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Transcript of Progress 2050: New Ideas for a Diverse America
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8/3/2019 Progress 2050: New Ideas for a Diverse America
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Progress 2050
New Ideas or a Diverse America
Vanessa Crdenas, Julie Ajinkya and Daniella Gibbs Lger October 2011
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Progress 2050New Ideas or a Diverse America
Vanessa Crdenas, Julie Ajinkya and Daniella Gibbs Lger October 2011
Progress 2050, a project o the Center or American Progress,
seeks to lead, broaden, and strengthen the progressive move-
ment by working toward a more inclusive progressive agendaone that truly refects our nations rich ethnic and racial diversity.
By 2050 there will be no ethnic majority in our nation and to
ensure that the unprecedented growth o communities o color
also yields uture prosperity, we work to close racial disparities
across the board with innovative policies that work or all.
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Contents 1 Introduction and summary
4 The coming demographic change
6 Harnessing the talent of all Americans
8 How does Progress 2050 work?
12 Conclusion
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Introduction and summary
Te resuls o he 2010 U.S. Census projec ha he racial and ehnic makeup o
he Unied Saes will undergo dramaic changes over he nex ew decades. In par-
icular, by he year 2050 here will no longer be any clear racial or ehnic majoriy
because he mos rapidly growing number o residens in our naion oday are he
children o Hispanic and Asian American immigrans.
Tis demographic shi will hold imporan policy implicaions, paricularly
i curren racial and ehnic dispariies in educaion, employmen, healh, andoher social services coninue. I we do no ensure he success o he mos vul-
nerable among us moving orward, hen we will preven he Unied Saes rom
ully capializing on he global economic advanages we can derive rom our
increasingly diverse populaion.
In shor, we need o char a course oward 2050 ha underscores American ide-
als o airness, equiy, and opporuniy, recognizing ha our counrys greaes
srengh has always been our people.
Why Progress 2050 and why now
Te Unied Saes is undergoing a remarkable and proound demographic shi.
oday, in eigh saes across our union, he majoriy o children are children o color.
Tis by isel is no signican, bu wha is worh noing is ha he very communiies
ha are growing are he ones ha are experiencing signican obsacles and dispari-
ies. Sadly, his oo is unsurprising. For oo long we have been waching he racial
and ehnic dispariies in educaion, employmen, healh, and wealh widen.
We know he sories well. Communiies o color suer rom high dropou raes,
economic insecuriy, and lack o healh care while wealh gaps rise o record highs
beween whies and communiies o colorhe larges gap, in ac, since he gov-
ernmen began publishing such daa. We know so much abou hese challenges
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in par because o he comprehensive work by groups ha ocus on closing hese
gaps and in par due o he work o demographers who ouline he urgency o
reducing hese dispariies beore we reach a poin in American hisory when com-
muniies o color ogeher make up a numerical majoriy.
Bu here is a pressing need oday o analyze he implicaions o he demographicchange or local and naional policy. We need o beter undersand how local com-
muniies are managing hese changes in he ace o dauning obsacles so ha uli-
maely we can ouline a posiive vision o wha our counry could look like in 2050 i
we ruly work o close he gaps ha exis over he nex 40 years. Doing so will enable
our naion o harness he ull alen and drive o all our people. Progress 2050, a
projec o he Cener or American Progress, seeks o do jus ha by:
Working wih he Ceners policy eams o creae a more inormed and inclusive
policy agenda
Exploring he implicaions o his demographic change or our economic,
poliical, and culural landscape
Fosering a localized dialogue abou he challenges and opporuniies o
diversiy in communiies across our counry
Helping cra a policy ramework and narraive squarely ocused on he oppor-
uniies o diversiy or he uure prosperiy and well being o our naion
Wihou open and rank discussion abou he opporuniies and challenges o
diversiy, anxieies abou where our counry is headed combined wih he coming
demographic change may generae more division and disurbing sories ha coun-
er he undamenals o American democracy. We as a naion have been down his
road beore many imes as wave upon wave o new immigrans, new Americans,
arrived on our shoresoen o ace brual discriminaion and hardship. We
riumphed each ime, someimes aer many decades o discriminaion, enabling
he laes generaions o Americans o assimilae and hrive, breahing new lie ino
our economy and our democracy. Bu he sakes are even higher oday.
oday, discriminaion abounds. Escalaion in voer suppression acics. Hae
crimes. Ani-immigran senimen. And a general sense across he counry ha
our ederal, sae, and local governmens and social and economic insiuions
are ailing o provide he leadership needed o move us meaningully beyond he
economic crisis o he Grea Recession.
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Progress 2050 is uniquely posiioned o couner hese challenges by oering an aler-
naive. Cerainly a progressive voice is needed now. We canno allow he conversaion
abou he uure o his counry o be dominaed by voices on he righ who advocae
a very narrow deniion o he American ideal. Te demographic shi is a realiy we
mus accep and embrace. And a clear vision o where we wan our counry o be in
2050 and how o ge here is urgenly needed.
Working in collaboraion wih progressive and civil righs organizaions, Progress
2050 will help devise ha pah orward.
Why the Center for American Progress?
CAP and is siser organizaion, he Cener or American Progress Acion Fund, are
uniquely posiioned o provide his analysis and shape his vision. We are armed wih
deep experise across a range o issues. We boas a reporing and communicaionsarm wih a proven rack record o driving he progressive agenda. And our inuenial
exernal oureach eams know heir way around Capiol Hill and saehouses around
he counry, working wih an array o progressive allies. All o hese mechanisms
enable Progress 2050 o move our ideas in ways oher organizaions canno.
By having an organizaion o CAPs inuence delve ino he area o demographic anal-
ysis, we will li up and add weigh o issues ha oen ge shoved ino separae policy
silos. Moreover, i is crucial ha he progressive movemen have a proacive and
afrming voice on he issues ha communiies o color care abou, no only because
communiies o color are inherenly progressive bu because he progressive agenda
needs he acive suppor o communiies o color.
Tis papers main objecives are o describe he demographic changes our
naion will experience over he nex our decades and o argue ha a progres-
sive vision is urgenly needed o ensure we ake advanage o diversiy as one o
our greaes asses. We will also ouline he work ha Progress 2050 has already
underakenboh in collaboraion wih CAPs policy eams and in collabora-
ion wih oher organizaions inside and ouside he Belwayand draw a map
o where we wan o go in he uure.
We believe i is imporan o raise awareness abou serious dispariies in com-
muniies o color, bu we also rmly believe ha hese negaive sories can and
should be urned around o ormulae a posiive vision o where we wan our
counry o be in he year 2050.
CAPs Progress
2050 will lift up
and add weight
to demographic
issues that often
shoved into sepa
policy silos.
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The coming demographic change
By he year 2050 here will be no clear racial or ehnic majoriy in he Unied
Saes. Our naions non-Hispanic whies will drop o 46 percen o he U.S.
populaion while blacks will say consan a 13 percen, and Hispanics and Asian
Americans will rise o roughly 30 percen and 8 percen, respecively, according o
U.S. Census Bureau projecions.1 Nearly one in ve Americans (19 percen) will
be oreign born, surpassing he hisoric peaks or immigrans as a share o he U.S.
populaion (14.8 percen in 1890 and 14.7 percen in 1910).2
In addiion o he vas majoriy o populaion growh coming rom Hispanics and
Asian Americans, he new demographic shis are going o include a rapidly grow-
ing mixed-race populaion. Te percenage o Americans o mixed race is growing
signicanly among people under 18, wih some projecions suggesing ha as many
as one in ve Americans (20 percen) may ideniy wih wo or more races by 2050.3
Tere are wo imporan sandou sories in demographic shis ha have already
begun and will inensiy over he nex ew decades. Firs, he number o new
children born in our counry will be mosly Hispanic and Asian American while
he number o older Americans will grow and become more racially and ehni-
cally diverse. Second, he geographic relocaion o Arican Americans rom he
Norheas and inner ciies oward he Souh and he suburbs will coninue apace.4
Les urn rs o he new youh in our naion. Te U.S. populaion under age 18
grew by less han 3 percen over he pas decade. Tere was an absolue decline o
whie young people over his period, as well as a somewha similar decline in black
youhs. Hispanics, Asian Americans, and muliracial children accouned or all he
ne growh in he under-18 populaion. In 2010, or he rs ime since naional
daa on children and school enrollmen have been released, ewer han hal o allchildren (49.9 percen) in he younges age group o 3-year-olds were whie.
Te naions elderly (65 years or older) will grow more rapidly han he overall
populaion, growing o abou 20 percen o he populaion in 2050. Tis increase
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means he dependency raio (he number o people o working age, compared
wih he number o young and elderly) will rise sharply.5 Ye while 8 in 10 older
Americans oday are non-Hispanic whies, one-hird o Americans under he age
o 65 are people o color, making he uures older Americans a more racially and
ehnically diverse group.6
In 2050 one in hree children (34 percen) will be oreign born or will be he U.S.-
born son or daugher o an immigran. Te number o Hispanics in he elderly popu-
laion will nearly riple, rom 6 percen in 2005 o 17 percen in 2050, bu will sill be
subsanially less han he proporion o Hispanics in younger age groups.7
Accompanying his broad demographic shi will be he new geographic migraion
o Arican Americans. Reversing he Grea Migraion o he 20h cenury ou
o he segregaionis Souh, here will be a pronounced shi back o he Souh.
Economic progress, culural ies, and an emerging black middle class have made
ciies such as Alana, Dallas, Houson, and Raleigh atracive o greaer numbers oblacks. Tere is also he phenomenon o black igh rom big ciies o suburban
areas, due o newer generaions o Arican Americans wih ewer ies o he segre-
gaed ciy neighborhoods o heir parens and grandparens.8
All o hese changes will no aler our naions hird-place ranking in global popula-
ion. We will say a his rank in 2050, behind China and India. Te U.S. eriliy rae
is projeced o say a or above replacemen level (2.1 birhs per woman age 15-44)
hrough 2050.9 Low eriliy raes in oher counries, in conjuncion wih rapidly
graying populaions, mean ha oher developed counries such as much o Wesern
Europe, Japan, and oher advanced economies in Asia are sruggling wih a shrinking
labor orce and he implicaions ha will hold or heir economic growh.10
In conras, he labor orce in he Unied Saes is projeced o coninue o grow,
largely due o immigraion and he children o immigrans. Beween 2000 and
2050 new immigrans and heir children will accoun or 83 percen o he growh
in he working-age populaion.11 Wha his means or our economy, our sociey,
and our democracy is he subjec o he nex secion o our paper.
In 2050 one in
three children
(34 percent) will
be foreign born
or will be the
U.S.-born son or
daughter of an
immigrant.
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Harnessing the talent of all Americans
One o he mos remarkable aspecs o his coming demographic shi is he
ac ha he U.S. populaion is projeced o expand even in he mids o a global
demographic slowdown. Imporanly, low eriliy is hisorically linked o socio-
economic decline, which now plagues mos o he developed world, where he
combinaion o rapidly aging and decreasing populaions does no bode well or
socieal or economic healh. Populaion growh is needed or expanding domes-
ic markes, new workers, and enrepreneurial innovaion. Even China aces his
problem wih is rapidly aging populaion and is low birh rae due o is pro-longed one-child policy.12
Given he populaion growh ha he Unied Saes will experience over he nex
our decades, our counry will be in a srong posiion o global compeiive advan-
age because o is growing labor orce. Bu in order o ensure his global compei-
ive advanage, i will be necessary ha all o our ciizenry is prepared and ready o
inves in our growing populaion.
Tere is evidence ha diversiy and human capial is an economic asse or our
naion. For insance, despie he recen recession and hisoric levels o unemploy-
men, economic census daa reveal ha beween 2002 and 2007 minoriy-owned
rms oupaced he growh o nonminoriy rms in gross receips, employmen,
and number o rms.13 Universiy o Caliornia, Sana Cruz, economis Rober
Fairlies research on immigran conribuions o he U.S. economy urher demon-
sraes he posiive impac his populaion has on he naions economic growh.
He demonsraes ha immigrans are 30 percen more likely o sar a business
han are nonimmigrans and make signican conribuions o business income.14
Numerous sudies on diversiy also demonsrae ha diversiy is simply good orbusiness. Jus one case in poin: A 2008 sudy ha compares he nancial peror-
mance o DiversiyIncs op 50 Companies or Diversiy o a mached sample o
compeing rms demonsraes ha he median ne pro margins o he Diversiy
50 rms were higher han heir less-diverse counerpars.15
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Research by Universiy o Michigan proessor Scot E. Page, direcor o he univer-
siys Cener or he Sudy o Complex Sysems, also esablishes ha diversiy has
a posiive impac on sysems and organizaional perormance, paricularly because
people rom dieren backgrounds have dieren ools or ways o looking a
problems.16 Tis research indicaes ha he Unied Saes could improve is global
compeiive advanage by embracing diversiy as one o is greaes asses.
Finally, here is he Millennial generaionAmericans born beween 1978 and
2000. Tey will play a key role in Americas diverse uure. As he generaion ha will
ake he reins o our economy and sociey over he nex ew decades, he increasingly
progressive views o young people on issues o race and ehniciy holds promise or a
more oleran and inclusive uure.
Why? Because Millennials end o be ar more progressive han earlier generaions.
Case in poin: New Progressive America: Te Millennial Generaion, a 2009repor by he Cener or American Progress, deailed he progressive values o
his generaion hrough he lens o public opinion polls and voing paterns.17
Millennials, he repor ound, are oleran o religious and amily diversiy [and]
have an open and posiive atiude oward immigraion. And a elling 2006 Gallup
poll showed ha 95 percen o young people (ages 18 o 29) approved o inerra-
cial daingcompared wih only 45 percen o respondens over he age o 64.18
Given ha his generaion will help shape U.S. policy and ideniy or years o
come, i will be imporan o ollow is undersanding o demographic change and
Millennials posiive oulook or he uure.
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How does Progress 2050 work?
Informing CAPs policy agenda
Progress 2050 works wih CAPs policy eams o ensure our common policy
agenda incorporaes he perspecives o communiies o color. Examples o our
producs include:
Doing What Works: A Better, More Diverse Senior Executive Service in 2050.
Progress 2050 eamed up wih CAPs Doing Wha Works eam o release projec-ions abou he diversiy o he ederal governmens Senior Execuive Service
over he nex ew decades. Te repor argues ha Hispanics will remain signi-
canly underrepresened, and includes recommendaions o improve he abiliy
o our governmen o represen all o our ciizens more eecively.19
Economy: The State of Communities of Color in the U.S. Economy. Joined by
Rep. James E. Clyburn (D-SC), assisan leader o he Democras in he House
o Represenaives, and he Naional Council o La Raza, he Naional Congress
o American Indians, he Naional Urban League, and he Naional Coaliion
or Asian Pacic American Communiy Developmen, he Cener or American
Progress released a snapsho o economic indicaors and heir implicaions or
communiies o color. Tis annual repor makes policy recommendaions o
alleviae he economic hardship ha disproporionaely aecs hese communi-
ies, among hem he long-erm exension o unemploymen insurance, compre-
hensive immigraion reorm, qualiy job creaion, paycheck airness, air axes
or low-wage workers, and susainable pahways o homeownership.20
Progressive Studies Program: Latino Attitudes About Women and Society.
Te Cener or American Progress, in conjuncion wih Maria Shrivers AWomans Naion, he Rockeeller Foundaion, and ime magazine, conduced a
landmark sudy ino public atiudes abou women, sociey, and he workplace.
Women hi he hisoric milesone o consiuing hal o he workorce, and he
sudy sough o deermine how Americans el abou a range o changes in he
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naure o modern amily lie and work. Analysis o he survey delved deeply ino he
Laino populaion o show ha hey accep and welcome he rising saus o women
in American lie, and repor many o he same needs as ohers in erms o balancing
work and amily lie.21
Immigration: All Immigration is Local. Hisorically, immigran inegraion hasocused on immigrans, bu posiive communiy relaions require he concered
acion o boh immigran and naive-born residens. Tis repor is a call o acion or
such engagemenor reoriening discussions around immigraion o local inegra-
ion challenges and or proacively bridging he gaps beween naive and newcomer. 22
Going outside the Beltway
In conjuncion wih PolicyLink, Progress 2050 is holding roundables naionwide
o hold dialogues abou he implicaions o demographic shis in places ha are onhe oreron o such change. Trough hese localized conversaions i is our hope
o ideniy key hemes or urher research and analysis o nd policy soluions o
urher inorm CAPs policy agenda. Based on hose dialogues he ollowing are
he recurring hemes we inend o explore:
Civic engagement. Despie he growing numerical srengh o communiies o
color, hey have no experienced proporionae growh in poliical srengh and
ace an underdeveloped sense o civic engagemen, boh o which lead o lower
levels o poliical paricipaion. Renewing a commimen o civic engagemen
could ensure our naions pah orward includes all communiies.
Voter suppression. Sae governmens are enacing laws across he counry ha will
make i harder or people o voe. Tese resricions are expeced o disproporion-
aely hur communiies o color. Insead o making i more difcul or ciizens o
paricipae in heir democracy, we need o remove such hurdles a he voing booh.
Incarceration. Racial dispariies in he criminal jusice sysem are a an all-ime
high, wih more han 60 percen o he prison populaion coming rom commu-
niies o color. Tese dispariies undermine American values o jusice and air-ness and are oen he resul o disparae reamen in oher areas, such as access
o jobs, educaion, and aordable housing.
In conjunction
with PolicyLink,
Progress 2050
is holding
roundtables
nationwide.
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Multiracial coalition work to reduce interethnic tensions. Any hones discus-
sion abou he sruggles communiies o color ace mus address racial and
ehnic ensions beween hese communiies as well. Noneheless, here are
srong examples o muliracial coaliion work ha unie dieren groups behind
common ineress by creaing a sronger, collecive poliical voice.
Communications
Progress 2050 works o elevae he issues imporan o communiies o color in
he mainsream media while coninuing o expand our reach direcly o hese
groups. I seeks o bring atenion o CAPs work as well as he work o organiza-
ions ha work wih underserved communiies hrough radiional press oureach,
podcass, video, and original wriing such as our Race and Beyond columns,
writen by Senior Fellow Sam Fulwood, a long-ime journalis and observer o race
relaions in our naion.
o ha end, we will coninue working wih he Cener or American Progress Acion
Funds blog TinkProgress and he Ceners new media eams o specically cover
issues rom he perspecive o communiies o color. In addiion, Progress 2050 hoss
unique evens a he Cener ha highligh new leaders represenaive o our diverse
communiies. Examples o some o our pas evens include:
The Moral Complexity of a Diverse Latino Community. In collaboraion wih
CAPs Faih and Progressive Policy eam, Progress 2050 brough ogeher aih
leaders and advocaes or a panel in Augus 2011 ha pushed back agains he
noion ha Lainos are monolihic and socially conservaive on key social issues
such as gay and ransgender equaliy and reproducive righs and jusice.
The African American Vote in 2012 and Beyond. In Augus 2011 Progress 2050
also organized a dynamic conversaion abou Arican Americans and heir impor-
ance and place in he elecorae. Te panel discussed he impac o he naions
rs black presiden on he course o he civil righs movemen and wheher or no
he increasing numbers o black immigrans and young biracial Arican Americans
will have a dramaic eec on he policy agenda o he black communiy.
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Asian American and Pacific Islander Voters in the Electorate. Progress 2050
hosed an even in May 2011 wih Asian American and Pacic American leaders
o discuss how inegral voers rom hese communiies o color are o elecion
oucomes. Tis even highlighed poliical rends wihin hese communiies as
well as he elecoral impac o growing Asian American communiies.
Leadership development
Te Leadership Insiue is he Ceners response o he dearh o people o color
in he public policy eld. Te nine-monh ellowship program seeks o ideniy,
equip, and advance a new generaion o leaders rom diverse backgrounds and
communiies o assume responsible roles in he developmen and implemenaion
o progressive public policies. For more inormaion please visi CAPs Leadership
Insiue webpage.
http://www.americanprogress.org/aboutus/leadership_institute.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/aboutus/leadership_institute.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/aboutus/leadership_institute.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/aboutus/leadership_institute.html -
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Conclusion
While he demographic shis in he U.S. populaion presen some challenges, we
can and should implemen policy soluions ha address hese problems oday. I
we close he economic and social gaps acing dieren racial and ehnic communi-
ies o color, hen here is every reason o believe we will be beter o as a naion in
he year 2050. Diversiy can srenghen our compeiive global advanage and be
our greaes asse moving orward. Progress 2050 will work in collaboraion wih
oher progressive organizaions o esablish a clear vision o where we wan our
counry o be in 2050 and how o ge here.
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About the authors
Vanessa Crdenas is he Direcor o Progress 2050, a projec o American Progress
which seeks o build a progressive agenda ha is more inclusive o he rich racial and
ehnic makeup o our naion. She came o American Progress rom he Naional
Immigraion Forum, where she was a policy/communicaions associae and oureachcoordinaor. A he Forum, she paricipaed in numerous local and naional organiz-
ing and legislaive campaigns including he eors o pass immigraion reorm in 2006
and 2007, organizing in suppor o he Immigran Workers Freedom Ride, and he
campaign o deea Proposiion 200 in Arizona. Vanessa earned her B.A. in govern-
men and poliics and a masers in public adminisraion, boh rom George Mason
Universiy. She is a 2010 ellow o he Naional Hispana Leadership Insiue and an
alum o he Sorensen Insiue or Poliical Leadership a he Universiy o Virginia.
Julie Ajinkya is a Policy Analys or Progress 2050 a American Progress. Her work
ocuses on race/ehnic, gender, and immigraion poliics, and pays paricular aten-ion o he changing demographics o muliculural socieies such as he Unied Saes
and Wesern Europe. Prior o joining American Progress, she was a research ellow
and policy analys a Gender Acion, where she ocused on he gendered impacs o
Inernaional Financial Insiuion invesmens in he developing world. She was also
a New Voices Fellow rom 2003 o 2005 a he Insiue or Policy Sudies, where she
coordinaed he naional oureach or he insiues Foreign Policy in Focus projec.
Julie earned her M.A. and Ph.D. in governmen rom Cornell Universiy and a B.A. in
poliical science rom Amhers College.
Daniella Gibbs Lger is Vice Presiden or New American Communiies Iniiaives a
American Progress. Prior o joining he Cener, Daniella served as a special assis-
an o he presiden and direcor o message evens in he Obama adminisraion.
In his role she was responsible or helping plan and execue he presidens ofcial
domesic evens. Prior o joining he Whie House in January 2009, Daniella was
he Vice Presiden or Communicaions a American Progress. Beore joining he
Cener, Daniella was depuy direcor o communicaions a he Democraic Naional
Commitee. During her enure a he DNC, Daniella was communicaions direcor
or he Womens Voe Cener, handled Arican American and specialy media, and
was a regional media direcor during he 2004 presidenial cycle. Daniella spen woyears a he Naional Newspaper Publishers Associaion as heir markeing associae
and poliical liaison beore joining he DNC. And beore moving o Washingon,
D.C., Daniella worked a Sony Music in New York Ciy or hree years. Daniella holds
a degree in governmen and a minor in sociology rom he Universiy o Virginia.
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Acknowledgements
Te auhors would like o hank all curren and ormer Progress 2050 eam mem-
bers, supporers, and inerns as well as CAPs Execuive eam or heir suppor.
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Endnotes
1 U.S. Ppulai Prjecis, available a p://www.cesus.gv/ppulai/www/prjecis/summaryables.ml.
2 Jerey S. Passel ad DVera C, U.S. Ppulai Prjecis: 2005-2050 (Wasig: Pew Researc Ceer, 2008).
3 Jel Kki, Millieial Surprise, new Gegrapy, Jue 22, 2010, available a p://www.ewgegrapy.cm/ce/001631-milleial-surprise.
4 William Frey, A Pival Decade r Americas Wie ad Miriy Ppulais, Brkigs Isiue, Marc 25, 2011, availablea p://www.brkigs.edu/piis/2011/0325_cesus_demgrapics_rey.aspx; William Frey, A Demgrapic tippigPi Amg Americas tree-Year-olds, Brkigs Isiue, February 7, 2011 , available a p://www.brkigs.edu/piis/2011/0207_ppulai_rey.aspx.
5 Passel ad C, U.S. Ppulai Prjecis.
6 Judi treas ad Daisy Carre, Diversiy ad our Cmm Fuure: Race, Eiciy, ad e older America, Jural e America Sciey Agig 34 (3) (2010), available a p://daricles.cm/p/aricles/mi_7543/is_201010/ai_57242662/?ag=ce;cl1.
7 Passel ad C, U.S. Ppulai Prjecis.
8 William Frey, Cesus Daa: Blacks ad hispaics take a Diere Segregai Pas, Brkigs Isiue, December 16,2010, available a p://www.brkigs.edu/piis/2010/1216_cesus_rey.aspx.
9 Laura B. Sresa ad Elaye J. heisler, te Cagig Demgrapic Prle e Uied Saes (Wasig: Cgres-sial Researc Service, 2009), available a p://agig.seae.gv/crs/agig4.pd.
10 Cgressial Budge ofce, Glbal Ppulai Agig i e 21s Ceury ad Is Ecmic Implicais (2005), availablea p://www.cb.gv/dc.cm?idex=6952.
11 Cgressial Budge ofce, te Rle Immigras i e U.S. Labr Marke (2005), available a p://ww.cb.gv/dc.cm?idex=6853.
12 Cgressial Budge ofce, Glbal Ppulai Agig i e 21s Ceury.
13 Miriy Busiess Develpme Agecy, Miriy Purcasig Pwer: 2000 2045 (Deparme Cmmerce, 2000).
14 Rber W. Fairlie, Esimaig e Cribui Immigra Busiess owers e U.S. Ecmy (Wasig: SmallBusiess Admiisrai ofce Advcacy, 2008), available a p://arcive.sba.gv/adv/researc/rs334.pd.
15 Saley F. Slaer, Rber A. Weigad, ad tmas J. Zwirlei, te Busiess Case r Cmmime Diversiy, Busiesshrizs 51 (3) (2008): 201209.
16 Sc E. Page, te Dierece: hw e Pwer Diversiy Creaes Beer Grups, Firms, Scls ad Scieies (Price,nJ: Price UiversiyPress, 2007); Claudia Dreius, I Pressrs Mdel, Diversiy = Prduciviy, te new Yrk times,Jauary 8, 2008, available a p://www.yimes.cm/2008/01/08/sciece/08cv.ml.
17 David Madlad ad Ruy teixeira, new Prgressive America: te Milleial Geerai (Wasig: Ceer r AmericaPrgress, 2009), available a p://www.americaprgress.rg/issues/2009/05/milleial_geerai.ml.
18 Sar Jays, new Geerai Des Blik a Ierracial Relaisips, USA tday, February 8, 2006, available ap://www.usaday.cm/ews/ai/2006-02-07-clrblid_x.m.
19 Jiider Kli, J Gas, ad James hairs, Dig Wa Wrks: A Beer, Mre Diverse Seir Execuive Service i 2050(Wasig: Ceer r America Prgress, 2011), available a p://www.americaprgress.rg/issues/2011/09/ses_pa-per.ml.
20 Crisia E. Weller, Jary Fields, ad Flayemi Agbede, te Sae Cmmuiies Clr i e U.S. Ecmy, Ceer r
America Prgress, Jauary 21, 2011, available a p://www.americaprgress.rg/issues/2011/01/cc_saps.ml.
21 J halpi ad Ruy teixeira, Lai Aiudes Abu Wme ad Sciey, Ceer r America Prgress, July 9, 2010,available a p://www.americaprgress.rg/issues/2010/07/lai_aiudes.ml.
22 Micael Jes-Crrea, All Immigrai Is Lcal (Wasig: Ceer r America Prgress, 2011), available a p://www.
americaprgress.rg/issues/2011/09/rci.ml.
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