PROGRAMME INSTRUCTION

ON

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF BRAIN

By-

Sampurna DasMsc. nursing 1st year

College of Nursing

Medical College & Hospital

2014-2015

FRAME: 1:

The brain constitutes about one- fifth of the body weight and it lies within the cranial cavity. The brain is made of three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain consists of the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus (part of the limbic system). The midbrain consists of the tectum and tegmentum. The hindbrain is made of the cerebellum, pons and medulla. Often the midbrain, pons, and medulla are referred to together as the brainstem.

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 1:--

Q. 1. Brain is made up of how many parts?

ANS. ----------------------------------------------------------------

Q. 2. Midbrain consists of which parts?

Q. 3. Hindbrain is composed of ________, _________ & ____________.

ANSWERS:

1.nerve fibers,  cerebrum;  2. motor, sensory, cognitive; 3. ~10, C, supratentorial;

4. four parts:- genu, rostrum, trunk, splenium ; 5. frontal; 6.occipital

FRAME 2:

Cerebrum:

This is the largest area of the brain and it occupies the anterior and middle cranial fossae. It controls all higher mental functions, such as thinking and memory. It is divided by a deep cleft, the longitudinal cerebral fissure into right and left cerebral hemispheres. The right cerebral hemisphere controls the left side of the body, and the left cerebral hemisphere controls the right side of the body. For descriptive purpose each hemisphere of the cerebrum is divided into lobes which takes the name of the bones of the cranium under which they lie: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 2:--

1. Brain occupies __________________ & ____________________ cranial fossae.2. The right cerebral hemisphere controls the ________ side of the body.

ANSWERS:

1. anterior , middle . 2. left

FRAME: 3:

Frontal lobe The Frontal Lobe is the most recently-evolved part of the brain and the last to develop in young adulthood. It’s dorso-lateral prefrontal circuit is the brain’s top executive. It organizes responses to complex problems, plans steps to an objective, searches memory for relevant experience, adapts strategies to accommodate new data, guides behavior with verbal skills and houses working memory. Its orbitofrontal circuit manages emotional impulses in socially appropriate ways for productive behaviors including empathy, altruism, interpretation of facial expressions. Stroke in this area typically releases foul language and fatuous behavior patterns.

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 3:--

1. The frontal lobe is the most _________ evolved part of the brain & _____ to develop in young adulthood.

2. Frontal lobe’s __________ circuit is the brain’s top executive.3. Frontal lobe’s ________circuit manages emotional impulses in socially appropriate

ways for productive behaviors including empathy, altruism, interpretation of facial expressions.

4. Stroke in this area typically releases__________________________.

ANSWERS:

1.recently, last ; 2. dorso-lateral prefrontal ; 3. orbitofrontal; 4. foul language and fatuous behavior patterns

FRAME: 4:

Parietal Lobe: Located in the cerebral hemisphere, this lobe focuses on comprehension. Visual functions, language, reading, internal stimuli, tactile sensation and sensory comprehension will be monitored here.

Sensory Cortex- The sensory cortex, located in the front portion of the parietal lobe, receives information relayed from the spinal cord regarding the position of various body parts and how they are moving. This middle area of the brain can also be used to relay information from the sense of touch, including pain or pressure which is affecting different portions of the body.

Motor Cortex- This helps the brain monitor and control movement throughout the body. It is located in the top, middle portion of the brain.

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 4:--

1. Parietal lobe focuses on____________.

2. The sensory cortex, located in the ______________________portion of the parietal lobe, receives information relayed from the ____________________________________________________.

3. Motor cortex helps the brain ________________________ ________________________________________________.

4. Motor cortex is located in the_____________________________.

ANSWERS:

1. comprehension; 2. front, spinal cord regarding the position of various body parts and how they are moving; 3. monitor and control movement throughout the body;4. top, middle portion of the brain.

FRAME:5:

Temporal Lobe: The temporal lobe controls visual and auditory memories. It includes areas that help manage some speech and hearing capabilities, behavioral elements, and language. It is located in the cerebral hemisphere.

Wernicke's Area- This portion of the temporal lobe is formed around the auditory cortex. While scientists have a limited understanding of the function of this area, it is known that it helps the body formulate or understand speech.

Occipital Lobe: The occipital lobe is located in the cerebral hemisphere in the back of the head. It helps to control vision.

Broca's Area- This area of the brain controls the facial neurons as well as the understanding of speech and language. It is located in the triangular and opercular section of the inferior frontal gyrus.

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 5:--

1. The temporal lobe controls_________________________________.

2. ______________________________, portion of the temporal lobe is formed around the auditory cortex.

3. The optical lobe is located in the _____________________________

__________________________________________________________________.

4. Broka’s area is located in the________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________.

ANSWERS: 1 visual and auditory memories; 2 Wernicke's Area; 3. cerebral hemisphere in the back of the head; 4. triangular and opercular section of the inferior frontal gyrus.

FRAME .6.

Cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue in humans and other mammals. It is divided into two cortices, along the sagittal plane: the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure. The human cerebral cortex is 2 to 4 millimetres (0.079 to 0.157 in) thick. The cerebral cortex is folded, giving a much greater surface area in the confined volume of the skull. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus and a groove or fissure is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). In the human brain more than two-thirds of the cerebral cortex is buried in the sulci. The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter. There are three main types of activity associated with the cerebral cortex: 1.Mental activities involved in memory, intelligence, sense of responsibility, thinking, reasoning, moral sense and learning, 2. Sensory perception, including the perception of pain, temperature, touch, sight hearing, taste, and smell, 3. Initiation and control of skeletal muscle contraction and therefore voluntary movement.

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 6:--

1. The cerebral cortex is the_________________________________ in humans and other mammals.

2. It is divided into two cortices, along the _________________ : the left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the ________________________.

3. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a_______________ and a groove or fissure is termed a _______________.

ANSWERS:

1.  cerebrum's (brain) outer layer of neural tissue ;2. sagittal plane, medial longitudinal fissure; 3.  gyrus,  sulcus 

.

FRAME. 7.

CORTICAL AREAS

There are different types of functional area: sensory areas of cerebral cortex, motor areas of cerebral cortex and association areas of cerebral cortex: 1. Sensory area(somatosensory area, auditory area, olfactory area, taste area, visual area), 2.motor area(primary motor cortex ), 3. Association area (premotor, prefrontal, wernicke’s, parieto-occipitotemporal)

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 7:--

1. Sensory area include: __________________________________________________________________________________________.

2. Motor area include:________________________________________.

3. Association area : ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________.

ANSWERS: 1. somatosensory area, auditory area, olfactory area, taste area, visual area; 2. primary motor cortex; 3. premotor, prefrontal, wernicke’s, parieto-occipitotemporal

FRAME: 8:

1)Sensory areas:

The somatosensory area: This is the area immediately behimd the central sulcus. Here the sensations of pain, temperature, pressure and touch, and awareness of muscular movements and the positions of joints are perceived. The somatosensory area of right hemisphere receives impulses from the left side of the body and vice versa. The size of the cortical areas representing different parts of the body is proportional to the extent of sensory innervations, e.g. the large area of face is consistent with the extensive sensory nerve supply by the three branches of the trigeminal nerves.

The auditory area: This lies immediately below the lateral sulcus within the temporal lobe. The nerve cells receive and interpret impulses and transmitted from the inner ear by the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerves.

The olfactory area: This lies deep within the temporal lobe whwew impulses from the nose, transmitted via the alfactory nerves, are received and interpreted.

The taste area: This lies just above the lateral sulcus in the deep layer of the somatosensory area. Here the impulses from the sensory receptors in the taste buds are received and perceived as taste.

The visual area: This lies behind the parieto-occipital sulcus and includes the greater part of the occipital lobe. The optic nerves pass from the eye to this area, which receives and interprets impulses as visual impression.

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 8:--

1. The somatosensory area immediately behimd the ________________.

2. The auditory area lies_____________________________________.

3. The taste area lies________________________________________

_____________________________________________________.

ANSWERS: 1. central sulcus; 2. immediately below the lateral sulcus within the temporal lobe; 3. just above the lateral sulcus in the deep layer of the somatosensory area

FRAME:9:

2)Motor areas

The motor areas are located in both hemispheres of the cortex .They are shaped like a pair of headphones stretching from ear to ear. The motor areas are very closely related to the control of voluntary movements, especially fine fragmented movements performed by the hand. The right half of the motor area controls the left side of the body, and vice versa. Two areas of the cortex are commonly referred to as motor:Primary motor cortex: This lies in the frontal lobe immediately anterior to the central sulcus. The cell bodies are pyramid shapes and control skeletal muscle activity. There are two neurons involved in the pathway of skeletal muscle. The first, the upper motor neurone, descend from the motor cortex through the internal capsule to the medulla oblongata. Here it crosses to the opposite side and descend in the spinal cord. At the appropriate level in the spinal cord it synapses with a second neurone (the lower motor neurone), which leaves the spinal cord and travels to the target muscle. It terminates at the motor end plate of a muscle fibre. This means that the motor area of the right hemisphere of the cerebrum controls voluntary muscle movement on the left side of the body and vice versa. Damage to either of these neurons may result in paralysis. In the motor area of the cerebrum the body is represented upside down, i.e. the upper most cells control the feet and those in lowest part control the head, neck, face and fingers.

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 9:--

1. They are shaped like _____________________________________ stretching from ear to ear.

2. Primary motor cortex lies in the ___________________________________

________________________________________________________________________.

3. The upper motor neurone, descend from _____________________________ to the________________________________________.

ANSWERS: 1. a pair of headphones ; 2. frontal lobe immediately anterior to the central sulcus; 3 the motor cortex through the internal capsule , medulla oblongata

FRAME: 10:

3)Association areas

These are connected to each other and the other areas of cerebral cortex by association tracts and some are outlined below. They receive, coordinate and interpret from the sensory and motor cortices permitting higher cognitive abilities and, although depicts some of the areas involved, their functions are much more complex.

The premotor area: This lies in the frontal lobe immediately anterior to the motor area. The neurons here coordinate movement initiated by the primary motor cortex, ensuring that learning pattern of movement can be repeated.

The prefrontal area: This extends anteriorly from the premotor area to include the reminder of the frontal lobe.It is a large area and more develop in humans than in other animals. Intelectual functions controlled here include perception and comprehension of passage of time, the ability anticipate consequences of events and normal management of emotions.

Wernicke's Area: This portion of the temporal lobe is formed around the auditory cortex. While scientists have a limited understanding of the function of this area, it is known that it helps the body formulate or understand speech.

The parieto-occipitotemporal area: This lies behind the somatosensory area and includes most of the parietal lobe. Its functions are thought to include spatial awareness, interpreting written language and the ability to name objects. It has been suggested that objects can be recognised by touch alone because of knowledge from past experience(memory)retained in this area.

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 10:--

1. The parieto-occipitotemporal area lies behind the _____________________________________________________.

2. The prefrontal area extends ________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________.

ANSWERS: 1. somatosensory area and includes most of the parietal lobe; 2. anteriorly from the premotor area to include the reminder of the frontal lobe.

FRAME: 11:

Basal ganglia

Deep within the cerebral hemispheres are group of cell bodies called nuclei, the exception begin those that form the basal ganglia, which form the parts of the extrapyramidal tracts. They act as a relay stations with connections to many parts of the brain including motor areas of cerebral cortex and thalamus. Their functions include initiation and fine control of complex movement and learned coordinated activities, such as posture and walking. If control is inadequate and absent, movements are jerky, clumsy, and uncoordinated.

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 11:

1. Basal ganglia act as a relay stations with connections to many parts of the brain including _______________________________________.

2. Their functions include ____________________________________

________________________________________________.

3. In case of Basl ganglia’s inadequate and absent control, movements are __________________________________________________.

ANSWERS: 1. motor areas of cerebral cortex and thalamus; 2. initiation and fine control of complex movement and learned coordinated activities, such as posture and walking; 3. jerky, clumsy, and uncoordinated.

FRAME: 12:

Corpus Callosum:

The corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres. It connects the left and right sides of the brain allowing for communication between both hemispheres. The corpus callosum transfers motor, sensory, and cognitive information between the brain hemispheres. The corpus callosum is ~10cm in length and is C-shaped, like most of the supratentorial structures, in a gentle upwardly convex arch. It is divided into four parts (anterior to posterior):- 1.genu: connect medial and lateral surfaces of the frontal lobes, 2. rostrum: connecting the orbital surfaces of the frontal lobes, 3. trunk (body): pass through the corona radiata to the surfaces of the hemispheres, splenium:  connect the occipital lobes. Function:1. The corpus callosum is involved in several functions of the body including, 2. Communication Between Brain Hemispheres, 3.Eye Movement, 4. Maintaining the Balance of Arousal and Attention, 5.Tactile Localization.

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 12:

1. The corpus callosum is a thick band of ________ that divides the _________ into left and right hemispheres.

2. The corpus callosum transfers _______, ________ and _______ information between the brain hemispheres

3. The corpus callosum is _____in length and is __-shaped, like most of the ___________ structures, in a gentle upwardly convex arch.

4. Corpus callosum divided in how many parts & what are those parts?Ans:_________

5. Genu connects medial & lateral surfacecs of which lobe?Ans:_________

6. Splenium connects which lobe?Ans: _________

ANSWERS:

1.nerve fibers,  cerebrum;  2. motor, sensory, cognitive; 3. ~10, C, supratentorial;

4. four parts:- genu, rostrum, trunk, splenium ; 5. frontal; 6.occipital.

FRAME: 13:

Thalamus:The thalamus is a large, dual lobed mass of grey matter buried under the cerebral cortex. It is involved in sensory perception and regulation of motor functions. The thalamus is a limbic system structure and it connects areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord that also have a role in sensation and movement. As a regulator of sensory information, the thalamus also controls sleep and awake states of consciousness. The thalamus is situated at the top of the brainstem, between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It is superior to the hypothalamus.Function: The thalamus is involved in several functions of the body including:1.Motor Control, 2. Receives Auditory, Somatosensory and Visual Sensory Signals, 3.Relays Sensory Signals to the Cerebral Cortex, 4. Controls Sleep and Awake States.

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 13:

1. The thalamus is a _____________________________________

buried under the cerebral cortex.

1. Thalamus involved in _____________________________________ ____________________________________________.

2. The thalamus is a _______________________________________________________.

3. The thalamus is involved in several functions of the body including: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

ANSWERS: 1. large, dual lobed mass of grey matter; 2. sensory perception and regulation of motor functions; 3.limbic system structure; 4. Motor Control, Receives Auditory, Somatosensory and Visual Sensory Signals, Relays Sensory Signals to the Cerebral Cortex, Controls Sleep and Awake States.

FRAME : 14:

Hypothalamus:About the size of a pearl, the hypothalamus directs a multitude of important functions in the body. The hypothalamus is inferior to the thalamus. It is posterior to the optic chiasm and bordered on the sides by the temporal lobes and optic tracts. It is the control centre for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system. Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis. For example, blood vessel connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland allow hypothalamic hormones to control pituitary hormone secretion. As a limbic system structure, the hypothalamus also influences various emotional responses. The hypothalamus is involved in several functions of the body including: 1. Autonomic Function Control, 2. Endocrine Function Control, 3. Homeostasis, 4. Motor Function Control, 5. Food and Water Intake Regulation, 5. Sleep-Wake Cycle Regulation.

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 14:

1. Hypothalamus is posterior to the _________and bordered on the sides by the____________.

2. The hypothalamus is involved in several functions of the body including: ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________.

3. Blood vessel connections between the_____________________________________ ___________________________allow hypothalamic hormones to control pituitary hormone secretion.

ANSWERS:

1. optic chiasm, temporal lobes and optic tracts; 2. Autonomic Function Control, Endocrine Function Control, Homeostasis, Motor Function Control,Food and Water Intake Regulation, Sleep-Wake Cycle Regulation; 3. hypothalamus and pituitary gland 

FRAME : 15:

BRAIN STEM:The brain stem houses the midbrain (mesencephalon), pons (part of the metencephalon), and medulla oblongata (myelencephalon). This is the posterior area of the brain that attaches to the spinal cord. It's here, at the brain stem, where information is sent back and forth between the cerebrum or cerebellum and the body. Cranial nerves 3-12 are located here as well as significant processing centers.

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 15:

1. The brain stem houses the ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

2. Brainstem is the _______________________________________________ area of brain which attaches spinal cord.

3. Cranial nerves _________________________________________ are located here.

ANSWERS:

1. midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata, 2. posterior, 3. 3-12

FRAME: 16

Midbrain:

The midbrain is the area of the brain situated around the cerebral aqueduct between the cerebrum above and pons below. It consists of nuclei and nerve fibers(tracts), which connect the cerebrum with lower part of the brain and with the spinal cord. The nuclei act as a relay stations for the ascending and descending nerve fibres.

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 16:

1. Midbrain is situated around the ___________________ between the _________________________________.

2. Midbrain consists of _________________________________________, which connect the ______________________________________________with lower part of the brain and with the spinal cord.

3. Brainstem act as a relay stations for the __________________________________

__________________________________________.

ANSWERS:

1. cerebral aqueduct, cerebrum above & pons below; 2. nuclei and nerve fibers(tracts), cerebrum; 3. ascending and descending nerve fibres.

FRAME:17:

Pons:

In Latin, the word Pons literally means bridge. The pons is a portion of the hindbrain that connects the cerebral cortex with the medulla oblongata. It also serves as a communications and coordination centre between the two hemispheres of the brain. As a part of the brainstem, the Pons helps in the transferring of messages between various parts of the brain and the spinal cord. the Pons is superior to the medulla oblongata and inferior to the midbrain. Sagittally, it is anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the pituitary gland.The pons is involved in several functions of the body including:1. Arousal, 2. Controlling Autonomic Functions, 3. Relaying Sensory Information Between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum, 4. Sleep

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 17:

1. In Latin, the word Pons literally means ________.

2. The pons is a portion of the ___________.

3. Pons connects the cerebral cortex with the ___________________.

4. Pons also serves as a communications and coordination centre between the______________________________________________________.

5. The pons is involved in several functions of the body including: ___________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________.

ANSWERS:

1.bridge; 2. hindbrain; 3. medulla oblongata; 4. two hemispheres of the brain; 5. Arousal, Controlling Autonomic Functions, Relaying Sensory Information Between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum, Sleep.

FRAME: 18:

Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata, also called medulla,  the lowest part of the brain and the lowest portion of the brainstem. The medulla oblongata is connected by the pons to the midbrain and is continuous posteriorly with the spinal cord, with which it merges at the opening (foramen magnum) at the base of the skull. Like the cerebrum and cerebellum, the medulla consists of both myelinated (white matter) and unmyelinated (gray matter) nerve fibres. In the medulla, however, the normal anatomic relationship of the two is reversed, with the white matter on the outside and the gray matter on the inside, around the fourth ventricle (a fluid-filled cavity formed by the expansion of the central canal of the spinal cord upon entering the brain). A complex network of medullary nerve cells and processes from elsewhere in the centralnervous system enables the medulla to carry on complex integrative functions. The medulla also contains several functional centres that control autonomic nervous activity, regulating respiration, heart rate, and digestive processes. The last seven cranial nerves emerge from the medulla, which influences their functional activities. Injuries or disease affecting the middle portion of the medulla may produce paralysis of the opposite side of the body, loss of the senses of touch and position, or partial paralysis of the tongue. Injuries or disease of the lateral medulla may cause loss of pain and temperature sensations, loss of the gag reflex, difficulty in swallowing, vertigo, vomiting, or loss of coordination.Function:1. Control of Autonomic Functions,2. Relay of Nerve Signals Between the Brain and Spinal Cord, 3. Coordination of Body Movements

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 18:

1. The medulla oblongata is connected by the ____________________.

2. ___________________ cranial nerves emerge from medulla.

3. Functions of medulla includes:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

ANSWERS:

1. pons & midbrain; 2. last 7; 3. Control of Autonomic Functions,Relay of Nerve Signals Between the Brain and Spinal Cord, Coordination of Body Movements.

FRAME: 19:

Cerebellum:The cerebellum is situated behind the pons and immediately below the posterior portion of the cerebrum occupying the posterior cranial fossa. It is ovoid in shape and two hemisphares, separated by a narrow median strip called the vermis. Gray matter forms the surface of cerebrum and the white matter lies deeply. Functions of cerebellum: 1. Maintenance of balance and posture. 2. Coordination of voluntary movements.3. Motor learning. Cognitive functions. 

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME 19:

1. cerebellum is ___________________________________________________in shape.

2. Functions of cerebellum includes: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

3. Gray matter forms the __________and the white matter lies ______________.

4. What is vermis?Ans:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

ANSWERS:

1.ovoid ; 2. Maintenance of balance and posture, Coordination of voluntary movements, Motor learning, Cognitive functions; 3. surface of cerebrum, deeply; 4. a narrow median strip that separates two cerebellar hemispheres.

FRAME : 20:

BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE BRAIN Cerebral circulation is the movement of blood through the network of blood vessels supplying the brain. The arteries deliver oxygenated blood, glucose and other nutrients to the brain and the veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, removing carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and other metabolic products. The blood supply of the brain arises from the internal carotid arteries(anterior circulation) and the vertebral arteries(posterior circulation). Each internal carotid artery supplies the ipsilateral hemisphere, whereas the basilar artery form by the junction of the two vertebral arteries, supplies structures within the posterior fossa(cerebellum and brain stem). The circle of Wills arise from the basilar artery and the two internal carotid arteries. This vascular circle may act as a safety valve when differential pressures are present in these arteries. It also may function as an anastomotic pathway when occlusion of a major artery on one side of the brain occurs. In general, the two anterior cerebral arteries supply the medial and anterior portion of the frontal lobes. The two middle cerebral arteries supply the outer portions of the frontal, partial, and superior temporal lobes. The two posterior cerebral arteries supply the medial portions of the occipital and inferior temporal lobes. Venous blood drain from the brain through the dural sinuses, which form channels that drain into the two jugular veins.

QUESTIONS AS PER FRAME20 :

1. The blood supply of the brain arises from the__________________________ ________ ___and the__________________________________________.

2. The circle of Wills arise from the________________________________ _____and the______________________________________________________.

3. ________________________________________, the vascular circle may act as a safety valve when differential pressures are present in these arteries.

4. The two posterior cerebral arteries supply the _____________________________________________________________________________________________.

ANSWERS: 1. internal carotid arteries , vertebral arteries; 2. basilar artery, two internal carotid arteries; 3. circle of Wills; 4. medial portions of the occipital and inferior temporal lobes;