Programming Languages and Program Develompent

Discovering Computers 2011

Living in a Digital World

Computers 2011

Objectives OverviewObjectives Overview

Identify and discuss the Identify and discuss the characteristics of theseDifferentiate between

machine and assembly languages

purpose of procedural programming languages,

and describe the features of C and COBOL

characteristics of these object‐oriented

programming languages and program development C and COBOL p g p

tools

Identify the uses of other programming languages

and program development Describe various ways to

develop Web pagestools

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Chapter 13

2See Page 663for Detailed Objectives

Objectives OverviewObjectives Overview

Identify the uses of l lti di

List the six steps in the d l tpopular multimedia

authoring programsprogram development

life cycle

l h bDifferentiate between structured design and

Explain the basic control structures and design tools used instructured design and

object‐oriented designdesign tools used in designing solutions to programming problemsprogramming problems


3See Page 663for Detailed Objectives

Computer Programs d iand Programming Languages

• A computer program is a series of instructions that directs a computer to perform tasksp p– Created by a programmer using a programming languagelanguage


4Pages 664 – 665Figure 13‐1

Low‐Level LanguagesLow Level Languages

• Machine language is the first generation of programming languages

• Only language the computer directly recognizes


5Page 665Figure 13‐2

Low‐Level LanguagesLow Level Languages

A bl l i h• Assembly language is the second generation of programming languagesprogramming languages

• Programmer writes instructions using gsymbolic instruction codes

• A source programcontains the code to be converted to machineconverted to machine language


6Pages 665 – 666Figure 13‐3

Procedural LanguagesProcedural Languages

• In a procedural language, the programmer writes instructions that tell the computer what to paccomplish and how to do it– Third‐generation language (3GL)– Third‐generation language (3GL)

A ilA ilA compiler translates an entire program before

A compiler translates an entire program before An interpreter converts

d dAn interpreter converts

d dexecuting itexecuting it and executes one code statement at a time

and executes one code statement at a time


7Pages 666 ‐ 667



8Page 667Figures 13‐4 – 13‐5


• The C programming language is used to write many of today’s programsy y p g

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left



navigation, then click C below Chapter 13


• COBOL (COmmon Business‐Oriented Language) is designed for business applications, but easy to g pp yread because of the English‐like statements


10Pages 668 – 669Figure 13‐7

Object‐Oriented Programming Languages d l land Program Development Tools

• An object‐oriented programming (OOP) language allows programmers the ability to reuse and modify existing objects

• Other advantages include:

Objects can be reused

Programmers create applications reused pp

faster

Work well in a RAD environment

Most program development tools

are IDEs


11Page 669

are IDEs


• Java is an object‐oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems

• The Just‐in‐time (JIT) compiler to convert the bytecodeinto machine‐dependent code




navigation, then click Java Platforms below Chapter 13


• The Microsoft .NET Framework allows almost any type of program to run on the Internet or an yp p ginternal business network, as well as computers and mobile devicesand mobile devices

• Features include:

CLR (Common Language Runtime)

Classes


13Page 670


C i i f• C++ is an extension of the C programming languagelanguage

• C# is based on C++ and was developed bywas developed by Microsoft

• F# combines the• F# combines the benefits of an object‐oriented language withoriented language with those of a functional languageg g




Visual Studio is Microsoft’s suite of program development toolsprogram development tools

Vi l C# biVisual Basic is

based on the BASIC Visual C++ is based

Visual C# combines the programming elements of C++based on the BASIC

programming language

Visual C++ is based on C++

elements of C++ with an easier,

rapid‐development g g p penvironment


15Pages 671 ‐ 673




16Pages 671 – 672Figure 13‐10

navigation, then click Visual Studio Tools for Officebelow Chapter 13


A visual programming language is a language that uses a visual or graphical interface for creating all source code

B l d’ D l hi i f lBorland’s Delphi is a powerful program development tool that is ideal for building large‐scale enterprise and Web applications in a RAD environment


17Page 673


• PowerBuilder is a powerful program development RAD tool

• Best suited for Web‐based, .NET, and large‐scale enterprise object‐oriented applications



Other Programming Languages d l land Development Tools

• A 4GL (fourth‐generation language) is a nonprocedural language that enables users and p g gprogrammers to access data in a database– One popular 4GL is SQL– One popular 4GL is SQL




• Classic programming languages include:

AdAd ALGOLALGOL APLAPL BASICBASICAdaAda ALGOLALGOL APLAPL BASICBASIC

ForthForth FORTRANFORTRAN HyperTalkHyperTalk LISPLISP

LogoLogo Modula‐2Modula‐2 PascalPascal PILOTPILOT

PL/1PL/1 PrologProlog RPGRPG SmalltalkSmalltalk



PL/1PL/1 PrologProlog RPGRPG SmalltalkSmalltalk


• An application generator is a program that creates source code or machine code from a specification of the required functionality– Often bundled as part of a DBMS




• A macro is a series of statements that instructs an application how to complete a taskpp p

• You usually create the macro in one of two ways:R d th ith d– Record the macro with a macro recorder

– Write the macro



23Pages 676 ‐ 677

navigation, then click Macros below Chapter 13

Web Page DevelopmentWeb Page Development

• HTML is a special formatting language that programmers use to format documents for display on the Web

• XHTML is a markup language that allows Web sites to be displayed more easily on mobile devices




• XML allows Web developers to create customized tags and use predefined tags to display content g p g p yappropriately on various devices– WML is a subset of XML and is used to design pages– WML is a subset of XML and is used to design pages for microbrowsers

T li i f XML RSS 2 0 d ATOM• Two applications of XML are RSS 2.0 and ATOM



26Page 679

navigation, then click XML below Chapter 13


• Web browsers can execute short programs to add interactive elements to Web pages

• To send and receive information between your computer and a Web server, these programs use the CGI (common gateway interface)

Scripts Appletsp pp

Servlets ActiveX controls


28Page 680

controls


• Programmers write scripts, applets, servlets, or ActiveX controls using a variety of languagesg y g g

JavaScript Perl PHP

R T l VBS i tRexx Tcl VBScriptClick to view Web Link,click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left


30Pages 682 ‐ 683

navigation, then click PHP below Chapter 13


Dynamic HTML (DHTML) allows Web developers to include more graphical interestdevelopers to include more graphical interest and interactivity

d l h ( ) h f f h l b h ld• Cascading style sheets (CSS) contain the formats for how a particular object should be displayed

Ruby on Rails (RoR) provides technologies for developing object‐oriented, database‐driven Web sitesWeb sites



32Page 683

Web Link from left navigation, then click Cascading Style Sheetsbelow Chapter 13


• Web 2.0 allows Web sites to provide a means for users to:

Share personal Allow users to modify Web sitep

information modify Web site content

Have application ppsoftware built into the site


33Page 684


• Most Web 2.0 sites use APIs– An API enables programmers to interact with an p genvironment such as a Web site or operating system




Web Link from left navigation, then click APIs below Chapter 13


• Web page authoring software can create sophisticated Web pages that include images, p p g gvideo, audio, animation, and other effects

Dreamweaver Expression Web

Flash SharePoint Designer


35Page 685

Multimedia Program DevelopmentMultimedia Program Development

• Multimedia authoring software allows programmers to combine text, graphics, p g g panimation, audio, and video in an interactive presentationpresentation

ToolBookToolBook DirectorDirector


36Page 685

Multimedia Program DevelopmentMultimedia Program Development



Program DevelopmentProgram Development

• Program development consists of a series of steps programmers use to build computer programsp g p p g



Step 1 – Analyze RequirementsStep 1 Analyze Requirements

• To initiate program development, programmer:– Reviews the requirementsq

– Meets with the systems analyst and users

Identifies input processing and output– Identifies input, processing, and output• IPO chart



Step 2 – Design SolutionStep 2 Design Solution

• Design a solution algorithm

• In structured design, the programmer typicallyIn structured design, the programmer typically begins with a general design and moves toward a more detailed designmore detailed design

• Programmers use a hierarchy chart to show program modules graphically


40Pages 687 ‐ 688


• With object‐oriented(OO) design, the programmer packages the data and the program into a single object– Encapsulation




Web Link from left navigation, then click Object-Oriented Designbelow Chapter 13


• The sequence control structure shows one or more actions following each other in order




• The selection control structure tells the program which action to take, based on a certain condition– If‐then‐else

– Case




• The repetition control structure enables a program to perform one or more actions repeatedly as long as a certain condition is met


46Page 690Figures 13‐30 – 13‐31


• A program flowchart graphically shows the logic in a solution algorithmg




• Flowcharting softwaremakes it easy to modify and update flowchartsp– SmartDraw

Visio– Visio




Web Link from left navigation, then click Flowcharting Softwarebelow Chapter 13


• Pseudocode uses a condensed form of English to convey program logic




• UML (Unified Modeling Language) has been adopted as a standard notation for object p jmodeling and development



Step 3 – Validate DesignStep 3 Validate Design

• Check for logic errors using test data

Develop various

sets of test

Determine the

expected

Step through the

Compare the results

Repeat steps for each set ofsets of test

dataexpected result

the algorithm

the results each set of test data


51Pages 693 ‐ 694

Step 4 – Implement DesignStep 4 Implement Design

l i f h d i i l d i• Implementation of the design includes using a program development tool that assists the

bprogrammer by:– Generating or providing some or all code– Writing the code that translates the design into a computer programC ti th i t f– Creating the user interface

• Extreme programming is a strategy where i di t l b i di d t tiprogrammers immediately begin coding and testing

solutions as soon as requirements are defined


52Pages 694 ‐ 695

Step 5 – Test SolutionStep 5 Test Solution

The goal of program testing is to ensure the g p g gprogram runs correctly and is error free

• Errors include syntax errors and logic errors• Debugging the program involves removing the bugs• A beta is a program that has most or all of its features and functionality implementedy p

Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 13, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click


53Pages 695 ‐ 696

Beta Testersbelow Chapter 13

Step 6 – Document SolutionStep 6 Document Solution

• In documenting the solution, the programmer performs two activities:p

Review the program codeReview the

program codeReview all the documentationReview all the documentation


54Page 696

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SummarySummary

Various programming languages used to

A variety of Web development andlanguages used to

create computer programs

development and multimedia

development tools

Steps in the program development life cycle p yand tools used to make this process efficient


56Page 696

Discovering Computers 2011

Living in a Digital World

Computers 2011

Chapter 13 Complete

Programming Languages and Program Develompent

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