Introduction to

Programming

REHAN IJAZ

By

Programm

ing Fundamentals

About Computer Program In computing, a program is a specific set of ordered operations for a

computer to perform.

Typically, the program is put into a storage area accessible to the computer.

The computer gets one instruction and performs it and then gets the next

instruction.

The storage area or memory can also contain the data that the instruction

operates on.

About Programming Programming is the process of writing instructions in any computer

programming language to get any specific objective.

Process of writing instructions is based on some logic.

Your first step is to figure out exactly what you want your program to do

Chalk out the steps on paper (algorithm)

About Programming language

A programming language is a special language programmers use to develop

applications, scripts, or other set of instructions for computers to execute.

programming languages provide methods for sending input into the computer

program so that it can be manipulated

Examples BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal.

About Machine Language

Machine language consisting of binary digits which a

computer can respond to directly.

Machine language is the only language a computer is

capable of understanding directly.

Every processor or processor family has its own

machine code instruction set. Instructions are patterns

of bits that by physical design correspond to different

commands to the machine.

About Assembly Language

David J. Wheeler created the first assembly

language. While working as part of a team on

the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic

Computer,

About Assembly Language

Sometimes referred to as assembly or ASL, assembly language is a low-level

programming language used to interface with computer hardware.

Assembly language uses structured commands as substitutions for numbers

allowing humans to more easily read the code versus looking at binary.

Although easier to read than binary, assembly language is a difficult language

and is usually substituted for a higher language such as C.

About Assembly Language

Assembly language uses a mnemonic to represent each low-level machine

instruction or operation.

Assembly language is converted into executable machine code (object code)

by a utility program referred to as an assembler; the conversion process is

referred to as assembly, or assembling the code.

Example of Assembly Language

About C++

C, an early systems programming language, was developed by

Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs between 1969 and

1973.

C++ is a high-level programming language developed by Bjarne

Stroustrup at Bell Labs beginning in 1979.

About C++ C++ is a Machine Independent Language.

C++ Provides huge Function Library

C++ is an Object Oriented Programming Language (OOPL).

C++ can be used for developing System Software viz., operating systems, compilers,

editors and data bases.

C++ is suitable for Development of Reusable Software. , thus reduces cost of

software development.

Example of Source Code

#include <iostream>int main(){

cout << "Hello World!" << endl;return 0;

}

Steps involved in C++ program

you should first write the program

Save the program

Compile the Program ( Alt+F9)

fix the syntax errors, if identified by the complier

Re-compile the program

Run the program (Ctrl + F9)

See the output, if any

Program Life Cycle

1. Come up with an idea for a program.

2. Decide the probable identity of the typical user of the program.

3. Pick computer language(s) to use.

4. Design the program by using pseudocode or any other tool to outline

the structure of the program.

5. Write the program.

6. Test the program.

Step 6 is known as alpha testing.

Program Life Cycle

7. Fix any problems that you discover during alpha testing.

Repeat Steps 6 and 7 as often as possible.

8. Give out copies of the program to other people to test.

Step 8 is known as beta testing. The idea is to let total strangers use your

program so they can tell you what they like and dislike.

9. Fix any problems that people discover during beta testing.

Repeat Steps 8 and 9 as often as possible.

10. Release the program

Thank you