statue named Tadulako - once a trusted village protector who turned to granite after stealing rice - was left to gaze across the valley at the villagers he betrayed.

All of the carvings on the arca menhirs are minimalistic. �e statues have oversize heads, round eyes, and a single line to define eyebrows, cheeks, and chin. �ey have straight bodies and no legs; some have oversized genitalia. Many stand alone, while others are in pairs or small groups. Also found amid the figures are large urns called kalambas, which may have been used as elaborate coffins or cisterns for water. Some local people insist they were bathtubs for nobles, but experts say that’s unlikely, pointing to the heavy lids usually found nearby.

Neglected for centuries, many of the cracked kalambas are now filled with delicate white flowers on wire-thin grasses. Nearby are stone tablets with cavities, perhaps used for grinding food, and low, cracked stone tables, which may have been altars. �e original purpose of the carvings remains a mystery. �ey were abandoned long ago, and no tools or other evidence of the society that built them has been found. �e carvings may be related to a 2,000-year-old culture that carved megaliths in Laos, Cambodia, and other parts of Indonesia. However, the arca menhirs and kalambas are found nowhere else in Asia.

101. What do experts believe about the kalambas?

a. The lids that were found nearby are

extraordinarily heavy.

b. They were not used to hold water or

bury people.

c. They are often found in small groups.

d. They were probably not used by royalty

for bathing purposes.

102. The kalambas and menhirs...

a. were most likely carved around 2,000

years ago.

b. are unique to the island of Sulawezi.

c. are an important part of the region’s

greater civilization.

d. may have been used during sacrifices.

103. The exact whereabouts of the megaliths...

a. is beneficial in conservation attempts.

b. was kept secret by the locals of the region.

c. is still a question troubling park officials.

d. was never officially recorded.

104. What do locals say about the statues?

a. They were long-ago criminals who turned

to stone.

b. They were abandoned due to their

minimalistic architecture.

c. They would rather forget about their

existence.

d. They were not used by nobles for bathing.

105. All of the following are true EXCEPT that...

a. the stone tablets may have been used for

religious purposes.

b. the carvings are scattered over the island

of Sulawesi.

c. the stone tablets may have been used in

food preparation.

d. the arca menhirs are detailed in their

representation.


Even though the parking meter was first introduced in Oklahoma in 1935, other countries have led the way with high-tech meters. Most of the estimated five million meters in use today in the United States are still single-space models mounted on posts next to individual parking spots. Motorists wind the timing device when they turn a knob to deposit coins and make the meter’s ‘violation’ flag drop. Until battery-operated electronic models became common in the 1990s, all meters had spring-operated arrows that pointed to the time remaining.

However, time is running out on traditional parking meters lining curbs around the country, and many motorists couldn’t be happier. �ose pesky coin-gobblers that have tormented motorists since the first one popped up on an Oklahoma street 80 years ago are getting a makeover. Soon, drivers with no change in their pocket will be able to pay to park by credit or ATM card. �ose whose meter is about to expire will be able to get a text message on their cellular phone warning that they face a ticket if they don’t move their car or feed the meter. �at same cellular phone can be used to electronically deposit more money in the meter without the motorist having to return to the street. In Pasadena, transportation managers have recently completed a pilot program, in which motorists evaluated four types of high-tech parking meters, helping city officials to determine which system to begin using citywide.

Congested streets and a shortage of curbside parking prompted European cities such as London and Helsinki to adopt more sophisticated meters, beginning about a decade ago. Most parking kiosks offer instructions in multiple languages and accept prepaid passes as well as credit cards and cash. Some promote vehicle turnover by sensing when cars have been parked longer than allowed. Early in this century, cell-phone payment was even introduced in Finnish meters. �ere have however been problems with smart meters closer to home. Meters that use sensors to prevent motorists from continually feeding meters to hog parking spaces were disconnected because of repeated technical glitches, and experimental parking stations were done away with because motorists complained that the new machines looked unattractive.

106. What does the passage mainly discuss?

a. the history of the parking meter

b. the advantages of high-tech parking meters

c. developments in parking-meter technologies

d. programs to implement new parking meters

107. American cities have been slow to install

high-tech meters...

a. as users have not been educated on their use.

b. even though its streets are not congested

and there is ample parking.

c. due to problems with cell-phone technologies.

d. despite the parking meter being an American

innovation.

108. The majority of meters in the U.S.A. today...

a. use battery power and cover more than

one parking space.

b. are electronically-operated models that

accept coins.

c. accept credit-card payments and cover

individual parking spots.

d. can be linked to cellular phones if required.

109. Which country probably has the most

high-tech parking meters?

a. America

b. Britain

c. Pasadena

d. Finland

110. Why have high-tech meters and parking stations

in the U.S.A. been done away with?

a. Motorists did not know how to use them.

b. For both technical and aesthetic reasons.

c. They were not financially viable.

d. Their sensors prohibited meters from being fed.

READING 2


A fierce species of Amazonian ant builds elaborate traps on which hapless prey such as butterflies and small spiders are stretched like medieval torture victims, before being slowly hacked to pieces. With cunning and patience, Allomerus decemarticulatus worker-ants cut hairs from the stem of the plant they inhabit, and use the tiny fibers to build a spongy snare, an ingenious feat of engineering that has only ever been observed in one other species of related ant.

What the ants do is cut hairs to clear a path under the plant stem, while leaving some hairs standing to form “pillars” on top of which the lethal platform will sit. Using the plant hairs they have harvested, the ants weave the platform itself, which is bound together and strengthened using a special fungus. When the ants have completed the chamber, they puncture holes all along its surface, each just big enough to poke their heads through.

�en, hundreds of worker ants climb into the chamber and wait for an unfortunate victim. Workers hide inside the platform, with their mandibles just inside the hole and they wait there for their prey to come. Anything with legs slender enough to fit through the carefully constructed holes will meet a miserable fate if it enters the trap. �ere is no limit to the ants’ ambition and they will attempt to catch any mammoth of the insect world - so long as it has slender legs.

Once the prey is well secured by jaws fixed firmly on all its extremities, it is stretched over the platform like an ancient sacrifice to the gods. Scores of worker ants then stream out from inside the trap and sting it vigorously to cause paralysis. Once the creature is dead or fully immobilized, the ants will carry it to their nest, where they will dismember their prey before carrying it inside.

111. How could the traps that the ants construct

be characterized?

a. complicated

b. unique

c. callous

d. demoralizing

112. The prey that is eventually trapped...

a. gets stuck in the special fungus.

b. finds itself completely outnumbered.

c. is tied onto the platform with plant hairs.

d. is swiftly killed by the ants.

113. Why will a caterpillar not get caught in the trap?

a. The ants’ mandibles cannot penetrate its

outer shell.

b. It is not the favored prey of this species

of ant.

c. It does not inhabit the same plant.

d. Its legs are not slim enough to go

through the holes.

114. What do the ants use to keep their prey

fastened on the platform?

a. their stings

b. their cunningness

c. their legs

d. their mandibles

115. In which order is the prey disposed of?

It is trapped,...

a. paralyzed, stretched, secured, carried,

dismembered and retransported.

b. secured, stretched, paralyzed, dismembered,

carried and retransported.

c. secured, paralyzed, stretched, dismembered,

carried and retransported.

d. secured, stretched, paralyzed, carried,

dismembered and retransported.

READING 3


READING 4

Cabaret usually takes place in an intimate venue such as a club or café where the performance is accompanied by drinking and dining. �e word “cabaret” comes from the French for an inn or tavern. In its modern sense the term embraces a range of styles, from political satire to light entertainment.

Entertainment to accompany eating and drinking has been popular in urban societies since their origins. Some of modern cabaret’s antecedents include, arguably, the court jester and tavern entertainers. �e form today is associated with a mix of popular song, variety acts, and comedy; however, in the United States “cabaret” came to signify a glamorous and intimate form of musical entertainment, for an exclusive urban audience. �is version of cabaret was also popular in Great Britain, where cabaret developed alongside 19th-century music hall and variety shows.

�e term cabaret artistique was coined in Paris to describe the performances and exhibitions organized in clubs and cafés by young artists and poets looking for a showcase for their own work. One of the most popular was Le Chat Noir, founded in 1881. With 60 seats, this typified an original, intimate style of entertainment. Cabaret in Moscow was closely associated with theaters such as the Moscow Art �eater. A cabaret held in a small room above a theater would often lampoon the serious work being presented downstairs, and cabarets were often the focus for experimentation by artistic groups. After World War I, cabaret in Berlin became overtly political, and by 1935 it had been banned by the Nazis, a response to its subversive popularity.

Until the 1960s, cabaret in Britain, as in the United States, had a softer image than its counterparts in mainland Europe. In London, venues such as the Green Room at the Café Royal presented sophisticated entertainment for a well-heeled audience, while in the drinking clubs of Soho, cabaret was associated with the seedier aspects of erotic floor shows. In the early 1960s a new movement arrived; a satirical cabaret which poked fun at politicians, royalty, the English class system, and a host of other taboo subjects. Its influence was widely felt, and it launched a new style of satirical comedy exploited in television programs. Following a lull in the 1970s, a new form of cabaret began to emerge in the 1980s and early 1990s when a new generation of young “alternative” comedians began trying out their material in front of small but voluble audiences.

116. Le Chat Noir...

a. would take place in a room above a theater.

b. slowly became popular in Great Britain.

c. used the close proximity of audience and

entertainer to derive its effect.

d. was banned by the Nazis after the start of the

Second World War.

117. In the United States, cabaret...

a. includes austere political satire and music.

b. developed together with variety shows.

c. utilizes humor rather than music.

d. is appreciated by inhabitants of cities.

118. Cabaret gained popularity through...

a. the desire of individuals to promote their art.

b. the soft image it promoted.

c. the musical capabilities of young artists.

d. the overtly political messages it conveyed.

119. Why does the author mention the court jester in

paragraph two?

a. as an example of a precursor to cabaret

b. as someone who was entertained while

drinking and dining

c. as an example of a political satirist and

light entertainer

d. as someone who entertained those in a tavern

120. In the late 20th century, cabaret audiences...

a. were filmed for television productions.

b. would eagerly intervene in the performance.

c. mostly consisted of social outcasts.

d. were entertained by experienced artists.


1. the rescue team, the passengers survived

the shipwreck.

a. In the event that c. But for

b. Thanks to d. If not for

2. Please stay on the sidewalk. You in the street!

a. shouldn’t keep c. must remain

b. must keep d. mustn’t walk

3. “Are you satisfied with your new computer monitor?”

“Yes. Never such clear graphics.”

a. I have seen c. have I seen

b. I had seen d. had I seen

4. You’ve got no chance of being good at athletics

if you a lot.

a. smoked c. would smoke

b. smoke d. had smoked

5. “I apologize for being late.”

“What ? I’ve been waiting for an hour.”

a. had happened c. was happening

b. happened d. was happened

6. “Did you learn any foreign languages at school?”

“No, but I wish I .”

a. would have c. had

b. had had d. could

7. Ray his keys at the office because he unlocked

the garden shed earlier.

a. can’t have left c. mustn’t have left

b. needn’t have left d. didn’t have to leave

8. “Did Harry lose his job?”

“His boss isn’t going to fire him he should.”

a. regardless c. despite

b. however yet d. although

9. Diana was still trying to make up her mind whether

or buy a new cell phone.

a. not should she c. not she should

b. should she not d. should not she

10. hard I work, my teacher is never pleased.

a. How c. As

b. However d. No matter

11. His new film is a really great piece of writing. You really it! a. couldn’t watch c. have to read b. must look d. must see

12. I won’t be able to make it by eight o’clock tonight, but I wish . a. I can c. to be b. I were d. I would

13. When we came back from our vacation we saw that our plants had in the sun. a. withered c. withering b. been withered d. to wither

14. “Why do we need to wear this card?” “Every delegate participating in the conference one.” a. is requiring to wear c. is required wearing b. requires to wear d. is required to wear

15. Excuse me. I’d like you to tell me how much . a. do these skirts cost c. these skirts do cost b. are these skirts costing d. these skirts cost

16. David will never do what you want him to you tell him what he has to gain from the proposed plan. a. no matter c. in the event b. even though d. even if

17. I know exactly what it means, but where ? a. from comes c. does the expression the expression come from b. is the expression d. the expression coming from comes from

18. “Did you hear that Mr. Brown got married?” “But he’s eighty. Isn’t he ?” a. enough old c. too far old b. too much old d. much too old

19. “Are you doing anything tomorrow?” “I don’t think .” a. so c. not b. this d. it

20. “Couldn’t the accident have been avoided?” “No, it was so dark anything I could do.” a. it wasn’t c. there wasn’t b. which wasn’t d. that wasn’t

consolidation exam 2 GRAMMAR


21. My colleagues seem pleasant; , I don’t know

them that well yet.

a. despite c. nevertheless

b. even though d. in spite of

22. “That man looks familiar to me.”

“Isn’t he the professor for math last semester?”

a. that I had had c. that I was having

b. who I had him d. who I had

23. “Why didn’t he tell you the truth?”

“His friends probably told him .”

a. don’t c. not to

b. not to tell d. to not tell

24. “Should we meet tomorrow morning?”

“Yes, I my work by then.”

a. will have been finished c. will have finished

b. will have been finishing d. had been finishing

25. “Who is coming to the hospital?”

“Joanne isn’t and is Susan.”

a. either c. neither

b. so d. also

26. It’s difficult to think of anything good to say

about Jeremy; , he is at least honest.

a. despite c. therefore

b. although d. nonetheless

27. I would much sooner stay here go

shopping today.

a. than c. to

b. from d. that

28. I remember hearing this song somewhere once before,

but I just don’t remember .

a. from where I heard it c. where I’ve heard it

b. where have I heard it d. from where have I heard it

29. I’m going to buy that skirt it’s expensive or not.

a. even though c. either

b. whether d. even if

30. Small children are completely on their parents.

a. depend c. dependent

b. dependable d. depended

31. Sales of robot toys have seen a sharp this year.

a. raise c. rising

b. arose d. rise

32. The dark storm clouds on the horizon looked very .

a. threaten c. threatened

b. threatens d. threatening

33. Every one of the children had a lot of fun at the birthday

party last night, ?”

a. did they c. hadn’t he

b. didn’t they d. hadn’t they

34. “Do you or your sister speak English fluently?”

“I’m afraid .”

a. both we do c. none of us do

b. either of us does d. neither of us does

35. Real estate prices in this part of the city so we

can afford to buy something here now.

a. has fallen c. have been fallen

b. have fallen d. are fallen

36. Barbara regrets a double major at university.

a. not to do c. having not done

b. for not doing d. not doing

37. As far as , I don’t want to see Sam again.

a. concerning me c. I am concerned

b. he concerns me d. I concern him

38. “Do we have enough time to go to the zoo?”

“Yes, and have enough time to go to the

beach later.”

a. though we may even c. we may even

b. even we may d. we may have even

39. He had to set a meeting could discuss

the problems.

a. for the sake that we c. however we

b. so that we d. so as we

40. “Do you think you guys will come over tonight?”

“It all depends on .”

a. how much work I do have c. how work I have to do

b. how much work I have d. how much work do I have


CLOZE

�e first mention of subterranean cities in Cappadocia (41) in the works of Xenophon written around 400 BC. Nobody knows just how (42) underground sites there are in Cappadocia although the number has been (43) at around 300. Some say that there is (44) for every village and settlement in the region, but certainly not all of the sites can be (45) as subterranean cities.

�e houses were built underground; the entrances were like wells, but they fanned (46) lower down. �ere were tunnels dug in the ground for the animals while the men went down (47) ladder. Some authorities suggest that the underground cities were created during an earlier period, as storage areas, by the Hittites and were much later (48) and brought into use as refuges for Christians (49) by the Romans. Others maintain that the cities were created much later, by the Phrygians, as a line of defense (50) the Assyrians. However, the most commonly held view is that the cities were excavated (51) during Roman or Byzantine times.

It is (52) that the underground cities were ever intended as permanent settlements, but they were clearly built to (53) attack and could support large numbers of people and their domestic animals for long (54) of time. �eir urban organization was very complex, and (55) was probably always work in progress. Extensive networks of passages and inclined corridors (56) family rooms and communal spaces where people would meet, work and worship. �e cities were (57) with wells, chimneys for air circulation, niches for oil lamps, stores, water tanks, stables and areas where the dead could be (58) until such time as conditions on the surface would allow their proper disposal. Most importantly, carefully balanced moving stone doors, (59) mill stones, were devised to quickly block the corridors in the (60) of an attack.

41. a. finds c. that b. places d. occurs

42. a. far c. many b. long d. these

43. a. estimated c. there b. believed d. placed

44. a. one c. village b. site d. all

45. a. described c. thought b. considered d. related

46. a. through c. out b. in d. down

47. a. by c. to b. on d. with

48. a. recalled c. extended b. both d. on

49. a. persecuted c. searched b. who d. and

50. a. for c. of b. against d. with 51. a. not c. either b. whether d. both

52. a. probable c. unlikely b. bound d. credible

53. a. withhold c. withstand b. within d. withdraw

54. a. periods c. settlements b. stages d. amounts

55. a. although c. it b. there d. probably

56. a. link c. combine b. span d. communicate

57. a. complete c. also b. met d. charged

58. a. placed c. located b. situated d. rest

59. a. similarly c. closing b. alike d. resembling

60. a. time c. case b. event d. condition


VOCABULARY61. Too many sand particles in the lungs was a common of pneumonia for the ancient Egyptians. a. proof b. cause c. reason d. effect

62. After the cyclone, conditions in the coastal town are still in a state of . a. abolition b. diffusion c. outrage d. upheaval

63. Our interference in life’s natural chain of events causes the destruction of various life forms. a. preemptive b. predetermined c. premature d. precipitated

64. All the evidence proves he did it, so the jury will really set a if they acquit the accused. a. contentment b. precedent c. defiance d. question

65. This material its texture even if immersed in water. a. retains b. reforms c. reserves d. redresses

66. We don’t know Fred very well. He’s just a casual of ours. a. relative b. fraternity c. acquaintance d. occupant

67. Without government , human cloning is an issue that will stay on the sidelines. a. appeal b. endorsement c. discrimination d. obscenity

68. The finance minister didn’t to increase taxes. a. allow b. accept c. agree d. select

69. After the storm had , the children were allowed out in the garden. a. suppressed b. loitered c. contracted d. abated

70. The television reporter was of his government‘s environmental policy. a. critical b. defiant c. displeased d. reasonable

71. The telephone company sent me a that I was in arrears with my payments. a. remembrance b. regimen c. reminder d. rendering

72. The government is unfortunately not its pledges to combat homelessness. a. conceiving b. reasoning c. fulfilling d. verifying 73. The latest hurricanes America’s attention on the risk of a looming oil shortage. a. garnered b. focused c. marred d. gathered

74. Nomadic African tribes have somehow always managed to confront uncertainty and adversity. a. conquer b. scam c. settle d. encroach

75. Mike lost his attaché case and asked his colleagues to help him look for it. a. fatally b. glaringly c. frantically d. comprehensively

76. Basic skills, such as reading, writing and mathematics should never be . a. confiscated b. overseen c. procreated d. overlooked

77. When public schools were in the nineteenth century, views about home-based education began to change. a. found b. establishing c. formed d. resided

78. The football players were after they had lost their fifth consecutive game. a. disheartened b. impassable c. repulsed d. devoured

79. Lenny had difficulty a job after his marriage disintegrated. a. snatching b. holding c. dragging d. grasping

80. Dairy products are often with pollutants. a. assimilated b. contaminated c. debilitated d. comprised


81. Police say they have located the criminal at his hideout in the mountains. a. embedded b. distinguished c. conducive d. notorious

82. Sal has worked here for years - she’s practically a(n) . a. diversion b. procreation c. milestone d. institution

83. Pieces of the past that had long been , are emerging again as lakes and rivers shrink. a. conducted b. diverted c. submerged d. infected

84. The engineer’s proposal has been commended, but its will be difficult due to budget cuts. a. jurisdiction b. infatuation c. connotation d. implementation

85. This exam schedule isn’t final. It’s only . a. tentative b. sporadic c. contemporary d. subsequent

86. “How are things at work?” “It seems as if I’m fine with everybody.” a. getting through b. getting over c. getting on d. getting alongside

87. The teenagers were ordered to perform a thousand hours of service by the judge. a. customary b. prolonged c. community d. repented

88. Artery clogging in people takes decades, so doctors reversing it could also be a slow process. a. assume b. reflect c. continue d. notion

89. The floodwaters the small village after the river burst its banks. a. enhanced b. overcame c. engulfed d. swallowed

90. This position calls for a candidate of the highest . a. genius b. caliber c. merit d. equality

91. This cheese has been in the fridge for at least three months; I’d say its . a. indelible b. innocuous c. intensified d. inedible

92. Our new business venture has a logical target with a potentially huge if all goes well. a. sanctuary b. intake c. payoff d. span

93. “Be careful with that detergent.” “I know, if I any, I’ll get queasy.” a. inveigh b. induce c. infer d. inhale

94. The detectives the woods looking for the lost girl. a. scoured b. integrated c. traced d. encountered

95. A very thin layer of dust had on the floor of the living room. a. accrued b. accumulated c. gathered d. mounted

96. The football fans under their umbrellas to keep dry. a. enclosed b. muffled c. huddled d. augmented

97. There are no guarantees that cloned calves will the highest quality beef. a. manufacture b. yield c. haul d. cultivate

98. Keith is to all kinds of chocolate. a. partial b. keen c. eager d. fond

99. The teacher tried to a response from her students by asking thoughtful questions. a. elicit b. transmit c. project d. assemble

100. Kay’s grandmother left her a large inheritance in her . a. betrothal b. will c. legacy d. heritage


READING 1

A few threatened regions around the world hold the key to the survival of a large proportion of the world’s endangered species. An island of nature rising above a vast green ocean of sugar cane and cattle pasture, the Murici forest in north-east Brazil could lay claim to be the most important such patch of forest in the world.

It is barely the size of Manhattan in New York, and despite being protected in Brazilian law, continues to face severe threats which could wipe out the unique species it harbors. Packed with a much greater concentration of threatened species than any similar-sized section of Amazon rainforest, it is something of a “Noah’s Ark”. Clinging on to survival are birds such as the Alagoas antwren, discovered here just 20 years ago, and found nowhere else in the world apart from one other even smaller fragment of forest nearby.

Murici is the largest remaining remnant of the Alagoas ecosystem which once stretched for hundreds of miles along the coast of North-Eastern Brazil. Part of the much larger Atlantic Forest, it is a mosaic of contrasting ecosystems, each of which is in danger and has evolved a unique group of species.

Yet worldwide conservation efforts have until very recently entirely ignored these forests, concentrating instead on regions such as the Amazon, which in contrast still has some 85% of its area intact. Under intense pressure from wildlife groups, the government finally recognized Murici as an “ecological station”. In theory, this affords the forest the highest level of protection, but in practice few concrete steps have been taken to reduce the threats which continue to assault its embattled wildlife.

Ironically, it was the quest for “green” alternatives to fossil fuels following the 1970s oil crisis which reduced Murici to half its former size. Government incentives to run vehicles on alcohol produced from sugar led to a new wave of deforestation to expand the cane plantations. In recent years as a health-conscious world started to lose its sweet tooth, lower sugar prices reduced that pressure, but gave rise to a new one as many former cane fields were converted to cattle pasture.

But there is another irony - the very industry which caused much of the original deforestation is now recognizing that it has a strong self-interest in safeguarding what is left. Not far from Murici, the vast Serra Grande sugar factory has a similar-sized patch of forest within its own estate, and is now putting significant efforts into conserving wildlife. Because sugar production is very demanding on water, the industry needs a good forest to preserve the water source. However, without a major government effort to link up the “green islands” of Alagoas, the species they still support will inevitably disappear.

101. The region of Murici...

a. has been caught up in the chronic social

conflict which plagues much of rural Brazil.

b. is a source of friction and even hostility

in Brazil.

c. has seen a large influx of inhabitants on

its boundaries.

d. could be considered an environmental

hotspot within a hotspot.

102. The biggest present threat to the region

is that...

a. livestock grazing further up the slopes are

eating into the forest.

b. sugar plantations are beginning to

reintroduce wildlife into the region.

c. further government incentives have been

given to run vehicles on alcohol.

d. people are settling in the region with no

regard for the environment.

103. The Brazilian government...

a. expects local industries to enforce its

environmental policies.

b. seems to have little political will to resolve

the problem.

c. is eventually implementing a policy of

environmental land reform.

d. has found an economic alternative to

sustain the industry of the region.

104. What is the driving force behind the actions of

the sugar factories?

a. concern for endemic wildlife

b. economic expansion

c. self sustenance

d. government subsidies

105. Which of the following is true regarding the

region of Murici?

a. In contrast to the Amazon, most of its

original area is intact.

b. It shelters many more threatened species

than the Amazon rainforest.

c. Its wider ecosystem once covered

hundreds of miles of Brazilian coastline.

d. Government policy aims to protect it against

the added threat of eco-tourism.


�e 21-gun salute, like many American military traditions, appears to be another custom inherited from across the Atlantic. In early times, it was customary for a ship entering a friendly port to discharge its broadsides to demonstrate that they were unloaded; eventually it became a British practice to fire a seven-gun salute. �e forts ashore would fire three shots for each shot fired afloat. �e three guns fired on shore to one gun fired on ship had a practical explanation. In earlier days, gunpowder was made of sodium nitrate and was easier to keep on shore than at sea. When gunpowder was improved by the use of potassium nitrate, the sea salute was made equal to the shore salute.

Gun salutes continue to be fired in odd numbers, probably because of ancient superstitions that uneven numbers are lucky. As early as 1685, the firing of an even number of guns in salute was taken as indicating that a ship’s captain, master, or master gunner had died on a voyage. Indeed, the firing of an even number of salute guns at the coronation of George VI in 1937 was regarded as an “ominous” portent. Incidentally, the normal interval of five seconds in the firing of gun salutes is likely in order for the salute to have full auditory effect, and also to give the salute a more solemn character.

�e United States presidential salute has not always been 21 guns. In 1812 and 1821 it was the same as the number of states, i.e. 18 and 24, respectively, which was also the nation’s international salute. After 1841 the President received a salute of 21 guns and the Vice President 17; currently the Vice President receives a salute of 19 guns.

�ere has evolved over the last 175 years or so a prescribed number of guns, set forth in various Army regulations, to be fired for various dignitaries in accordance with the perceived importance of their positions, with the United States and Great Britain announcing an agreement to lay down the 21-gun salute as the highest national honor.

Today, a 21-gun salute on arrival and departure is also rendered to an ex-President and to a President elect with the national anthem being played for the President. A 21-gun salute on arrival and departure is also rendered to the sovereign or chief of state of a foreign country, or a member of a reigning royal family. In these ceremonies, the national anthem of his or her country is also played. U.S. Naval Regulations also require that a 21-gun salute be fired at noon on Presidents Day, Independence Day, and Memorial Day.

106. The use of numbers “seven” and “three” in

initial gun salutes...

a. was due to the potassium nitrate content

of gunpowder.

b. denoted the death of a high-ranking officer

on board.

c. probably held a mystical or religious

significance.

d. was used because of its auditory effect.

107. In all likelihood, the 21-gun salute...

a. is a tradition that America learnt from

Great Britain.

b. will be replaced by a salute of 19 guns.

c. was initially utilized to ward off evil spirits.

d. has a practical reason in times of

military conflict.

108. Why did early ships entering ports fire

their cannons?

a. because their gunpowder did not include

potassium nitrate

b. to show that their voyage had been propitious

c. so as to display their non-hostile intentions

d. in order to salute those guarding the

fort ashore

109. How many states comprised the United States

in 1821?

a. 17

b. 18

c. 19

d. 24

110. A future President is honored with...

a. a salute of 17 guns on arrival and departure.

b. a 21-gun salute only.

c. the playing of the national anthem and a

salute of 21 guns.

d. a salute of 19 guns on arrival and departure.

READING 2


�e cult of Napoleon as the “man of destiny” began during his lifetime. In fact, he had begun to cultivate it during his first Italian campaign by systematically publicizing his victories. As first consul and emperor, he had engaged the best writers and artists of France and Europe to glorify his deeds and had contributed to the cult himself by the elaborate ceremonies with which he celebrated his rule, picturing himself as the architect of France’s greatest glory. He maintained that he had preserved the achievements of the French Revolution and offered their benefits to Europe.

Napoleon’s influence is evident in France even today. Reminders commemorating his victories dot Paris and his spirit pervades the constitution of the Fifth Republic; the country’s basic law is still the Code Napoléon, and the administrative and judicial systems are still essentially Napoleonic. Even his uniform state-regulated system of education persists. Napoleon’s radical reforms in all parts of Europe cultivated the ground for the revolutions of the 19th century while today, the impact of the Code Napoléon is apparent in the law of many European countries.

Napoleon was a driven man, never secure, never satisfied. “Power is my mistress”, he said. His life was work-centred and could bear amusements or vacations only briefly. His tastes were for coarse food, bad wine and cheap snuff. He could be hypnotically charming when socializing, but for a purpose. He had intense loyalties to his family and old associates; however, nothing and no one, were allowed to interfere with his work.

Napoleon was sometimes a tyrant and always an authoritarian, but one who believed in making new laws based on public referenda. He was also a great enlightened monarch - a civil executive of enormous capacity who changed French institutions and tried to reform the institutions of Europe and give the Continent a common law. In all the new kingdoms created by Napoleon, feudalism and serfdom were abolished, freedom of religion was established and each state was granted a constitution, providing for universal male suffrage and a parliament. Schools were put under centralized administration, and a system of free education was planned. Higher education was open to all who qualified, regardless of class or religion. Every state had an academy or institute for the promotion of the arts and sciences and incomes were provided for eminent scholars, especially scientists.

Few deny that he was a military genius. At St Helena, the remote island in the South Atlantic that he was exiled to, he said, “Waterloo will erase the memory of all my victories”. He was wrong; for better or worse, he is mostly accepted and thought of as a victorious general, not for his enlightened government, but the latter must be counted if he is justly to be called Napoleon the Great.

111. What did Napoleon strive for?

a. total control of Europe

b. equality and progress in Europe

c. a successful revolution in France

d. the merging of politics and military

112. Napoleon found it difficult not to work...

a. and even his social activities had a purpose.

b. despite outsiders’ interference in his work.

c. due to his authoritarian style of government.

d. as he did not take pleasure in vacations.

113. Napoleon may have been a strict ruler, but the

central belief of his system of government was...

a. distrustful.

b. in favor of serfdom and feudalism.

c. tyrannical.

d. ruling by mandate of the people.

114. How has the city of Paris paid its respects

to Napoleon over time?

a. by spreading his beliefs to the rest of Europe

b. by placing schools under a central

administration

c. by erecting a number of monuments and

statues in his honor

d. by glorifying his deeds

115. The writer believes that Napoleon is best

remembered for his...

a. glorification of his political reforms.

b. successful military encounters.

c. promotion of religious freedom.

d. rare defeats in battle.

READING 3


READING 4

Mahatma Gandhi, was born into a political Hindu family, and after a mediocre career at school, he went to London to train as a lawyer, leaving behind his young wife, whom he had married when she was barely in her teens.

�ree years later, Gandhi was to return to an undistinguished performance in a legal practice in India. Fed up with this way of life, he left for South Africa in 1893 to serve as legal adviser to an Indian firm. �e racial injustice to which he was subjected there was to turn the shy lawyer into a courageous political activist. Realizing that rational reasoning was often useless, he developed his own method of peaceful resistance, which he used with some success to secure racial justice for his people.

Gandhi finally returned to India in 1915, after having the government of the Union of South Africa make important concessions to his demands. Having traveled all over India to familiarize himself with the country, he took up politics, transforming the middle- and upper-class Indian National Congress into a powerful national organization by bringing in large sections of excluded groups as women, merchants, peasants and youth. He soon became the unquestioned leader of the Indian nationalist movement, giving it a truly national basis.

Gandhi fought Indian prejudices against manual labor, helped overcome the urban-rural divide, and eradicated the caste-based discriminatory practice in the country. He also taught national self-respect and confidence in his countrymen’s ability to overthrow British rule by 1947.

116. According to the passage, Gandhi’s

early career....

a. was characterized as successful.

b. fulfilled his ambitions.

c. was quite remarkable.

d. was not of great note.

117. By 1947, Gandhi...

a. enabled India to liberate itself from British rule.

b. had reinforced caste-based practices.

c. could no longer practice law.

d. had heightened the difference between town

and country.

118. What change occurred in Gandhi’s personality?

a. He became far more determined

and ambitious.

b. From being introverted, he became

socially engaged.

c. He became more rational in his approach.

d. He resorted to aggressive thinking.

119. His method of passive resistance

was developed....

a. because his opponents were logical in

their thinking.

b. as violence had led nowhere.

c. in order to promote his career.

d. to gain more equality for Indians.

120. After 1915, Gandhi....

a. was hostile to the Indian National Congress.

b. left for South Africa to work as a lawyer.

c. created a grassroots Indian movement.

d. distanced himself from the Indian

National Congress.


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