Progress in Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation (ASD) Research · University of California, Santa Cruz...
Transcript of Progress in Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation (ASD) Research · University of California, Santa Cruz...
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Progress in Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation (ASD) Research
Carol Shennan, Joji Muramoto, Margherita Zavatta, Graeme Baird, and Lucinda Toyama, University of California, Santa CruzMark Mazzola, USDA-ARS, Wenatchee, WA
Fumigants and non-fumigant alternatives: Regulatory and research updates
22 April, 201. Friday, UCCE, Ventura
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Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge funding and collaboration for this work from the following: USDA Methyl Bromide Transition Program USDA Areawide program CDPR Pest Management Research Program California Strawberry Commission Will Doyle, WD Farm Extension and industry people who have made this work
possible
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ASD Basics1. Incorporate readily available organic matter
Provide C source for soil microbes
2.Cover with oxygen impermeable tarp
3. Irrigate to saturate soil then to maintain field capacity
Water-filled pore space
Create anaerobic conditions and stimulate anaerobic decomposition of incorporated organic material
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Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation (ASD)(Shennan et al., 2007)
1. Broadcast rice bran at 9 tons/ac
2. Incorporate bran3. List beds4. Cover w/ plastic mulch5. Drip irrigate total 3 ac-
inches over 3 wks6. Leave 3 wks and monitor
soil Eh and temp
1 2
3 4
5 6
Principle: Acid fermentation in anaerobic soil (Blok et al, 2000; Shinmura et al., 2000)
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ASD-Treated Acreages in California and Mexico
5130
431
1017
1310
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
ASD
-tre
ated
are
a (a
cres
)
2%
40%
10%
48%
2015-16Baja
Ventura/Oxnard
Santa Maria
Watsonville/Salinas
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Potential Mechanisms Production of organic acids toxic to some pathogens Production of volatiles toxic to some pathogens Reduction of iron and manganese – Fe2+ and Mn2+
toxic to some pathogens Shifts in microbial communities to create competition
or antagonism that suppress pathogens Lack of oxygen, low pH, Combination of the above – all interrelated!
How are each of these processes related to suppression of specific pathogens?How are processes affected by C source used, soil moisture and temperature, and initial microbial community?
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Summary of Findings to 2014 ~field trials~
Good yields obtained with 9 t/ac rice bran in field trials averaged 99% (82 – 114%) of fumigant yields in 10 replicated field trials in Watsonville, Castroville, Salinas, Santa Maria, and Ventura
Got consistently good V. dahliae suppression; 80 to 100% decrease in # microslerotia in soil, using 9 t/ac rice bran
Weed suppression limited in the central coast of CA May not need pre-plant fertilizer with 6-9 t/ac rice bran as
C-source, but probably will with lower N C-sources Long term suppression may be related to microbial shifts
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Oxnard Trials
3rd year in a row of ASD-strawberry8-9 yrs. Organic mngt.Pico sandy loamHigh soil pH (~8)Urbanized environment
….high land costStrawberry/short cover crop/strawberry rotation
Highly infested with both Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum
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MSM2 ASDMSM2+RB3
ASDRB9
GS
May 29, 2014Oxnard Demo Trial (Macrophomina spp. + Fusarium oxysporum infested organic field)
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Pre-plant 10-10-2.5, 2,000 lbs/acre
MSM2.5* ASDRB6*
ASDRB9*
GS
Oxnard Demo Trial April. 23, 2015(Macrophomina spp. + Fusarium oxysporum infested organic field)
* No pre-plant fertilizer
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30%
12%
28%
11%
17%
5%
27%
13%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
2014 season (as of 5/15) 2015 season (as of 5/4)
Mor
talit
y %
Plant Mortality(Oxnard Demo)
MSM
ASD RB6
ASD RB9
GS
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6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
Aug-13 Nov-13 Feb-14 May-14 Aug-14 Nov-14 Feb-15
pH (1
:1)
Sampling date
Soil pH (1:1)(0 to 6 inch depth. Mean ± SEM)
MSM2 -> MSM2.5ASDRB3+MSM2 -> ASDRB6ASDRB9Growers standard
2013-14 season 2014-15 season
ASD treatment
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100
40
36
28
29
100
30
5647
94
4944
4642
91
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Similarity
16-Grower's
13-Grower's
14-Grower's
15-Grower's
2-MSM
3-MSM
4-MSM
5-ASD 6t
6-ASD 6t
7-ASD 6t
10-ASD-9t
11-ASD-9t
9-ASD-9t
1-MSM
12-ASD-9t
8-ASD 6t
Oxnard Fungal community similarity; ITS T-RFLP data; 1) Oct. 2013 (post-treatment), 2) Aug. 2014 (pre-treatment), and3) Sep. 2014 (post-treatment)
1)
2)
3)
GSGSGSGSMSMMSMMSMMSMASD RB9ASD RB9ASD MSMASD MSMASD MSMASD MSMASD RB9ASD RB9
ASD MSMMSMASD MSMASD MSMGSGSMSMMSMASD MSMGSGSASD RB9ASD RB9ASD RB9ASD RB9MSM
GSGSGSGSMSMMSMMSMASD RB6ASD RB6ASD RB6ASD RB9ASD RB9ASD RB9MSMASD RB9ASD RB6
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ASD: Oxnard trials 2015-16
Tarp-Water trialCompletely randomized block design with 5
replications Type of tarp: Standard black tarp vs. TIF blackWater for ASD: regular vs. no water 300’-476’ long x 2 bed wide per plotMonitoring soil Eh, temp, pH (1:1), EC (1:1),
Inorganic N, soil pathogens, soil microbial community analysis (0”-6” depth soil),
plant mortality, plant diameter (future)
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A
AB
AB
B
Tukey (P<0.01)
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Salt = Cation (+) + Anion (-)
Cations; Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NH4+
Anions; SO42-, Cl-, NO3
-, HCO3-
Organic acids?CH3COO- (acetic acid)CH₃CH₂COO- (propionic acid)CH₃CH₂CH₂COO- (butyric acid)CH3CH(OH)COO- (lactic acid)
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TIF w/ water TIF w/o water SM w/ water SM w/o water
Oxnard Tarp/water experiment: Plant Growth (4/21/2016)
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ASD: Oxnard trials 2015-16
C-source trial Un-replicated demonstration trialC-source:
Rice bran 9t/ac vs. Grape pomace 9t/ac + pre-plant fertilizer 12-12-2.5
2,000 lb/ac Mulch: black vs. silver (sub-trial. Rice bran plot only)
1 acre eachMonitoring soil Eh, temp, pH (1:1), EC (1:1),
Inorganic N, soil pathogens, soil microbial community analysis, plant mortality, plant diameter
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Black mulchASD rice bran 9t/ac
Silver mulchASD rice bran 9t/ac
(4/21/2016)
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ASD 2.0-Future studies and challenges-
• Controlling Fusarium wilt and Macrophomina charcoal rot• Fall planting in Watsonville/Salinas area with low temperature
• Reduced water use • From ~3 acre-inches to <1.5 acre-inches by conserving soil moisture at bed
listing
• Depending on soil type---even sandy loam soil can work!
• Evaluate the environmental impacts• N2O emission and NO3 leaching ….depending on soil residual NO3 level
• Recycling by summer cover crop, immobilization by high C/N organic amendment application
• New C-source recipes• Grape pomace, almond hull, grass hey, summer cover crop (Sudan grass),
wheat bran, rice bran…..in combination• Reduced costs and improved consistency
• Understanding mechanisms• Chemical, biological, physical