Progress in Corrosion–the First 50 Years of the EFC.mcintyre

European Federation of Corrosion Publications NUMBER 52

Progress in Corrosion The fi rst 50 years

of the EFC

Edited byP. McIntyre & J. Vogelsang

Published for the European Federation of Corrosion by Maney Publishing

on behalf of The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining

Copyright MANEY Publishing Provided by IHS under license with MANEY Licensee=PDVSA - Pequiven site 9/9986712014, User=MEDINA, HECTOR

Not for Resale, 04/16/2014 15:00:02 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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Published by Maney Publishing on behalf of the European Federation of Corrosion and The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining

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Maney Publishing, Suite 1C, Josephs Well, Hanover Walk, Leeds LS3 1AB, UK

2009, European Federation of Corrosion

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iii

Contents

Series introduction viii

Volumes in the EFC series x

Preface xiv

1 Introductory Overview of the EFC 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Early days of the EFC (19551984) 1 1.3 Recent times (19842005) 8 1.4 Cooperation with NACE International 14 1.5 EFC awards 14 1.6 EFC publications 18 1.7 The EFC website 22 1.8 Technical achievements of the EFC 22 1.8.1 WP1: Inhibitors 23 1.8.2 WP2: Corrosion and Protection of Steel Structures 24 1.8.3 WP3: Corrosion by Hot Gases and Combustion Products 25 1.8.4 WP4: Nuclear Corrosion 25 1.8.5 WP5: Environment Sensitive Fracture 26 1.8.6 WP6: Surface Science and Mechanisms of Corrosion

and Protection 26 1.8.7 WP7: Corrosion Education 27 1.8.8 WP8: Physico-Chemical Methods of Corrosion Testing 28 1.8.9 WP9: Marine Corrosion 29 1.8.10 WP10: Microbial Corrosion 30 1.8.11 WP11: Corrosion in Concrete 31 1.8.12 WP12: Computer-based Information Systems 31 1.8.13 WP13: Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production 32 1.8.14 WP14: Coatings 33 1.8.15 WP15: Corrosion in the Refi nery Industry 34 1.8.16 WP16: Cathodic Protection 35 1.8.17 WP17: Automotive Corrosion 36 1.8.18 WP18: Tribocorrosion 36 1.8.19 WP19: Corrosion of Polymer Materials 37 1.9 The EFC today 38 1.9.1 Member societies 38 1.9.2 Membership of the Board of Administrators and

STAC 42 1.9.3 The EFC WPs 42 1.9.4 EFC events 43 1.10 The future 44



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iv Contents

2 Corrosion inhibitors in the mirror of fi ve decades 47 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 Mechanistic aspects 47 2.3 Acid media 51 2.4 Neutral systems 53 2.5 Oil and gas industry 56 2.5.1 Environmental aspects of chemical treatments 57 2.5.2 Challenges for research and development of functional

chemicals 59 2.6 Inhibitors in coatings 61 2.7 Inhibitors in concrete 62 2.7.1 Admixtures 62 2.7.2 Surface-applied remedial treatments 63 2.7.3 General remarks 63 2.8 Vapour-phase inhibitors (VCIs) 63 2.9 Development of investigation and testing tools 64 2.10 Final comments 66

3 The past, the present and the future of high temperature corrosion research an EFC view 72

3.1 Introduction 72 3.2 History 72 3.3 High-temperature corrosion in the EFC 79 3.4 The situation of high-temperature corrosion research today 81 3.5 Outlook 85

4 Fifty years of nuclear corrosion in Europe: from the pioneering period to a safe and mature industry 87

5 Corrosion Education The contribution of the European Federation of Corrosion 94

5.1 Introduction 94 5.2 Working Party 7 on Corrosion Education 94 5.3 Major activities 96 5.3.1 Corrosion Education Manual 97 5.3.2 Educational fi lms and videos 97 5.3.3 Books 98 5.3.4 Courses 99 5.3.5 Survey of corrosion courses 100 5.3.6 Participation in EUROCORR 100 5.3.7 WP7 web pages 101 5.4 Activities in progress 102 5.4.1 Certifi cation 102 5.4.2 MENTOR-C Project 102 5.4.3 Computer-aided learning 102 5.4.4 Educationindustry cooperation 103 5.5 Closing remarks 103

6 Physico-chemical methods of corrosion testing 105 6.1 Development of the fi eld of measuring techniques in

corrosion science and technology 105



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Contents v

6.2 The contribution of WP8 106

7 The history of Working Party 9 on Marine Corrosion 108 7.1 Introduction 108 7.2 WP9 on Marine Corrosion 109 7.3 Conclusion 114

8 Microbiologically infl uenced corrosion 116 8.1 Introduction 116 8.2 Introduction to MIC 118 8.3 Microorganisms involved in MIC 119 8.4 Mechanisms of MIC 120 8.4.1 MIC due to bacterial metabolites 120 8.4.2 MIC due to inorganic acid production 121 8.4.3 MIC caused by organic acid production 121 8.4.4 MIC due to enzymatic activity 121 8.4.5 MIC due to manganese dioxide deposition 121 8.5 The role of biofi lms in corrosion 122 8.5.1 Biofi lm formation 122 8.5.2 Biofi lm and substratum interactions 124 8.6 Conclusion 124

9 Report on the work of EFC Working Party 11 on Corrosion in Concrete 129

10 Corrosion in oil and gas production 137

11 Corrosion control by coatings 139 11.1 Introduction 139 11.2 R&D in coatings 141 11.3 Lead and chromium 142 11.4 Corrosion inhibitors 143 11.5 VOCs 144 11.6 Metallic coatings 145 11.7 In synergy . . . 146 11.8 EFC Working Party 14 on Coatings 146 11.9 Finally . . . 147

12 Fifty years of progress in the management of corrosion in the refi nery industry 149

12.1 Introduction 149 12.2 The impact of quantity requirements on refi ned oil

products: 19552005 150 12.3 Impact of quality requirements on refi ned oil products:

19552005 153 12.4 Impact of the quality of crude oils 154 12.4.1 Chloride 154 12.4.2 Sulphur 155 12.4.3 Naphthenic acids 155



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vi Contents

12.5 Impacts of new processes and new process conditions 155 12.5.1 High-temperature hydrogen attack 155 12.5.2 Carbonate SCC 156 12.5.3 High-temperature carbon attack 156 12.5.4 Coke deposits 156 12.5.5 Carburisation 157 12.5.6 Metal dusting 157 12.5.7 Acid corrosion in alkylation processes 157 12.6 The impact of environmental requirements on acid gas and

water treatment units 158 12.6.1 Treatment of acid gases in amine units 158 12.6.2 Treatment of water 159 12.7 Benefi ts of new materials, coatings and inhibitors in refi neries 159 12.7.1 Progress in materials 159 12.7.2 Progress in coatings and cladding 160 12.7.3 Inhibitors 160 12.8 Application of progress in monitoring techniques to corrosion

control in refi neries 160 12.9 Advanced inspection plans 161 12.10 Training and development and exchange forums 162 12.11 Conclusions and the future 162

13 Half a century of progress in cathodic protection 167 13.1 Introduction 167 13.2 The EFC and cathodic protection 168 13.3 The origins of cathodic protection 168 13.3.1 The fi rst ages 168 13.3.2 The fi rst galvanic cathodic protection system 168 13.3.3 The fi rst impressed current cathodic protection system 169 13.3.4 Pipelines and cables 170 13.3.5 Offshore 172 13.3.6 The protection criteria 172 13.4 Fifty years ago in Europe and all over the world 172 13.4.1 In Europe 172 13.4.2 In other areas of the world 174 13.4.3 Criteria and measurement techniques 174 13.5 Technical developments since 1955 175 13.5.1 Improvements with galvanic anodes 175 13.5.2 Improvements with impressed current systems 175 13.5.3 Newer applications of cathodic protection 176 13.5.4 Design 178 13.5.5 Monitoring and measurement methods 178 13.6 Progress in standardisation 179 13.7 The progress in certifi cation 182 13.8 The future 182

14 Corrosion and its manifestation in automotive structures 185 14.1 Introduction 185 14.2 Basic manifestations of automotive corrosion 186



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Contents vii

14.2.1 Cosmetic corrosion 187 14.2.2 Crevice (perforation) corrosion 188 14.2.3 Filiform and galvanic corrosion 190 14.3 Current corrosion protection solutions 191 14.3.1 Galvanising and painting application 191 14.3.2 Addition of wax or sealant/use of pre-coated sheets 192 14.4 Field studies, accelerated corrosion testing and fundamental

corrosion studies 193 14.5 New constraints and future developments 195

Index 197



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viii

European Federation of Corrosion (EFC) publications: Series introduction

The European Federation of Corrosion (EFC), incorporated in Belgium, was founded in 1955 with the purpose of promoting European cooperation in the fi elds of research into corrosion and corrosion prevention.

Membership of the EFC is based upon participation by corrosion societies and committees in technical Working Parties. Member societies appoint delegates to Working Parties, whose membership is expanded by personal corresponding membership.

The activities of the Working Parties cover corrosion topics associated with inhibition, education, reinforcement in concrete, microbial effects, hot gases and combustion products, environment-sensitive fracture, marine environments, refi ner-ies, surface science, physico-chemical methods of measurement, the nuclear industry, the automotive industry, computer-based information systems, coatings, tribo-corrosion and the oil and gas industry. Working Parties and Task Forces on other topics are established as required.

The Working Parties function in various ways, e.g. by preparing reports, organis-ing symposia, conducting intensive courses and producing instructional material, including fi lms. The activities of Working Parties are coordinated, through a Science and Technology Advisory Committee, by the Scientifi c Secretary. The administration of the EFC is handled by three Secretariats: DECHEMA e.V. in Germany, the Fdration Franaise pour les sciences de la Chimie (formely Socit de Chimie Industrielle) in France, and The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining in the UK. These three Secretariats meet at the Board of Administrators of the EFC. There is an annual General Assembly at which delegates from all member societies meet to determine and approve EFC policy. News of EFC activities, forthcoming confer-ences, courses, etc., is published in a range of accredited corrosion and certain other journals throughout Europe. More detailed descriptions of activities are given in a Newsletter prepared by the Scientifi c Secretary.

The output of the EFC takes various forms. Papers on particular topics, e.g. reviews or results of experimental work, may be published in scientifi c and technical journals in one or more countries in Europe. Conference proceedings are often published by the organisation responsible for the conference.

In 1987 the, then, Institute of Metals was appointed as the offi cial EFC publisher. Although the arrangement is non-exclusive and other routes for publication are still available, it is expected that the Working Parties of the EFC will use The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining for publication of reports, proceedings, etc., wherever possible.

The name of The Institute of Metals was changed to The Institute of Materials (IoM) on 1 January 1992 and to The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining with effect from 26 June 2002. The series is now published by Maney Publishing on behalf of The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining.



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P. McIntyreEFC Series EditorThe Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, London, UK

EFC Secretariats are located at:

Dr B. A. RickinsonEuropean Federation of Corrosion, The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, 1 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AF, UK

Dr J. P. BergeFdration Europenne de la Corrosion, Fdration Franaise pour les sciences de la Chimie, 28 rue Saint-Dominique, F-75007 Paris, France

Professor Dr G. KreysaEuropische Fderation Korrosion, DECHEMA e.V., Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, D-60486 Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany

Series introduction ix



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xVolumes in the EFC series

* indicates volume out of print

1 Corrosion in the nuclear industry Prepared by Working Party 4 on Nuclear Corrosion*

2 Practical corrosion principles Prepared by Working Party 7 on Corrosion Education*

3 General guidelines for corrosion testing of materials for marine applications Prepared by Working Party 9 on Marine Corrosion*

4 Guidelines on electrochemical corrosion measurements Prepared by Working Party 8 on Physico-Chemical Methods of Corrosion

Testing

5 Illustrated case histories of marine corrosion Prepared by Working Party 9 on Marine Corrosion

6 Corrosion education manual Prepared by Working Party 7 on Corrosion Education

7 Corrosion problems related to nuclear waste disposal Prepared by Working Party 4 on Nuclear Corrosion

8 Microbial corrosion Prepared by Working Party 10 on Microbial Corrosion*

9 Microbiological degradation of materials and methods of protection Prepared by Working Party 10 on Microbial Corrosion

10 Marine corrosion of stainless steels: chlorination and microbial effects Prepared by Working Party 9 on Marine Corrosion

11 Corrosion inhibitors Prepared by the Working Party on Inhibitors*

12 Modifi cations of passive fi lms Prepared by Working Party 6 on Surface Science*

13 Predicting CO2 corrosion in the oil and gas industry Prepared by Working Party 13 on Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production*

14 Guidelines for methods of testing and research in high temperature corrosion Prepared by Working Party 3 on Corrosion by Hot Gases and Combustion

Products



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Volumes in the EFC series xi

15 Microbial corrosion: Proceedings of the 3rd International EFC Workshop Prepared by Working Party 10 on Microbial Corrosion

16 Guidelines on materials requirements for carbon and low alloy steels for H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production (3rd Edition)

Prepared by Working Party 13 on Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production

17 Corrosion resistant alloys for oil and gas production: guidance on general requirements and test methods for H2S service


18 Stainless steel in concrete: state of the art report Prepared by Working Party 11 on Corrosion of Steel in Concrete

19 Sea water corrosion of stainless steels: mechanisms and experiences Prepared by Working Party 9 on Marine Corrosion and Working Party 10 on

Microbial Corrosion

20 Organic and inorganic coatings for corrosion prevention: research and experiences

Papers from EUROCORR 96

21 Corrosion-deformation interactions CDI 96 in conjunction with EUROCORR 96

22 Aspects of microbially induced corrosion Papers from EUROCORR 96 and EFC Working Party 10 on Microbial

Corrosion

23 CO2 corrosion control in oil and gas production: design considerations Prepared by Working Party 13 on Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production

24 Electrochemical rehabilitation methods for reinforced concrete structures: a state of the art report

Prepared by Working Party 11 on Corrosion of Steel in Concrete

25 Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete: monitoring, prevention and rehabilitation Papers from EUROCORR 97

26 Advances in corrosion control and materials in oil and gas production Papers from EUROCORR 97 and EUROCORR 98

27 Cyclic oxidation of high temperature materials Proceedings of an EFC Workshop, Frankfurt/Main, 1999

28 Electrochemical approach to selected corrosion and corrosion control Papers from the 50th ISE Meeting, Pavia, 1999

29 Microbial corrosion: proceedings of the 4th International EFC Workshop Prepared by the Working Party on Microbial Corrosion

30 Survey of literature on crevice corrosion (19791998): mechanisms, test methods and results, practical experience, protective measures and monitoring

Prepared by F. P. Ijsseling and Working Party 9 on Marine Corrosion



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xii Volumes in the EFC series

31 Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete: corrosion mechanisms and corrosion protection

Papers from EUROCORR 99 and Working Party 11 on Corrosion of Steel in Concrete

32 Guidelines for the compilation of corrosion cost data and for the calculation of the life cycle cost of corrosion: a working party report


33 Marine corrosion of stainless steels: testing, selection, experience, protection and monitoring

Edited by D. Fron on behalf of Working Party 9 on Marine Corrosion

34 Lifetime modelling of high temperature corrosion processes Proceedings of an EFC Workshop 2001 Edited by M. Schtze, W. J. Quadakkers

and J. R. Nicholls

35 Corrosion inhibitors for steel in concrete Prepared by B. Elsener with support from a Task Group of Working Party 11 on

Corrosion of Steel in Concrete

36 Prediction of long term corrosion behaviour in nuclear waste systems Edited by D. Fron on behalf of Working Party 4 on Nuclear Corrosion

37 Test methods for assessing the susceptibility of prestressing steels to hydrogen induced stress corrosion cracking

By B. Isecke on behalf of Working Party 11 on Corrosion of Steel in Concrete

38 Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete: mechanisms, monitoring, inhibitors and rehabilitation techniques#

Edited by M. Raupach, B. Elsener, R. Polder and J.Mietz on behalf of Working Party 11 on Corrosion of Steel in Concrete

39 The use of corrosion inhibitors in oil and gas production Edited by J. W. Palmer, W. Hedges and J. L. Dawson on behalf of Working Party

13 on Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production

40 Control of corrosion in cooling waters Edited by J. D. Harston and F. Ropital on behalf of Working Party 15 on

Corrosion in the Refi nery Industry

41 Metal dusting, carburisation and nitridation#

Edited by H. Grabke and M. Schtze on behalf of Working Party 3 on Corrosion by Hot Gases and Combustion Products

42 Corrosion in refi neries#

Edited by J. D. Harston and F. Ropital on behalf of Working Party 15 on Corrosion in the Refi nery Industry

43 The electrochemistry and characteristics of embeddable reference electrodes for concrete#

Prepared by R. Myrdal on behalf of Working Party 11 on Corrosion of Steel in Concrete



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Volumes in the EFC series xiii

44 The use of electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy (EC-STM) in corrosion analysis: reference material and procedural guidelines#

Prepared by R. Lindstrm, V. Maurice, L. Klein and P. Marcus on behalf of Working Party 6 on Surface Science

45 Local probe techniques for corrosion research# Edited by R. Oltra on behalf of Working Party 8 on Physico-Chemical Methods of

Corrosion Testing

46 Amine unit corrosion survey# Edited by J. D. Harston and F. Ropital on behalf of Working Party 15 on

Corrosion in the Refi nery Industry

47 Novel approaches to the improvement of high temperature corrosion resistance# Edited by M. Schtze and W. Quadakkers on behalf of Working Party 3 on

Corrosion by Hot Gases and Combustion Products

48 Corrosion of metallic heritage artefacts: investigation, conservation and prediction of long term behaviour#

Edited by P. Dillmann, G. Branger, P. Piccardo and H. Matthiesen on behalf of Working Party 4 on Nuclear Corrosion

49 Electrochemistry in light water reactors: reference electrodes, measurement, corrosion and tribocorrosion#

Edited by R.-W. Bosch, D. Fron and J.-P. Celis on behalf of Working Party 4 on Nuclear Corrosion

50 Corrosion behaviour and protection of copper and aluminium alloys in seawater# Edited by D. Fron on behalf of Working Party 9 on Marine Corrosion

51 Corrosion issues in light water reactors: stress corrosion cracking# Edited by D. Fron and J-M. Olive on behalf of Working Party 4 on Nuclear

Corrosion

52 Progress in Corrosion The fi rst 50 years of the EFC Edited by P. McIntyre and J. Vogelsang on behalf of the EFC Science and

Technology Advisory Committee

53 Standardisation of thermal cycling exposure testing# Edited by M. Schtze and M. Malessa on behalf of Working Party 3 on Corrosion

by Hot Gases and Combustion Products

54 Innovative pre-treatment techniques to prevent corrosion of metallic surfaces# Edited by L. Fedrizzi, H. Terryn and A. Simes on behalf of Working Party 14 on

Coatings

55 Corrosion-under-insulation (CUI) guidelines# Prepared by S. Winnik on behalf of Working Party 13 on Corrosion in Oil and Gas

Production and Working Party 15 on Corrosion in the Refi nery Industry

All volumes (except those marked with #) are available from Maney Publishing or its North American distributor. See http://maney.co.uk/index.php/series/efc_series/

Volumes marked with # were published on behalf of Maney by Woodhead Pub-lishing, from whom they should be ordered. See www.woodheadpublishing.com



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xiv

Preface

The European Federation of Corrosion (EFC) is an association of societies with interests in corrosion. It has now been in existence for over fi fty years, a period that has seen tremendous advances in the understanding and control of corrosion processes.

Originally formed with the objective of fostering the work of its member societies, the EFC soon identifi ed the need to establish working parties to facilitate the coordi-nation and planning of work on particular aspects of corrosion. To begin with, four working parties were formed, on Inhibitors, Protection of Steel Structures, Corrosion by Hot Gases and Combustion Products, and Nuclear Corrosion. Over the years, the number has increased steadily and there are now seventeen active working parties with another currently in the process of being formed. Jointly, they deal with all of the most important facets of corrosion, protection and education.

In order to mark the golden anniversary of the EFC in 2005, the Science and Technology Advisory Committee resolved to commence work on a new volume in the EFC Series to document the history of the Federation and some of the ways in which it had contributed to the general advancement of the science of corrosion and the protection of materials through international cooperation, transfer of knowledge and education. It was suggested that an article prepared by the EFC Scientifi c Secretary for the anniversary edition of the EFC Newsletter could be used as the introductory chapter. In addition, the working party chairmen were invited to contribute to the book and, despite their heavy work loads and other commitments, the majority have found time to do so, sometimes with help from their predecessors. It was proposed that they should address developments in their respective fi elds since the EFC was formed, highlighting the contributions made by their working parties. Otherwise they were given carte-blanche with regard to their treatment of the task.

The result is a unique survey of progress in the fi eld of corrosion over the past half-century, culminating in the current state-of-the-art, by some of the most talented exponents of its science and technology.

Jrg Vogelsang Paul McIntyrePast Chairman, EFC Science and Technology EFC Scientifi c SecretaryAdvisory Committee



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11Introductory overview of the European

Federation of Corrosion

Paul McIntyreEFC Scientifi c Secretary

The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, 1 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AF, UK

[email protected]

1.1 Introduction

The European Federation of Corrosion (EFC) was founded over 50 years ago, having been proposed at a meeting of the European Convention of Chemical Tech-nology (ECCT) held in Frankfurt on 19 May 1955. The meeting was chaired by Professor Dr-Ing., Dr.rer.nat h.c. Karl Winnacker, Chairman of DECHEMA. The ECCT consisted of 31 technical and scientifi c societies from nine different countries (Table 1.1), including Austria (fi ve societies), France (nine), Germany (seven), Italy (two), Yugoslavia (one), Luxembourg (one), Spain (one), Sweden (one) and Switzerland (four). Each society was wholly or partially concerned with the fi eld of corrosion, and from the outset the object of the EFC was to foster the work of its member societies. Over the intervening half-century, the EFC has established itself as a leading international organisation, which has developed through international cooperation, transfer of knowledge and education [1]. Its activity has grown to encompass virtually all aspects of corrosion.

The EFC currently has 31 member societies, now distributed between 25 different European countries, including a number in central and eastern Europe. Its success is a great tribute to all who have given freely of their time in the interests of promoting cooperation in the fi eld of research.

1.2 Early days of the EFC (19551984)

The EFC is a non-profi t-making association of European societies with interests in corrosion that was established with the aim of advancing the science of the corrosion and protection of materials by promoting cooperation in Europe and collaboration internationally. It has never had individuals as members, with the exception of a very small number of quite exceptional people to whom Honorary Membership of the EFC has been extended (Fig. 1.1 and Table 1.2).

Following its formation in May 1955, the number of member societies grew quickly. By the beginning of 1956, the initial membership of 32 societies from nine countries had grown to 40 [2], with the addition of societies from four new member countries (Finland, Greece, Norway and Portugal) as well as others from France, Spain, Yugoslavia and Switzerland. By the time of its tenth anniversary, in 1965, membership had grown to 61 societies (plus six corresponding members) [3] and the



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2 Progress in Corrosion The First 50 Years of the EFC

Table 1.1 The original founder societies of the EFC

Asociacin Nacional de Quimicos de Espaa SpainAssociation pour lEncouragement la Recherche Aronautique FranceAssociation Franaise des Chimistes des Industries du Cuir FranceAssociation Franaise des Techniciens des Peintures et Vernis FranceAssociation des Chimistes et Ingnieurs de Sucrerie, de Distillerie et des FranceIndustries Agricoles de France et des ColoniesAssociation des Ingnieurs en Anti-Corrosion FranceAssociazione Italiana di Metallurgia, Centro Corrosione ItalyAssociation Luxembourgeoise des Ingnieurs Diplms LuxembourgAssociation pour la Protection de Matriaux YugoslaviaCommissions per lo studio dei Fenomeni di Corrosions del Consiglio ItalyNazionale delle RicercheDECHEMA Deutsche Gesellschaft fr chemisches Apparatewesen GermanyDeutsche Gesellschaft fr Metallkunde GermanyDeutscher Verein von Gas- und Wasserfachmnnern GermanyEisenhtte stereich Unterausschuss fr Korrosionsfragen AustriaGesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker GermanyIngeniravetenskapsakedemien, Korrosionsnamnd Swedensterreichische Arbeitagemeinschaft fr Korrosion Austriasterreichischer Ingenieur- und Architekten-Verein Austriasterreichischer Stahlbau-Verein AustriaSocit de Chimie Industrielle FranceSocit des Ingnieurs Civils de France FranceSocit Franaise de Microscopie Thorique et Applique FranceSocit des Ingnieurs pour la France doutre mer et des Pays exterieurs FranceSchiffbautechnische Gesellschaft GermanySchweizerischer Elektrotechnischer Verein SwitzerlandSchweizerischer Ingenieur- und Architekten-Verein SwitzerlandSchweizerischer Verband fr die Materialprfung der Technik SwitzerlandSchweizerischer Verein von Gas- und Wasserfachmnnern SwitzerlandVerein Deutscher Eisenhttenleute GermanyVerein Deutscher Ingenieure GermanyVerein sterreichischer Chemiker Austria

EFC was able to claim representation in all western European countries (with the exception of Ireland), together with Czechoslovakia and Hungary.

When the EFC was fi rst established, the administration was undertaken by an Executive Committee of six members representing France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland, and a decision-making board consisting of the presidents of the member societies (or their delegates). No subscription charges for membership of the EFC were levied. The General Secretariat was established at two offi ces, at the Socit de Chimie Industrielle in Paris and at DECHEMA in Frankfurt, and a Scientifi c Advisory Council was appointed to oversee technical matters. In those early days, the EFC focused its attention on supporting the work of its member societies by bringing about contact between specialists, encouraging and providing suggestions, and drawing attention to and increasing the effectiveness of the symposia staged by its member societies. It undertook no research work and did not organise regular symposia of its own. However, the Frankfurt offi ce did prepare an Annual Report intended to bring about contact between specialists with common interests.



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Introductory overview of the European Federation of Corrosion 3

In 1965, in order to fulfi l its task more adequately, the EFC established a General Assembly composed of corrosion specialists, who were appointed by the member societies for 3-year periods, to replace the board, many of whose members were not specialists in corrosion. This measure provided greater stability and technical competence to the decision-making body of the EFC. By this time, the UK had become heavily involved in the EFC through the Society for Chemical Industry in London. It was represented on the Executive Committee, which now included eight countries, by Lieutenant Colonel F. J. Griffi n, OBE. Members, whose names still resonate within the EFC, included Professor Dieter Behrens for Germany (Fig. 1.2) and Mr Hans Arup for the Scandinavian countries (Fig. 1.3). Professor Behrens is remembered for having done much to encourage the participation of central and eastern European countries in the EFC. The remaining fi ve members of the 1965 Executive Committee were: G. Biva, Belgium; V. Carassiti, Italy; A. Ellefsen, France; P. Sulzer, Switzerland; and H. G. Zelders, The Netherlands.

Also in 1965, the Scientifi c Advisory Committee was reconstituted to give it more infl uence over the activities of the EFC. Its membership of 18 came from ten different countries and, among other well-known personalities, included Dr Ir. M. Pourbaix (Belgium, Fig. 1.4), Professor G. Chaudron (France), Professor H. Fischer (Germany) and Professor G. Biachi (Italy).

1.1 Hans Grabke (left) receives Honorary Membership of the EFC from Philippe Berge at EUROCORR 2001 in Riva del Garda

Table 1.2 Honorary members of the EFC

1989 Dr David Sharp UK

1989 Dr-Ing. Andr L. Saboz Switzerland2001 Professor Hans J. Grabke Germany2003 Professor Giordano Trabanelli Italy



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EFC working parties (WPs) were conceived during 1965 to facilitate the coordina-tion and planning of work in specialised fi elds of corrosion in Europe. Top priority was given to the formation of WPs directed to the following topics:

WP1 Inhibitors WP2 Protection of Steel Structures WP3 Corrosion by Hot Gases and Combustion Products WP4 Nuclear Corrosion

By 1976, 21 years after its formation [4], the EFC had 63 member societies in 19 countries and had successfully established nine active WPs, with chairmen as follows:

1.2 Two legendary EFC personalities, Professor Dieter Behrens, Germany (left) and Professor Giordano Trabanelli of Italy

1.3 Hans Arup (left) presents the European Corrosion Medal for 1991 to Dr Jos Weber of Sulzer Innotec, Switzerland



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WP1 Inhibitors; G. Trabanelli WP2 Corrosion Protection of Steel Structures; R. Scimar WP3 Corrosion by Hot Gases and Combustion Products; A. Rahmel WP4 Nuclear Corrosion; H. Coriou WP5 Stress Corrosion Test Methods; R. N. Parkins (Fig. 1.5) WP6 Surface Condition Infl uence on Corrosion; J. Talbot WP7 Corrosion Education; G. Svendenius WP8 Physico-Chemical Methods of Corrosion Testing; R. Grauer WP9 Marine Corrosion; H. Arup

During 1979, a feeling emerged within the EFC that although it had been in existence for 24 years, it had to a large extent been concerned with its own organisa-tion and activities. Although these had achieved some far-reaching results, par-ticularly with regard to publications, education and conferences, there was a desire

1.4 Marcel Pourbaix

1.5 Redvers Parkins, fi rst chairman of WP5



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to bring the work of the EFC to the notice of a wider circle of interest in order to seek comments on its future development and activities. Therefore, two changes occurred.

First, it was decided to launch the EFC Newsletter, which has continued in pro-duction, in two different series, ever since (Fig. 1.6). The fi rst series, of seven issues [511], appeared at irregular intervals between 1979 and 1990, and the second, of 14 issues [1225], has appeared annually from August 1991 to date. The early issues were straightforward typewritten documents, without any illustrations, and sometimes as little as two pages in length. The post-1991 series has become more ambitious, with full colour illustrations since the year 2000, and sometimes running up to 32 pages in length.

Second, it was decided that the Science Advisory Committee of the EFC should organise major European conferences at regular intervals of about 2 or 3 years [5]. Hitherto, during the 21-year interval between the 1st European Corrosion Congress, in Paris (November 1956), and the 6th European Corrosion Congress, in London (September 1977), when it attracted an attendance of over 400, these events had taken place at irregular intervals.

In the 26 years since 1979, the EFC has organised 18 further major European corrosion conferences (see Table 1.3, which also provides details of forthcoming conferences up to and including EUROCORR 2008 in Moscow).

Prior to 1981, the EFCs corrosion conferences were always referred to as European Corrosion Congresses. Then, in 1982, the name EUROCORR was used for the fi rst time. Between 1982 and 1993, the name alternated between Euro-pean Corrosion Congress (Fig. 1.7) and EUROCORR. During the past decade,

1.6 Evolution of the EFC Newsletter: 1st Series, No. 1 (1979); 2nd Series, No. 14 (2004)



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Table 1.3. EFC European corrosion conferences

1956 1st European Corrosion Congress, Paris, France1958 2nd European Corrosion Congress, Frankfurt am Main, Germany1963 3rd European Corrosion Congress, Brussels, Belgium 1969 4th European Corrosion Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands1973 5th European Corrosion Congress, Paris, France1977 6th European Corrosion Congress, London, UK1981 7th European Corrosion Congress, Mainz, Germany1982 EUROCORR 82, Budapest, Hungary1985 8th European Corrosion Congress, Nice, France1987 EUROCORR 87, Karlsruhe, Germany1988 EUROCORR 88, Brighton, UK1989 9th European Corrosion Congress, Utrecht, The Netherlands1991 EUROCORR 91, Budapest, Hungary1992 EUROCORR 92, Espoo, Finland1993 10th European Corrosion Congress, Barcelona, Spain1994 EUROCORR 94, Bournemouth, UK1996 EUROCORR 96, Nice, France1997 EUROCORR 97, Trondheim, Norway1998 EUROCORR 98, Utrecht, The Netherlands1999 EUROCORR 99, Aachen, Germany2000 EUROCORR 2000, London, UK2001 EUROCORR 2001, Riva del Garda, Italy2003 EUROCORR 2003, Budapest, Hungary2004 EUROCORR 2004, Nice, France2005 EUROCORR 2005, Lisbon, Portugal2006 EUROCORR 2006, Maastricht, The Netherlands2007 EUROCORR 2007, Freiburg, Germany (913 September 2007)2008 EUROCORR 2008, Edinburgh, UK (711 September 2008)2009 EUROCORR 2009, Nice, France (610 September 2009)2010 EUROCORR 2010, Moscow, Russia (1317 September)

1.7 Opening of the 10th European Corrosion Congress, Barcelona, 1993



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EUROCORR has fi rmly established itself as the main annual event in the European corrosion calendar, the only exceptions to its yearly appearance being in years such as 2002, when there was a confl icting International Corrosion Congress in Granada.

In 1981, the General Assembly approved proposals to rename the Science Advisory Committee as the Science and Technology Advisory Committee (STAC), to highlight the new emphasis on industrial applications, and to establish technical sub-committees to ensure industrial input to the WPs [6]. It was also agreed that task forces (TFs) would be set up for a limited duration as and when necessary to deal with particular problems. However, it soon became apparent that the technical sub-committees were not really needed, since all requirements could be met by the WPs and TFs alone.

Another major development [7] was the decision to appoint an EFC scientifi c secretary to deal centrally with the scientifi c and technical aspects of the EFCs work, by developing and coordinating the activities of the STAC and the working parties. The scientifi c secretary reports to the STAC, and his activities include, among other things, the preparation and distribution of agendas, working papers and minutes for the STAC, the preparation of the EFC Newsletter for publication, and maintaining the register of EFC Event Numbers and Calendar of Events. Mr A. D. Mercer (Fig. 1.8) was appointed to this role in 1982, a position that he held until his retirement at the end of 1996, when he was succeeded by the present author.

1.3 Recent times (19842005)

The EFC acquired legal status in April 1984, when it became registered at the address of a Belgian member society (Branche Belge de la SCI) in Brussels [8]. On this occa-sion, the old EFC with its then 65 ordinary members from 20 European countries and 11 corresponding members from nine European countries and two overseas countries

1.8 Mr A. D. Mercer, EFC Scientifi c Secretary 19821996



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was disbanded, although many of the societies decided to continue their membership in the new EFC. Statutes were prepared that identifi ed four founding members:

Branch Belge de la Socit de Chimie Industrielle (Brussels) Socit de Chimie Industrielle (Paris) DECHEMA (Frankfurt) Society of Chemical Industry (London) superseded in 1986 by the then Institute

of Metals, now The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (London)

The three offi ces of the General Secretariat of the new EFC were now located at the offi ces of the founding members in Paris, Frankfurt and London, each of which was, to begin with, given responsibility for the member societies in its locale. These changes meant that the EFC was now free to enter into contractual arrangements (e.g. with the European Commission), could receive and make payments for research projects and publications, and could take legal action in its own name.

The old Executive Committee of the EFC was abandoned, and its role was taken over by a new Board of Administrators that included representatives nominated by each of the four founding member countries together with others from Denmark, Italy, Switzerland and The Netherlands.

The nine WPs of the new EFC in 1984 remained the same as they had been in 1976. However, things changed in October 1985, when the Chairman of WP2 on Corrosion and Protection of Steel Structures resigned and disbanded the group, due to waning interest among its members.

In January 1987, the number of WPs was restored to nine again when the inaugural meeting of the new WP10 on Microbial Corrosion took place in Trondheim [9], with Mr Kenneth Tiller (UK) as its chairman (Fig. 1.9).

Later in 1987, WP11 on Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete was formed under the chairmanship of Professor Bernd Isecke (Germany) [10].

1.9 Mr K. A. Tiller, fi rst chairman of WP10



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In 1988, another new working party, WP12 on Computer-Based Information Systems, under the chairmanship of Dr R. Deplanque (Germany), was ratifi ed by the General Assembly [11], which was now composed of representatives from each of the member societies.

Further important changes in the administration of the EFC took place in 1988 when different responsibilities were identifi ed for the three offi ces of the General Secretariat. Whereas these had previously shared responsibility for the member societies, the Frankfurt offi ce was now given responsibility for membership, both of the EFC and of its WPs. At the same time, the Paris offi ce became responsible both for the arrangement of meetings of the Board of Administrators and the General Assembly (including the preparation and distribution of agendas, working papers and minutes) and for all matters relating to the EFC awards. The London offi ce became responsible for fi nance, and subsequently, in 1994, Dr Charles Booker (UK) (Fig. 1.10) was appointed as EFC honorary treasurer, a position that he held until 2005. The current treasurer is Mr Ray Milbank, whose appointment was approved by the General Assembly during EUROCORR 2006 in Maastricht.

In 1990, it was decided to open up participation in the EFC WPs to enable a wider range of interested persons to contribute to their activities. Although new participants were expected to belong to EFC member societies, this was no longer a mandatory requirement.

During 1991, proposals for a new WP on Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production arose from discussions among several EFC countries, and culminated in the formation of WP13, with Dr L. M. Smith (UK) as chairman.

A very signifi cant development took place in June 1992, when the General Assem-bly appointed Mr C. J. Bijl (The Netherlands) (Fig. 1.11) as the fi rst ever EFC presi-dent for a term of 2 years. This provided the EFC with an important representative for it and its policies, capable of providing leadership, and of providing continuity throughout his term of offi ce by chairing meetings of the Board of Administrators and the General Assembly.

1.10 Charles Booker preparing items for despatch from the London offi ce



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Since Mr Bijl left offi ce at the end of 1994, there have been six other EFC presidents (Figs 1.121.15). Each president has contributed much in his own way to the success of the EFC during the past 14 years. In recent years, the president has been assisted by a small Presidents Task Force, which usually meets twice yearly during the intervals between Board of Administrators meetings to assist in drafting agendas and working papers.

Between 1993 and 2002, there was much activity concerned with the formation of new WPs. To begin with, in 1993, proposals were approved for a new WP, WP14 on Coatings, with Professor Dr Pier-Luigi Bonora (Italy) as its fi rst chairman. Then, in 1996, another new WP, WP15 on Corrosion in the Refi nery Industry, was approved by the EFC General Assembly in Nice, with Dr John Harston (UK) as its fi rst

1.11 Mr C. J. Bijl, fi rst EFC president, 19931994

1.12 EFC presidents 19952001: Professor B. Isecke, 199596; Prof. P.-L. Bonora, 199799; Dr. J. P. Berge, 20002001



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chairman. Since that date, three more EFC WPs have received fi nal approved by the General Assembly: WP16 on Cathodic Protection, chaired by Marcel Roche (France) in 1999, WP17 on Automotive Corrosion, with Frits Blekkenhorst of The Nether-lands as its fi rst chairman, in 2000, and WP18 on Tribo-Corrosion, with Professor Jean-Pierre Celis of Belgium as its chairman, in 2002. At about the same time, WP12 on Computer Information Systems disappeared. This happened because WP12 dif-fered from the other WPs in the way that it operated, much of its interaction taking place by electronic means. However, its former chairman, Professor Walter Bogaerts (Belgium), became instead chairman of EFC TF1 on Computer Applications, which is now associated with WP7 on Corrosion Education, chaired by Dr R. Cottis (UK).

In 2000, proposals from the Frankfurt offi ce relating to the introduction of EFC membership cards for use by the members of EFC member societies were introduced.

1.13 Mr D. Harrop: EFC president 20022003

1.14 Professor B. Linder: EFC president 20042005



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These cards (Fig. 1.16) entitle the bearer to discounted members rates on other societies products and events. For example, anyone belonging to an EFC member society participating in the scheme (and most now do) is entitled to a 20% reduction in the cost of the EFC books or up to 60 off the registration fee for EUROCORR 2005.

In 2001, Professor Kazimierz Darowicki (Poland) attempted to reactivate EFC WP2 on Corrosion and Protection of Structural Steelwork, following 16 years of inactivity. His attempts failed, largely because of concerns within the STAC that this would be impossible without duplicating activity within some of the other, more recently formed, WPs, such as WP14 on Coatings and WP16 on Cathodic Protection. Instead, in 2003, Professor Darowicki was appointed as chairman of a new EFC TF, TF2 on Focussed Applications in Corrosion and Protection of Steel Structures. The intention was that this would work between the existing WPs to tackle ad hoc problems requiring a multidisciplinary approach, drawing from the membership of those WPs as necessary. In fact, it has focused on the organisation of several workshops within Poland and nearby countries on topics as diverse as industrial heat exchanger problems, environmental degradation of structures, and the role of interfaces in corrosion and its prevention. This has done much to publicise EFC

1.15 Professor M. Schtze: EFC president 20062008

1.16 An EFC membership card



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activity in the Baltic region and to encourage the formation of new corrosion societies in the Baltic states.

1.4 Cooperation with NACE International

In March 2003, on the occasion of the annual NACE Corrosion Conference in San Diego, Mr D. Harrop, president of the EFC, and Ms Elaine Bowman, president of NACE International (Fig. 1.17), signed an historic agreement on cooperation between the two organisations. This brought important benefi ts to both parties. In future, members of EFC member societies and those of NACE International will qualify for member rates when purchasing each others products, including books, conference registrations, etc. Complimentary registrations to each others annual conferences and stands at the associated exhibitions are also provided for the EFC and NACE presidents, and an accompanying person, under the agreement. As a consequence, both the EFC president and scientifi c secretary have so far been able to participate in NACEXPO events in Houston (2005), San Diego (2006), Nashville (2007) and New Orleans (2008).

1.5 EFC awards

For many years, the EFC has presented three awards in 2- or 3-yearly cycles. The European Corrosion Medal, the EFCs most prestigious award, consisting of a bronze medal, a diploma and the sum of 1000, has usually been presented every second year since it was instituted in 1985. The list of former laureates is included in Table 1.4. It is presented to a scientist or group of scientists for achievements in the application of corrosion science in the widest sense. On ten out of 11 occasions, the winner has been an individual (e.g. Fig. 1.18), but in 1999 it was presented to Professor G. C. Wood and his group at the Corrosion and Protection Centre in Manchester (Fig. 1.19).

1.17 Don Harrop (EFC) and Elaine Bowman (NACE) sign the NACEEFC agreement, 19 March 2003



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The oldest EFC award is the Cavallaro Medal, a gold medal donated by the University of Ferrara as a memorial to Professor Cavallaro, the founder of its Aldo Dacc Study Institute and a member of the EFCs Scientifi c Advisory Council. Again, this is usually presented every other year, but this time to a scientist who is particularly distinguished by his activity and publications in the fi eld of corrosion research. A list of the 20 winners since the award was instituted in 1965 is given in Table 1.5. These have included P. Gellings of The Netherlands (Fig. 1.20).

The third longstanding award is the Mart I. Franqus Award, comprising a silver medal and the sum of 500, to recognise individuals who have made outstand-ing contributions to the advancement of the science and technology of corrosion

Table 1.4 Winners of the European Corrosion Medal (awarded for achievements by a scientist, or group of scientists, in the application of corrosion science in the widest sense)

1985 Dr A. Desestret France1987 Professor W. Schwenk Germany1989 Dr H. Arup Denmark1991 Dr. J Weber Switzerland1993 Professor A. Rahmel Germany1996 Professor R. N. Parkins UK1999 Professor G. C. Wood and colleagues UK2001 Professor E. Bardal Norway2003 Professor P.-L. Bonora Italy2005 Professor D. Landolt Switzerland2007 Professor E. Klmn Hungary

1.18 Professor P.-L. Bonora, winner of the European Corrosion Medal for 2003



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1.19 Professor Graham Wood (left) receiving the European Corrosion Medal on behalf of himself and his colleagues at the UMIST Corrosion and Protection Centre from EFC president Philippe Berge in Aachen, 1999

Table 1.5 Winners of the Cavallaro Medal (awarded to a scientist who is particularly distinguished by his activity and his publications in the fi eld of corrosion research)

1965 G. Bianchi (Italy)1967 H. Fischer (Germany)1969 P. Lacombe (France)1971 U. R. Evans (UK)1973 C. Wagner (Germany)1975 M. Pourbaix (Belgium)1977 T. P. Hoar (UK)1979 E. Mattsson (Sweden)1981 H. J. Engell (Germany)1983 G. Trabanelli (Italy)1985 R. N. Parkins (UK)1987 G. C. Wood (UK)1989 J. Oudar (France)1991 P. Gellings (The Netherlands)1993 J. E. O. Mayne (UK)1995 F. Mazza (Italy)1998 S. Smialowska (Poland)2000 D. Landolt (Switzerland)2002 A. Turnbull (UK)2004 H. Grfen (Germany)2006 G. Thompson (UK)



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through international cooperation within the EFC, transfer of knowledge, and education. Provided by the Spanish member society, SEQUI, between 1993 and 2003, and presented to the worthy winners listed in Table 1.6), this award was recently withdrawn. A replacement award is currently being sought by the Board of Administrators.

A fourth, more recent, award is the Kurt Schwabe Award. This was instituted by the Hungarian member society, HUNKOR, in 2000 in honour of the late Professor Kurt Schwabe. Consisting of a medal and the sum of 300, it is awarded every 3 years to a young scientist in recognition of his or her scientifi c and technical contribution to the fi eld of corrosion on the basis of publications. As shown in Table 1.7, there have been three recipients to date, the fi rst of whom was Dr Ilona Felhosi of Hungary (Fig. 1.21).

1.20 Professor F. Zucchi (left) presenting the Cavallaro Medal to Professor P. Gellings (The Netherlands) in Budapest, 1991

Table 1.6 Winners of the Mart . Franqus Award (awarded to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of the science and technology of corrosion through international cooperation within the EFC, transfer of knowledge and education)

1993 S. Feliu Spain1996 E. Heitz Germany1998 A. D. Mercer UK2000 C. Cabrillac France2003 K. A. Tiller UK

Table 1.7 Winners of the Kurt Schwabe Award (awarded to a young scientist in recognition of his or her scientifi c and technical contributions to the fi eld of corrosion on the basis of publications)

2000 I. Felhosi Hungary2003 M. Ryan UK2006 T. Prosek Hungary



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1.6 EFC publications

In 1989, the Institute of Metals, London, was appointed as the offi cial publisher of the EFC series of publications that was then about to be launched. This arrangement still holds, but the books are now produced on behalf of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining by Maney Publishing. Already, over 50 books in the distinctive green EFC livery have been produced (Fig. 1.22), and a number are currently in production. Full details are given in Table 1.8. Most of the books are still in print and may be ordered from Maney Publishing via its website (www.maney.co.uk). They are produced to the highest quality and are very well regarded by the corrosion fraternity.

1.21 Professor Erika Klmn (left) presenting the Kurt Schwabe Award to Dr Ilona Felhosi (Hungary) in London, 2000

1.22 Some of the best-selling EFC books, from EFC WP13



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Table 1.8 The EFC Series

1 Corrosion in the Nuclear Industry Prepared by the WP on Nuclear Corrosion

2 Practical Corrosion Principles Prepared by the WP on Corrosion Education

3 General Guidelines for Corrosion Testing of Materials for Marine Applications

Prepared by the WP on Marine Corrosion

4 Guidelines on Electrochemical Corrosion Measurements

Prepared by the WP on Physico-chemical Methods of Corrosion Testing

5 Illustrated Case Histories of Marine Cor-rosion

Prepared by the WP on Marine Corrosion

6 Corrosion Education Manual Prepared by the WP on Corrosion Education

7 Corrosion Problems Related to Nuclear Waste Disposal

Prepared by the WP on Nuclear Corrosion

8 Microbial Corrosion Prepared by the WP on Microbial Corrosion

9 Microbiological Degradation of Materials and Methods of Protection

Prepared by the WP on Microbial Corrosion

10 Marine Corrosion of Stainless Steels: Chlorination and Microbial Effects

Prepared by the WPs on Marine Corrosion and Microbial Corrosion

11 Corrosion Inhibitors Prepared by the WP on Corrosion and Scale Inhibition

12 Modifi cations of Passive Films Prepared by the WP on Surface Science and Mechanisms of Corrosion and Protection

13 Predicting CO2 Corrosion in the Oil and Gas Industry

Prepared by the WP on Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production

14 Guidelines for Methods of Testing and Research in High Temperature Corrosion

Prepared by the WP on Corrosion by Hot Gases and Combustion Products

15 Microbial Corrosion (Proceedings of the 3rd International EFC Workshop)


16 Guidelines on Materials Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels for H2S-Containing Environments in Oil and Gas Production


17 Corrosion Resistant Alloys for Oil and Gas Production: Guidance on General Requirements and Test Methods for H2S Service


18 Stainless Steel in Concrete: State of the Art Report

Prepared by the WP on Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete

19 Sea Water Corrosion of Stainless Steels Mechanisms and Experiences

Prepared by the WPs on Marine Corrosion and Microbial Corrosion

20 Organic and Inorganic Coatings for Corrosion Prevention Research and Experiences


21 CorrosionDeformation Interactions CDI 96 in conjunction with EUROCORR 96

22 Aspects of Microbially Induced Corrosion Papers from EUROCORR 96 and the EFC WP on Microbial Corrosion



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23 CO2 Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production Design Considerations


24 Electrochemical Rehabilitation Methods for Reinforced Concrete Structures A State of the Art Report

Prepared by the WP on Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete

25 Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete: Monitoring, Prevention and Rehabilitation


26 Advances in Corrosion Control and Materials in Oil and Gas Production

Papers from EUROCORR 97 and EUROCORR 98

27 Cyclic Oxidation of High Temperature Materials

Proceedings of an EFC Workshop, Frankfurt/Main, 1999

28 Electrochemical Approach to Selected Corrosion and Corrosion Control Studies

Papers from 50th ISE Meeting, Pavia, 1999

29 Microbial Corrosion (Proceedings of the 4th International EFC Workshop)


30 Survey of Literature on Crevice Corrosion (19791998): Mechanisms, Test Methods and Results, Practical Experience, Protective Measures and Monitoring

Prepared by F. P. Ijsseling and the WP on Marine Corrosion

31 Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete: Corrosion Mechanisms and Corrosion Protection

Papers from EUROCORR 99 and the WP on Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete

32 Guidelines for the Compilation of Corrosion Cost Data and for the Calculation of the Life Cycle Cost of Corrosion A Working Party Report


33 Marine Corrosion of Stainless Steels: Testing, Selection, Experience, Protection and Monitoring

Edited by D. Fron on behalf of the WP on Marine Corrosion

34 Lifetime Modelling of High Temperature Corrosion Processes

Proceedings of an EFC workshop 2001, edited by M. Schtze, W. J. Quadakkers and J. R. Nicholls

35 Corrosion Inhibitors for Steel in Concrete

Prepared by B. Elsener with support from a task group of WP11 on Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete

36 Prediction of Long Term Corrosion Behaviour in Nuclear Waste Systems

Edited by D. Fron and Digby D. Macdonald of the WP on Nuclear Corrosion

37 Test Methods for Assessing the Susceptibility of Prestressing Steels to Hydrogen Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking

Prepared by B. Isecke of the WP on Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete

38 Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete: Mechanisms, Monitoring, Inhibitors and Rehabilitation Techniques

Edited by M. Raupach, B. Elsener, R. Polder and J. Mietz on behalf of the WP on Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete

39 The Use of Corrosion Inhibitors in Oil and Gas Production

Edited by J. W. Palmer, W. Hedges and J. L. Dawson

Table 1.8 Continued



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40 Control of Corrosion in Cooling Waters Edited by. J. D. Harston and F. Ropital41 Metal Dusting, Carburisation and

NitridationEdited by H. Grabke and M. Schtze

42 Corrosion in Refi neries Edited by J. D. Harston and F. Ropital43 The Electrochemistry and Characteristics

of Embeddable Reference Electrodes for Concrete

Prepared by R. Myrdal on behalf of the WP on Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete

44 The Use of Electrochemical Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (EC-STM) for Corrosion Applications and the Acquisition of Atomically Resolved Images: Reference Material (Cu Single-crystal) and Procedural Guidelines

Prepared by R. Lindstrm, V. Maurice, L. Klein and P. Marcus on behalf of the WP on Surface Science and Mechanisms of Corrosion and Protection

45 Local Probe Techniques for Corrosion Research

Edited by R. Oltra, V. Maurice, R. Akid and P. Marcus on behalf of the WPs on Surface Science and Mechanisms of Corrosion and Protection, and Physico-Chemical Methods of Corrosion Testing

46 Amine Unit Corrosion Survey Edited by J. D. Harston and F. Ropital on behalf of the WP on Corrosion in the Refi nery Industry

47 Novel Approaches to the Improvement of High Temperature Corrosion Resistance

Edited by M. Schtze and W. Quadak-kers on behalf of the WP on Corrosion in Hot Gases and Combustion Products

48 Corrosion of Metallic Heritage Artefacts: Investigation, Conservation and Prediction of Long Term Behaviour

Edited by P. Dillman, G. Branger, P. Piccardo and H. Matthiesen on behalf of the WP on Nuclear Corrosion

49 Electrochemistry in Light Water Reactors: Reference Electrodes, Measurement, Corrosion and Tribocorrosion

Edited by R.-W. Bosch, D. Fron and J.-P. Celis on behalf of the WPs on Nuclear Corrosion and Tribocorrosion

50 Corrosion Behaviour and Protection of Copper and Aluminium Alloys in Seawater

Edited by D. Fron on behalf of the WP on Marine Corrosion

51 Corrosion Issues in Light Water Reactors: Stress Corrosion Cracking

Edited by D. Fron and J.-M. Olive on behalf of the WP on Nuclear Corrosion


Edited by P. McIntyre and J. Vogelsang on behalf of the EFC Science and Technology Advisory Committee

53 Standardisation of Thermal Cycling Exposure Testing

Edited by D. Fron and M. Malessa on behalf of the WP on Corrosion in Hot Gases and Combustion Products

54 Innovative Pre-treatment Techniques to Prevent Corrosion of Metallic Surfaces

Edited by L. Fedrizzi, H. Terryn and A. Simes on behalf of the WP on Coatings

55 Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI) Guideline Applicable to CarbonManganese, Low Alloy Steels and Austenitic Stainless Steels Operating Between 4C and 175C

Edited by Stefan Winnik on behalf of the WPs on Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production and Corrosion in the Refi nery Industry

Table 1.8 Continued



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1.7 The EFC website

To mark the new millennium, the EFC established its own website in 2000. This is maintained by the Frankfurt offi ce of the EFC, and provides a growing amount of information about the EFC, including:

the current EFC Newsletter in full colour information about forthcoming events details of the EFC publications hot links to the EUROCORR congress sites the objectives and structure of the EFC and its: member societies (32), WPs (17),

Board of Administrators , Science and Technology Advisory Committee, and General Secretariat.

The site (Fig. 1.23) is now being populated with web pages devoted to each of the WPs. These will outline the scope and objectives of each WP and provide a summary of their activities and other essential information.

1.8 Technical achievements of the EFC

The principal activities of the EFC are accomplished through its many WPs, whose activities are overseen and reviewed by the STAC. The chairman of the STAC is elected for 3 years and may be re-appointed for a second term (Fig. 1.24). The WPs are devoted to particular subjects within the broad fi elds of corrosion and its prevention. As a minimum, each WP is expected to organise a strong session at every EUROCORR conference when called upon to do so, either on its own or jointly with one or more other WPs with complementary interests (e.g. marine corrosion and microbial corrosion). However, there is scope for them to undertake many other interesting activities within their own fi elds, including: participation in collaborative research and testing programmes that could, for example, be aimed at underpinning

1.23 The home page of the EFC website, www.EFCWEB.org



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future standard test methods; the organisation of courses, workshops, seminars and conferences; and the preparation of state-of-the-art reports, guidelines and proceedings for publication in the EFC Series. Detailed contributions from most of the working parties are included in following chapters of this volume. This fi nal part of the introductory overview provides brief summaries on each of the WPs, based largely on information gleaned from EFC Newsletters published over the past 30 years [525].

1.8.1 WP1: Inhibitors

Under the chairmanship of Giordano Trabanelli, this was the fi rst WP to be formed by the EFC. In addition to the organisation of sessions on inhibition at the EFCs corrosion conferences, it is best known for the series of European Symposia of Corrosion Inhibitors, which have been held at the Aldo Dacc Study Centre of Ferrara University at 5-yearly intervals since 1960 (e.g. Fig. 1.25).

These symposia provide an opportunity for workers in the fi eld of corrosion inhibition from all over the world to meet on a regular basis to discuss and review advances in the application of inhibitors and in the understanding of the mechanism of their action. The proceedings are published and can be obtained from the Univer-sity of Ferrara. The 10th Symposium in the series (10th SEIC) took place in Ferrara from 29 August to 2 September 2005. It encompassed nine topics, including Impacts of legislative constraints on research, development and application of functional additives in corrosion and scale inhibition. An International Summer School on Corrosion Inhibition was held at EPFL, Lausanne, during 1983 by Dieter Landolt and other members of the WP. Another important contribution from WP1 has been the organisation of a series of 5-day Intensive Courses on Corrosion Inhibitors at DECHEMA in Frankfurt, with both lectures and practical sessions. These began in September 1986 (Fig. 1.26), and four more have taken place since then (in 1988, 1993, 1997 and 2001).

1.24 Dr Jrg Vogelsang, STAC chairman 20022007



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In 1994, WP1 contributed a book entitled Corrosion Inhibitors as No. 11 in the EFC Series. In 1995, the name of WP1 was changed to Corrosion and Scale Inhibition to refl ect growing industrial concerns, and at its meeting in Riva del Garda in September 2001, the resignation of Giordano Trabanelli as chairman was announced. The new chairman, Gnter Schmitt, has pledged to continue the series of Intensive Courses on Corrosion Inhibitors.

1.8.2 WP2: Corrosion and Protection of Steel Structures

Before being wrapped up by its chairman, R. Scimar, after its last meeting in 1985, WP2 prepared guidelines on the surface preparation of steel prior to the application

1.25 Professor Franco Mazza addressing the 8th European Symposium on Corrosion Inhibitors (8th SEIC) at Ferrara University in 1995

1.26 Delegates at the fi rst 5-day intensive course on corrosion inhibitors in Frankfurt during 1986



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of coatings and on the on-site application of coatings on metallic surfaces. Other projects concerned the protection of steelaluminium structures and a comparison of different European standards on spray metallisation. In 1984, it jointly organised with APAC (the Belgian Association for Anti-corrosion Coatings) a successful conference that attracted 190 delegates. This highlighted the fact that there is no miraculous product for the protection of metallic structures against corrosion and, hence, the need for a real awareness of corrosion.

1.8.3 WP3: Corrosion by Hot Gases and Combustion Products

Under a succession of very active chairmen, including Alfred Rahmel (Fig. 1.27), Hans Grabke and, most recently, Michael Schtze, WP3 has contributed much to the aims of the EFC to promote cooperation within Europe to advance the science of corrosion and the protection of metals.

Under Michael Schtzes leadership, EU support was won for a proposal entitled COTEST Cyclic Oxidation Testing, which involved 23 partners from the EU and associated states. The results from this programme will provide the technical basis for one of a series of new international standards being developed by ISO/TC 156/WG13 (High Temperature Corrosion) under the convenorship of Michael Schtze. WP3 has prepared six books for publication in the EFC Series (Nos. 14, 27, 24, 41, 47 and 53).

1.8.4 WP4: Nuclear Corrosion

Again, this WP has benefi ted from some extremely effective chairmen, all from France, including H. Coriou, Philippe Berge, Franois de Kroulas, Jacques Daret and, now, Damien Fron. In recent years, it has organised and contributed to

1.27 Professor Alfred Rahmel, fi rst chairman of WP3



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international workshops and conferences in Bordeaux, Cadarache, Fontevraud and Nice. It has contributed six volumes to the EFC Series (Nos. 1, 7, 36, 48, 49 and 51). One of its key concerns at present relates to prediction of long-term corrosion behaviour in nuclear waste systems, which is the topic of two of its contributions to the EFC Series (Nos. 36 and 48). It is also concerned with corrosion issues for light water nuclear reactors, including corrosion predictions for lifetime extension, and corrosion issues for future nuclear systems. In its future programme, it will address irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking, the degradation of concrete, and microbial corrosion in nuclear waste systems.

1.8.5 WP5: Environment Sensitive Fracture

With the original title Stress Corrosion Test Methods, and under the chairmanship of Redvers Parkins in the 1970s, this WP published the fi rst report to be published by an EFC WP, and in four languages, on a critical study of stress corrosion test methods. It then set about a collaborative testing programme to underwrite the series of ISO standards that appeared in the 1980s on a variety of stress corrosion cracking tests (ISO 7539, Parts 27). Although the round robin did not go entirely to plan, some useful results were obtained. In 1977 and 1978, the WP organised meetings in Newcastle and Firminy on slow strain rate stress corrosion tests and electrochemical test methods in stress corrosion testing. In 1985, the title of WP5 was changed to Environment Sensitive Fracture to broaden its scope. Thierry Magnin became chairman, and in 1992 organised a meeting on corrosiondeformation interactions in Fontainbleu. A 2-day meeting on stress corrosion cracking tests in St Etienne followed during 1995. A major event in 1996 was a second symposium on corro-siondeformation interactions, CDI96, held in conjunction with EUROCORR 96 in Nice, the proceedings of which were published as No. 21 in the EFC Series. Later, WP5 participated in a collaborative European programme to compare the results from rising-load stress corrosion tests on pre-cracked specimens, which provided the basis for Part 9 of ISO 7539. Jean-Marc Olive succeeded as chairman in 2002, and organised the 2nd International Conference on Environmental Degradation of Engineering Materials (EDEM 2003) in Bordeaux in the following year, and a workshop on Stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue fractography. In 2007, it contributed to No. 51 in the EFC Series, Stress Corrosion Cracking in Light Water Reactors, and Dr Krzysztof Wolski has since become its new chairman.

1.8.6 WP6: Surface Science and Mechanisms of Corrosion and Protection

WP6 was originally known as Surface Condition Infl uence on Corrosion, and had J. Talbot as its fi rst chairman. In 1980, it changed its title to the present one and, under the chairmanship of Professor J. Oudar, during the mid-1980s organised a round robin exercise on the combined electrochemical and ESCA/AES characterisation of the passive fi lm on FeCr and FeCrMo alloys, involving seven laboratories from France, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. The results were presented at a workshop in Paris during 1986. In 1990, Philippe Marcus (Fig. 1.28) took over the chairmanship of the WP and held the European Symposium on Modifi cations of Passive Films in Paris in 1993, the proceedings of which were published as No. 12 in the EFC Series.



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In 1994, a new long-term collaborative project to develop reference materials for scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was initiated. This came to fruition in 2004 with the preparation of a report entitled Use of Electrochemical Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (EC-STM) for Corrosion Applications and the Acquisition of Atomically Resolved Images: Reference Material (Copper Single-crystal) and Procedural Guidelines, which has since been published as No. 44 in the EFC Series.

1.8.7 WP7: Corrosion Education

One of the most ambitious projects of this WP, under the chairmanship of G. Svendenius (Sweden), was the production of three EFC fi lms on corrosion during the 1970s and 1980s, in collaboration with the European Corrosion Education Founda-tion (ECEF). The ECEF was originally formed by the EFC Film Committee in the mid-1970s as a registered charity to collect the money needed to fi nance the produc-tion of educational fi lms on important corrosion topics. The activity was pioneered by Professor J. S. L. Leach and his colleague at Nottingham University, Dr P. Boden. The sum of 17 000 was soon collected, and work on the fi rst fi lm, Corrosion Control by Design, began in 1976. This was completed within 2 years, and two further fi lms, entitled Corrosion Control by Coatings and Corrosion Prevention by Controlling the Environment, followed over the next 10 years. When the ECEF was eventually wound up, the residual assets, including about 2500 in cash and the rights to the fi lms, were transferred to the EFC.

The fi lms have since been digitised, and are included in the distance learning materials that have been produced under the EU-supported MENTOR-C Project led by Walter Bogaerts, chairman of the EFC TF1 on Computer Applications, in which the EFC has been a partner. Publications from the WP have included EFC No. 2, Practical Corrosion Principles, and EFC No. 6, Corrosion Education Manual.

Stuart Leach succeeded G. Svendenius as chairman of WP7 in 1989 but, sadly, died only 2 years later. Between 1992 and 1996, WP7 was chaired by Professor D. Landolt,

1.28 Philippe Marcus, chairman of WP6 and EFC vice-president



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who was succeeded by J. M. Costa (Fig. 1.29). In recent years, it has established valu-able web pages on the EFC website (www.EFCweb.org). Dr Robert Cottis (UK) succeeded Professor Costa as the chairman of WP7 in 2005.

1.8.8 WP8: Physico-Chemical Methods of Corrosion Testing

Originally called Physico-chemical Methods of Corrosion Testing Fundamentals and Applications, WP8 developed under the chairmanship of Dr. L Clerbois and Mr R. Grauer, Belgium, with the aim of studying the bases and application of physico-chemical testing methods in the fi eld of corrosion. It produced a report entitled A Literature Review of Polarisation Resistance B Values for the Measurement of Corrosion Rate, which was published by NACE. It also produced a paper, Scaling of corrosion tests, for the ISE meeting in Erlangen in September 1983, and went on to consider corrosion testing in non-aqueous media. A workshop on Electrochemical corrosion testing with special consideration of practical applications was held at the Corrosion Study Centre Aldo Dacc of the University of Ferrara in September 1985. This included techniques for the

Progress in Corrosion–the First 50 Years of the EFC.mcintyre

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