October 20, 2008 1

Programmed learning is one of the important innovations of the 20th century in the teaching –learning

process.

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Self Instructional Technique

Individualized Instruction Logically Sequenced (Small

Segments)

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Related Educators

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Thorndike -Trial and Error Gagne-Chain -Signal Learning Robertmager - Learner Controlled

Instruct Skinner -Operant

Conditioning Sidne L Pressy -Teaching Machines Norman A Crowder -Mathetics T.F.Gilbert -Intrinsic Lawrence Stolurow - C A I (Computer Edgerdale - Cone Of Experience

Definitions

It is a Systematic Step By Step Self Instructional Programmes.

It is a device which presents an exercise or a problem to a student , inducing him to respond , and revealing to him whether or not his response is correct.

It is a method of designing a reproducible sequence of instructional events to produce a measurable and consistent effect on the behaviour of each and every acceptable student.

Educational programming is the scheduling and control of student behaviour in the learning process.

It is a planned sequence of experiences, leading to proficiency in terms of stimulus response relationship.

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Characteristics

Individualized instruction Logically sequenced ,small steps called

‘frames’. Pay due consideration to the initial or entering

behaviour of the learner. Provision for feed –back. Interaction between the learner and the

learning material is important. Self –pacing to the learner . Continuous evaluation.

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principles Small steps. Active participation and responding Reinforcement Self –pacing Self evaluation Immediate feed –back

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Programmed instructional materials Teaching machines Programmed text books Scrambled book

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Types of programming

Linear or extrinsic Branching or intrinsic

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LINEAR

B.F Skinner Straight line-single track Every learner follow the same path

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21 3 4

Branching

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Norman A Crowder Bigger frames Content frame Remedial frame

Content frame

a) Repeating student response,b) Positive confirmationc) New informationd) Questione) Alternative answers-directions to

go to relevant page

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Remedial frame

a) Repeating the student responseb) Negative confirmationc) Reason as to why he is wrongd) Further explanationse) Directions as to where the learner

should go next.

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Forward branching

Whether it is right or wrong learner ----new page

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1

Remedial+

Parallel Qn

2

Backward branching

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Repeating the missed frames

Linear cum Branching ,Mathetics

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Structure of a programme

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Pre test Entering behaviour Programme (broken down into

elements) Post test Terminal behaviour

Comparison

Programmed instruction

Linear Branching Mathetics

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small larger bigger

Written or performanceMultiple choiceconstructed

Linear book

Low cost

Scrambled

expensive

Instra -package

High cost

Primes & Prompts

For helping the learner make the correct response and eliminate error, he is assisted in the form of primes and prompts in the introductory frame.

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Priming is introduced in a frame through a process of copying the response given in the stimulus

All elements are made up of small particles of matter called atoms

The smallest particle of copper is called----(Example)

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Prompt is a hint or cue , is provided to help the learner to choose the correct response

The prompt can be classified into two categories

1) Formal (provides an indication of form of response)

2) Thematic (depends on the general properties of the prompting stimulus).

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    Characteristics Linear Programming Branched

Programming of the programme

1. Step size Small Large

2. Response type Constructed Multiple choice

3. Reinforcement Correctness of response ultimate correctne

4. Subject matter

5. Paper Programme

6. Cost

7. Control of response

8. Level of learner

9. Mode of response 10.Procedure

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Thanks

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