Programme Interdépartemental

Programme sur l’Aval du Cycle et l’Energie Nucléaire- Programme on the backend of the fuel cycle

and on nuclear energy

• The voice of CNRS in the field of nuclear energy must be enforced! an issue of societal dimension!

• Our credibility is not yet at the level of the perception of our competence.

CNRS - PACEN – Objectives, Organisation, Community

• I) Strong implication in the support of the french strategy. – In 6 GNR (« groupement nationale de recherche ») with CEA, ANDRA,

IRSN, BRGM, EDF, AREVA.

• II) Direct collaborations of the reserach laboratories with the actors of nuclear industry– GL ANDRA, contracts with industry

• III) European collaboration of CNRS and Universities – 7th FWP/EURATOM– Member of european technology platforms SNE-TP and IGD-TP – Teaching: member of ENEN .

• IV) Science beyond the national strategy– 4 “Programmes Communs de Recherche” : the PCRs in international

collaboration : thorium fuel cycle, molten salt reactors, accelerators of protons and ADS, project MYRRHA, social sciences

PACEN Objectives : • Mobilisation of the academic competences

• Three themes1. Futur nuclear energy (Scenarios, futur reactors, recycling,

transmutation, innovant materials) GNR GEDEPEON, PARIS, MATINEX – PCR APHIT, ANSF, GUTEC

2. Management of nuclear waste (Materials of confinement, nuclear waste disposal, environnemental questions)

GNR FORPRO, TRASSE, PARIS, MOMAS, MATINEX – PCR GUTEC

3. Nuclear energy and society PCR ACSSON

The community of PACEN• A large spectrum of scientific disciplines

– Nuclear physics– Radiochemistry– Physical chemistry– Earth sciences– Mathematics– Engineering– Social sciences

• In total more than 100 groupes are mobilised in 250 projects in programmes with quadri-annual conventions – With >20 annual workshops often between many GNR,– > 50 PhD thesis– Project bi- or tri-party CNRS/CNRS, CNRS/University or engineering

schools, – About 50% of the projects in bi-party CNRS/CEA for GEDEPEON,

PARIS and MATINEX

Newdirection

B. Grambow

assisted by

S. David, C.O. Bacri

How can the CNRS fullfill its mission to contribute with its research on nuclear

energy and waste to societal decisions?

Scientific approach to answer the questions of the laws n nuclear energy and wastes of 2005

and 2006

Fin 2012 2015 2020 2025 2050 2150

ReportSeparation/

transmutation Pilot: CEA

AvancesTreatementseparation

Separation:Ioniic liquids+Molten salts

ReportANDRAfor public

Debat

ScenariosOptimisation energy

Storage, disposalTransmutation

ressources

Contributiontransmutation

Faisability ADS, complementarity

ASTRID/ADS

Technological choices and criteria:FBR only or FBR+ADS

Disposal or transmutation minor actinides

Criteres:energy+risk actinidesshort/long term risk

individuel/collectiv riskeconomie/ressources

DecisionPrototype FBR-Na

Decision stockage

Road-mapvers

ADS/RNR

Decision management

MA

Begin Reversibledisposal

ConstructFBR-Na

prototype

diposal cold?

Irreversibledisposal

Interim storage?

Irreversibledisposal

In reduced volume

Interim storagefor 2nd site

FaisabilityMSR/

thorium

State of theArt

disposal

Decisionprototype

ADS

Geosphere+reference

volume

Wasteproperties

Calculationmethods

Nuclear materials: ceramics/metals

Radionuclidemigration

Actions inSocial sciences+nuclear energy

Internationalprogrammes

MYRRAH etc.

exploitationFBR-Na

Theme 1 of PACEN

Futur nuclear energy (Scenarios, futur reactors, transmutation

recycling, innovant materials)

GEDEPEON – APHIT – ANSF - PARIS - MATINEX reactors accelerators molten salt reprocessing materials scenarios reactors ceramics metals

S. David,scénarios, aspects socioéconomiques, ressources, audition CNE 09 février 201110

Double strata Strategy

UOX

« light wastes »: PF + losses Pu+AM

FBR or LWR

Am+Cm+…

Used MOX storage :

Strategic stock

Pu

PF + losses

Pu+Am+Cm+…

Electrogenstrata

89% of installed power

Installed power32 ADS of 400 MWth

Concept ADS 400 MWthlow power= large number of ADSgas : low power density= high inventory of minor actinides, studies of CNRS ADS Sodium 2-3 GWth : reduction of number of ADS and of AM inventory

MYRRHA• Experimental ADS demonstrator (57 MWth, keff=0.95, MOX-PbBi)• Flexible irradiation tool (fuel, materials, isotopes)

•Proton accelerator (600 MeV, 2.5-4 mA) (IPNO)

Double strata scenarios of transmutation of minor actinides using ADS

Weakness of ADS scenarios:• Important number of ADS-> costs • Large inventory of minor AN

Idea• Increase beam intensity/energy • Increase keff

• Increase power density• Increase irradiation time

Some evolutions in orientations

• Integrate the « risk dimension » in the approach additionally to that of « radiotoxicity »

• Integrate the project ASTRID of CEA and the complementarity with the ADS more strongly in our reflexions – Already today >10 projects on the subjet treated in

GEDEPEON and MATINEX

• A synthetic report for mid-2012

Theme 2 of PACEN

Management of nuclear waste(Matrices of confinement, geological disposal, environmental questions)

FORPRO – TRASSE – PARIS - MOMAS - MATINEX geology transfers in interfaces calcul confinement environment waste matrices radionuclides

Disposal of nuclear waste

• Inventories of long-lived radionuclides require isolation for 100000 years for whatever reactor and fuel cycle scenario– Geological disposal is unavoidable– Geological disposal is best solution for fission products

• Transmutation is no solution for principal FP like 135Cs, 137Cs, 129I

– Feasability of disposal in clay is principally demonstrated :• Clay barriers stable and tight, blocking water circulation

• Only slow diffusion over >105 yr allows mass transfer of a small fraction of soluble and mobile radionuclides to biosphere

• A principal result of radiochemistry: Actinides (carriers of toxicity) are immobile due to low solubility and strong sorption

• 36Cl, 129I and 79Se are the principal carrier of long term risks form disposal

Relative toxicity

Am241

Se79

ContainerContainer

biospherebiosphere

EDZEDZ

argiliteargilite

Waste matrixWaste matrix

H2,CO2…H2,CO2…

calcaire…calcaire…

1000 yr 10000 yr 100000 yr 1000000 yr

DissolutionDissolution

Solubilité 1E-9 M Solubilité 1E-9 M

500 m

70 m

2 m

1 m

0.3 m

Sorption/diffusion 1E-13 M Sorption/diffusion 1E-13 M

3E143E14

2E42E4

0.020.02

1E111E11 8E78E7

1E-61E-6 1E-51E-5

0.10.1

8E78E7 8E78E7 8E78E7

0.020.02

Ion exclusion/diffusion 2E-10 M Ion exclusion/diffusion 2E-10 M Relative toxicity(estimation)Se79

Am241

Relative radiotoxicity of water and waste related to limit of 0.25 mSv/an Relative radiotoxicity of water and waste related to limit of 0.25 mSv/an

ANDRA2005

Redox Se

Redox Se

Recosy

TRASSE

FORPRO

TRASSE

SKIN

PARIS

MATINEX

FORPRO

NFPRO, MICADO

PARIS

4E74E7>1E-10>1E-10

Theme 3

Nuclear energy and society

Financing 100% CNRS ACCSON

S. David,scénarios, aspects socioéconomiques, ressources, audition CNE 09 février 2011

17

An original interdisciplinary work physics / economy / earth sciences

A first result: whatever there resource of Uranium, there does not seem to be a real competition between the reactors of 3rd and 4th generation. It is the total demand which is changed, not the ratio Gen3 / Gen4.

Aspects technico-économiques, ressources

Conclusions

• The CNRS is requested to contribute to the decisions in 2012 on the transmutation, on the public debate relative to geological disposal in 2013 and on the decisions on geological disposal in 2015

• The mobilisation of physical and social sciences in an interdisciplinary manner provides a credible base line for an original approach

• We need to maintain and enforce the partenerships with the industrial groups

• We need to strengthen our capacity for synthesis: – Scenarios are the fundaments for our evaluations