Programmable Solutions in Digital Modemsdocshare01.docshare.tips/files/13294/132948324.pdf · –...

Programmable Solutionsin Digital ModemsBringing Broadband Access to the Home

Agenda

• Technology overview– Motivation for digital modems

• Digital modem technologies– Spartan-II FPGAs in satellite modems– Spartan-II FPGAs in ISDN modems– Spartan-II FPGAs in cable modems– Spartan-II FPGAs in DSL modems

• Digital modems evolves into the Residential gateway• Conclusions

• High speed connection to the Internet – Greater than 128Kbps – Always on!– Simultaneous up-Link and down-link communication– Overcomes Internet frustrations– Made possible by digital modems

• Leading broadband access technologies– xDSL, cable, satellite, ISDN digital modems

So What is Broadband Access?

Digital Modem Growth Drivers

• Internet users are demanding more Bandwidth– Home networking

• Internet services such as voice, video & data– Streaming video, web browsing, email, MP3 files, VoIP, digitized

photographs, Video-on-Demand, online gaming• Multiple information appliances having Internet access• Online shopping using high resolution images

– Telecommuters and day extenders• Connecting to corporate LAN through the Internet • Using Virtual Private Network (VPN) technology

– Home businesses

Digital Modem Growth Drivers

• Analog modems have hit the wall at 56 Kbps• Digital modems offer vastly greater bandwidth

– Satellite: 400 Kbps to 38 Mbps– DSL: 1.5 Mbps to 52 Mbps– Cable: up to 10Mbps

Frustrated Maybe ….

Average Download TimesConnection

SpeedWeb Page (30KBytes)

3 minute Music File(3MBytes)

30 second Video/Movie(50 MBytes)

28.8 kbps 9 seconds 15 minutes 4 hours

56 kbps 4.5 seconds 7.5 minutes 2 hours

ISDN (144 kbps) 2 seconds 3 minutes 55 minutes

DSL/Cable 1.5Mbps) <1 seconds 15 seconds 5 minutes

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Year

K U

nits

CableDSLISDN

Source: Dataques t CAGR 39.2%

High Volume!14 Million Units

in 2001

High Volume!14 Million Units

in 2001

Digital Modems - WW Unit Shipments

Impact on the Internet Household• Facilitation of work at home

– Similar high-speed access as work • Potential to leverage voice

– PBX service to the work-at-home population over broadband is a substantial value-add

– Voice over DSL and cable• Impact of always-on and continuous connectivity• Benefits to new bandwidth-intensive applications /

devices– Voice, video, data, music and multimedia

• Lower prices / higher speeds

Satellite Modems

Satellite Modem Overview

• Use the same transponders used to deliver TV• Standards

– DSS: Hughes Network Systems (HNS) proprietary– DVB (ETS 300-421): Open standards consortium– Primestar (ITU-R 217/11): Being phased out

• Issues– Shared media– Unidirectional, return channel is via modem

• Estimated $100M modem sales in 1999

Data Broadcasting

Satellite Operator

PSTNHome User

Download

Upload

World Wide Web

SatelliteInter face

HostInter face

SystemGlue

CPU

Flash RAM

System Block Diagram• Key functional blocks

– Satellite interface– CPU complex– Host interface– Application specific

system glue• Application specific

system glue is required for interconnecting ASSPs

Satellite Interface Components

• Tuner– RF components packaged in shielded module

• Decoder– Single ASSP– Processor interface

• Eight bit microprocessor bus, serial, I2C, etc.

QuadratureData

from Tuner

ClockViterbiDecoder

Synch &De-Interfearer

Reed-SolomonDecoder Descrambler

A/DI

A/DD

QPSK/BPSKDemodulator Data

TunerInterface

ProcessorInterfaceTo AGC

Satellite Interface ASSP Providers

• Market is dominated by Conexant Systems and Broadcom Corporation

• Both are single chip solutions– Demodulator– Forward error correction– Dual eight-bit A/D converters

Supplier Components Processor Interface Standards AvailabilityBroadcom BCM4201 Universal Satellite Receiver I2C, SPI DSS, DVB, Primestar NowConexant HM1211 Demodulator serial, motel DVB, DSS Now

Host Interfaces

• Popular interfaces for satellite modems– USB for external modem– PCI for add-in card

• USB– Comes with all new PCs– Customer does not have to open PC

• PCI– Lower cost, no case or power supply– Limits system interoperability

• No PCI slots in iMac

Satellite Modem Design

• HNS DirecPC®-USB receiver• The challenge

– Add USB interface to satellite modem architecture– Leverage ASIC technology developed for PCI card

• Spartan-II XC2S30 is used for system level glue, interfacing– CPU– Demodulator– HNS ASIC– USB controller

1998 1999 2000 2001

$10$10Sy

stem

G ates

30K

Spartan-XL40K

Spartan-III

250K

Spartan-II

100K

FIFOsFIFOs

PALsPALs

HDLCHDLC

UARTsUARTs3232--bit, bit, 3333--MHz MHz

PCIPCI

PCIPCI--MIPS MIPS

BridgeBridge

64 Bit 64 Bit PCIPCI

Reed Solomon Reed Solomon EncoderEncoder

Video Line Video Line BufferBuffer

Ethernet Ethernet MACMAC

Higher Density Enables New Applications

ATM ATM IMA IMA

Digital Modem

Graphics Card

Office Networking

Set-Top Box

Embedded µP Apps

Satellite Modem Block Diagram

ODU Tuner

LNBController

LSIDemod-

ulator

USB

Cable

FIFO

NET2800USB

Controller

* HNS Proprietary ASIC

SRAM64K x 32

BootPROM

XC2S30 HNSASIC

PCI Bus

Channel

Interface

A/D Bus

Address BusLatch

IDT79R3041RISC

Processor

Spartan-II Device Functions• Processor interface

– Control registers, watchdog timer• Data buffer between HNS ASIC & demodulator• 32-bit CRC check for incoming packets• USB controller interface

– Bus arbitration, FIFO control, DMA control• PCI target interface

– Lets RISC chip take over host processor functions

Viterbi Decoder

TunerInterface

Flash

SystemInterconnectivity

CPU

ADC

RAM

Data

Quadrature Data from Tuner

Clock Generator

Q - Channel Input

I - Channel Input

QPSK/BPSK Demodulator

ADC

Synch & De-Interleaver

Reed-Solomon Decoder Descrambler

Clock

De-Interleaver RAM

MPEGTransport & A/V

RF In

I/O

Decryption MPEG A/VVideo Encoder

RAMVIDEO AUDIO

Satellite Modems

ISDN Modems

ISDN Overview

BRI - Basic Rate ISDN2 Bearer Channels @ 64kbps1 Data Channel @ 16kbps

PRI - Primary Rate ISDN23 or 30 Bearer Channels @ 64kbps1 Data Channel @ 64kbps

Understanding ISDN Equipment

Terminal Equipment (TE1) - ISDN readyTerminal Equipment (TE2) - Non ISDNTerminal Adapter (TA) - Analog to ISDN

Network Terminator (NT1) - Subscriber Line IsolationNetwork Terminator (NT2) - Network Switch (PBX)

ISDN Integrated Digital Services Network

• High-speed, fully digital telephone service– Upgrades today's analog telephone network to a

digital system• Can operate at speeds up to 144Kbps

– 5 or more times faster than today's analog modems– Dramatic speed up of information transfer over the

Internet or over a remote LAN connection• Rich media like graphics, audio, video or other applications

• Widely available

ISDN

• The Original Digital Service– Technology was defined in the mid-80s

• Uses circuit switched technology to support– D (Delta) channels are used for signaling– Data is transported over 64 Kbps B (Bearer) channels– Channels may carry voice, packet data, video

Two Major Variants

• BRI (Basic Rate Interface)– Targeted at home and small business users– Provides 2 B channels over a single twisted pair

• PRI (Primary Rate Interface)– Targeted at larger corporate customers– Provides 23 B channels over T1 in North America – Provides 30 B channels over E1 in Europe

ISDN Model

Functional Groupings• TE2 (Terminal Equipment 2)

– Non-ISDN equipment such as personal computers• TA (Terminal Adapter)

– Interfaces non-ISDN equipment to the ISDN• TE1 (Terminal Equipment 1)

– ISDN terminal equipment such as ISDN phones• NT1 (Network Termination Equipment, Layer 1)

– Terminates the ISDN network connection at the physical layer• NT2 (Network Termination Equipment, Layer 2)

– Terminates the ISDN network connection at the data link layer

Reference Points• R (Rate) Reference Point

– Non-ISDN interface between non-ISDN user equipment and terminal adapter

• S (System) Reference Point– Interface between Terminal Adapters (TA) or terminal and

Network termination• T (Terminal) Reference Point

– Interface between Network Termination (NT) equipment• U (User) Reference Point

– Interface between customer and central office

U Reference Point

• Connects subscriber to Central Office (CO)• Point to point connection with a 5.5 km maximum

distance• 2 wire interface• 2B1Q line coding

– 2B1Q in North America– 4B3T in Europe

• Adaptive equalization, echo cancellation• Data is scrambled

– Improve clock recovery & spectral characteristics

S/T Interface

• Interconnects customer premises equipment (CPE)

• Bus topology • 4 wire interface• 1 km maximum distance• Alternate Space Inversion (ASI) line coding

Proprietary TDM interfaces

• Used to connect ISDN devices inside equipment• 4 to 7 wire interfaces

– Clock– Data In– Data Out– Start of frame indicator

• Several versions defined by ASSP vendors– CHI (Concentration Highway Interface): Lucent– IOM-2 (ISDN Oriented Modular Interface): Infineon, AMD– IDL (Inter-chip Digital Link): Motorola

ISDN In the Real World

External ISDN Modem• Includes processor for protocol processing• Optional POTS interface• System glue

– Interface glue for ASSPs– ISDN TA functions

Internal ISDN Modem• Uses host for protocol processing• Voice features use host’s sound card• System glue

– Host bus interface– ISDN TA functions

Always On ISDN• Provides continuous Internet connectivity• Forwards IP traffic over the D channel

– 16 kbps bandwidth– X.25 encapsulation

• Requires support from– ISP– Phone company– Hardware (modem/router)

IDSL

• IDSL = ISDN Digital Subscriber Loop• Developed by Ascend• Uses ISDN transport

– 2B+D - 144 kbps– Static connections, no signaling

• Does not support ISDN voice calls– Requires VoIP instead

ASSP ProvidersSupplier Device Function

Motorola MC145572 U-Interface TransceiverMC145574 S/T-Interface TransceiverMC145575 Passive ISDN Terminal AdapterMC145576 Single-Chip NT1

AMD Am79C30A/32A Digital Subscriber ControllerLucent T7234 Single-Chip NT1

T7256 Single-Chip NT1 with Microprocessor and TDM InterfaceT7237 U-Interface 2B1Q Transceiver

T9000/T9001 ISDN Network Termination Node (NTN) DevicesT7250 S/T-Interface with HDLC

National TP3410 U-Interface TransceiverTP3420A S/T Interface Device

Infineon PEB 2091 U-Interface TransceiverPEB 2086 S/T Interface DevicePEB 8090 Single-Chip NT1PEB 8191 Single-Chip NT1 with Microprocessor and TDM Interface

Yamaha YTD423 HDLC with Microprocessor InterfaceYTD421 S/T Interface Device

Asahi Kasei AK520S Single-Chip NT1

Design Example: ISDN PCMCIA Modem

• Design objectives– Lowest possible total product cost

• Target < $30 for complete solution– Fastest time-to-market solution

• Use available intellectual property as possible• PCMCIA core - Mobile Media Research, Xilinx Alliance Partner

• Spartan/XC9500 support solution– Spartan FPGAs implement system glue functions & PCMCIA

interface– XC9500 manages memory interface– Spartan/XC9500 very cost effective

ISDN PCMCIA Modem

• PCMCIA - standard PC laptop interface– Implemented using IP core

• Requires system glue– Motorola MC145572 U transceiver to PCMCIA interface

• Memory control in CPLD

ISDN PCMCIA FPGA

HDLC In

HDLC Out

MUX

IDLMux/

DeMux

FSRFSXDCLDOUTDIN

B Ch 1

B Ch 2

D Ch

DATA[7:0]ADDR[12:0]

WEOE

ECSSCS

MemoryController

/BufferManager

PCMCIAInterface

IREQ#IORD#IOWR#REG#CE1#

STSCHG#INPACK#SA[25:0]

D[7:0] HDLC In

HDLC Out

HDLC In

HDLC Out

Data In

Data OutAddr

Data In

Data Out

Addr

PCSPINT

ISDN PCMCIA FPGA Block Diagram

Spartan Functionality

ASSP Manufacturer / Part Number

Spartan System Glue - Functions

ISDN U–Interface Transceiver

Motorola MC145572

Handshaking ASSP Interface

IDL Data Multiplexing IDL Data Demultiplexing

Host: PCMCIA Xilinx XCS40XL-4VQ100C &

Mobile Media Research (PCMCIA IP Core)

PCMCIA Interface Functions Function Control Register

Files

CPU Philips 8051 Microcontroller

System Initialization Functions

Xilinx - The Super Glue of System Logic

ISDN InterfacesTerminal AdapterTerminal Equipment

Without Xilinx

With Xilinx

Host ASSPsRS - 232EthernetUSBFireWire

ISDN Summary• Perfect match for use in ISDN modems

– Faster Time-To-Market with programmable logic– Easily integrates system logic functions

• Interface, control, decode, state machines, etc.– Extremely cost effective

• Customer benefits using Xilinx in ISDN modems– Most efficient way to integrate standard ASSPs– Hits both price & performance targets– Speeds Time-To-Market (TTM)

• Maximizes new product revenue• “Off-the-shelf” IP further accelerates TTM

– Provides total IC / Software / IP solution

Cable Modems

Cable Modem Overview

Cable

• Internet access on the same cable that delivers regular CABLE (CABLE is short for cable TV (CATV) network)

• Offered by cable companies• Subscriber uses a cable modem to access this

broadband connection• Potential speeds up to 10Mbps

– Number of users on the system affects speed

Cable Modems• Device that allows high-speed data access from a PC to

the Internet via a cable TV (CATV) network• Modem in the true sense of the word

– Modulates and demodulates signals– Delivers Internet data to the desktop at blazing speeds– It simply uses the increased bandwidth of the TV cable instead

of an ordinary phone line• Can be part modem, part tuner, part

encryption/decryption device, part bridge, part router, part NIC card, part SNMP agent, and part Ethernet hub

Cable Modems• They typically have two connections

– One to the cable wall outlet and the other to a PC• Online access via cable modems provides PC

users faster access to online information– Up to 1000 times faster than today’s fastest telephone

modems– Cable modem speeds range from 500 Kbps (500,000

bits per second) to 10 Mbps (10 million bits per second)

• In comparison V.90 56K modems top out at 56,000 bps

Cable Modem - Market Drivers

• Increasing popularity of the Internet• Increasing demand for high speed access to Internet• Rapid entrance of AT&T into cable business• Increasing use of cable modem services by small

businesses and SOHOs• Growth in telecommuting• Increasing availability of multimedia & interactive

applications requiring high-bandwidth capabilities

Cable Modem - Market Drivers

• Cable already passes by the majority of all households

• Cable modems were the first to market and have the largest customer base

• Increasing acceptance of DOCSIS standard• Increased deployment of hybrid fiber coax

systems• Aggressive marketing of cable modem services

stimulates demand

Cable Modem - Market Restraints

• Limited availability of cable modem services to residential customers

• Speed decrease due to shared nature of cable modem services

• Relatively expensive cost of service• Expensive cost of equipment purchase and

installation• Competition from ADSL services

Cable Modem - Market Restraints

• Limited availability of cable modem services to businesses

• Concerns over data security• Limited choices of Internet Service Providers

(ISPs) due to fight over open access• Low upstream transmission speeds discourage

the usage of cable modem services

What is a Cable Modem?

• CABLE - short for cable TV (CATV) network• MODEM - MOdulator-DEModulator• Cable modem

– Client device for providing 2 way communications (data, voice and video) over the ordinary cable TV network cables

• Downstream - Data flowing from the CMTS to the cable modem

• Upstream - Data flowing from the cable modem to the CMTS

How Do Cable Modems Work?• Connect the Cable Modem to the TV outlet for your cable TV• The cable TV operator connects a Cable Modem Termination

System (CMTS) at their end (the Head-End)– The CMTS is a central device for connecting the cable TV network to a data

network like the Internet

Upstream Demodulator QPSK/16-QAM

Downstream Modulator 64-QAM/256-QAM

Upstream Modulator QPSK/16-QAM

Downstream Demodulator64-QAM/256-QAM

CMTS (Head-End) Cable Modem

Cable Modem at the Subscriber Location

Data and Control Logic

MAC

One-to-Two Splitter

RF Tuner

QAM Modulator

QPSK/QAM Modulator

Set-Top Box

PC

PC

PC

Cable Modem

CPU & LAN

Controller

Tuner

DOCSISTransceiver

LPF

RAM Flash

SRAM

PGA

SAW

DOCSISMAC

10/100Ethernet

USB

HPNA 2.0

DOCSIS Cable Modem

• DOCSIS - Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification– The dominating cable modem spec that defines the technical specs for

both the cable modem and the CMTS• Architecture

– Tuner, transceiver (modulator/demodulator), MAC, CPU, interface

OSI Layer Stack-up for DOCSIS Cable Modem

OSIHigher Layers Applications

Transport Layer TCP/UDPNetwork Layer IP

Data Link LayerUpstream Downstream

TDMA (min-slots) QPSK/16-QAM

TDM (MPEG) 64/256-QAM

Physical Layer

DOCSIS

DOCSIS Control Messages

IEEE 802.2

Inside a Cable Modem• Tuner

– Connects directly to the CATV outlet– Converts TV channel to a fixed lower frequency (6-40 MHz)

• Normally a tuner with build-in diplexer is used, to provide both upstream and downstream signals through the same tuner

• Must be of sufficiently good quality to be able to receive the digitally modulated QAM signals

• A new concept of a silicon tuner is in the works– “Tuner on a chip”– Expected to cut the cost down quite a bit compared to a more

conventional tuner module– Companies

• Sharp, Temic, Panasonic

Inside a Cable Modem

• Demodulator– Performs analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion,

demodulation (QAM-64/256), Reed Solomon error correction and MPEG frame synchronization

• In the receive direction, the interface signal feeds a demodulator

– Companies• Broadcom, Conexant Systems, SGS Thomson, VLSI

Technologies/Philips, LSI Logic, Fujitsu

Inside a Cable Modem

• Burst modulator– Performs Reed Solomon encoding, modulation (QPSK/16-

QAM), frequency conversion, digital-to-analog conversion • In the transmit direction, a burst modulator feeds the tuner• The output signal is fed through a driver with variable output level, so

the signal level can be adjusted to compensate for the unknown cable loss

– Companies• Broadcom, Conexant Systems, Analog Devices, SGS Thomson

• Combined demodulator and burst modulator chips are also available– The integration race drives more functions into a single chip

Inside a Cable Modem• MAC (Media Access Control) sub-layer in the network

stack (runs on both the cable modem and head-end)– Extracts data from MPEG frames, filters data, protocol

execution, times transmission of upstream bursts– Sits between the receive and transmit paths– Can be implemented in hardware or split between hardware

and software– Assigns upstream frequency & data rate– Allocates time-slots (upstream bandwidth)– The MAC is complex compared to an Ethernet MAC– Requires CPU to handle MAC layer functions– Companies: Broadcom, Texas Instruments, Conexant

Inside a Cable Modem• Interface

– Data passes through the MAC and goes into the computer interface of the cable modem

– PCI bus, USB, Ethernet, HomePNA• CPU - microprocessor

– Required for external cable modems • Single-chip cable modem are emerging

– Combines the MAC, demodulator, burst modulator, CPU, Ethernet/HomePNA/PCI/USB interfaces

– Additional parts such as memory, tuner, analog, power supply will not be within the single-chip cable modem

QAM & QPSK

• QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation– A method of modulating digital signals using both

amplitude and phase coding• QPSK - Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying

– A method of modulating digital signals using four phase states to code two digital bits per phase shift

Downstream Data Channel in Cable Modem Physical Layer

• Downstream– The signal received by the cable modem from the CMTS

• Modulation– 64 QAM and 256 QAM

• Bandwidth– 6 MHz (USA) & 8 MHz (EU) occupied spectrum that coexists

with other signals in cable• Frequency

– 42-850 MHz (USA) and 65-850 MHz (EU)

Downstream Data Channel in Cable Modem Physical Layer

• Data rates– 27-56 Mbps

• Continuous stream of data with no implied framing, provides complete PHY and MAC decoupling

• Downstream data is received by all cable modems– The total bandwidth is shared between all active cable

modems on the system– Each cable modem filters out the data it needs from the stream

of data

Upstream Data Channel in Cable Modem Physical Layer

• Upstream– Data flowing from the cable modem to the CMTS– It is always in bursts– Many modems can transmit on the same frequency

• Modulation formats – QPSK (2 bits per symbol) and 16 QAM (4 bits per symbol)

• Bandwidth per channel– 2 MHz for a 3 Mbps QPSK channel

• Frequency– 5-65 MHz

Upstream Data Channel in Cable Modem Physical Layer

• Data rates – 320 kbps to 10 Mbps

• Transmit bursts of data in time slots (TDM)– Slots may be marked as reserved, contention or

ranging• One downstream is normally paired with a

number of upstream channels to achieve the balance in data bandwidths required

Standards & Technologies -Many Different

• 1st generation - proprietary systems• MCNS - Multimedia Cable Network System

– Limited partnership by formed by Comcast, Cox, TCI, Time Warner, MediaOne, Rogers Cable and CableLabs

• DOCSIS– Managed by CableLabs (certification program for vendors)

• IEEE 802.14• Products from different vendors must be interoperable

– Helps to develop a mass market for cable modems

Summary

• Cable modems provide high-speed Internet access

• Always-on connection• Cable data networks provide privacy, security,

data networking, Internet access and quality-of-service features

xDSL Modems

DSL Overview

Splitter(Voice & Data)

A - Rack of ADSL Line CardsB - Voice routed over PSTNC - Multiplexed Internet access

1.0Gps

xDSL Modem(Internal or external)

ADSL

Voice

freq

ADSL Equipment

• ADSL - employs existing Telco wiring• Digital Subscriber Local Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) located in

CO• DSL employs adaptive digital modulation technologies to achieve

increased data rates (1.5 Mbps - 8 Mbps)

DSL Market Trends• Typical telephone call lasts 3 minutes

– Internet traffic lasts 3+ hours with no increased revenue• Increased traffic requires increased investment in

switching equipment– DSL services enable local telco to generate revenue from

investments in additional switching equipment• Competition from digital ISPs causing steep reduction in

service costs– Digital ISPs include satellite & cable

DSL Market Trends

• Minimizing cost structures imperative to offering price competitive solutions

• Lowering DSLAM cost has greatest impact on total cost reduction– More channels provided than used– Line card is best target for cost reduction

• Spartan-II FPGAs deliver– Low cost / gate– Feature set

• Allows increased integration for lower total solution cost

DSL Technologies

DSL TypeDSL Type

ADSL (Asymmetrical)ADSL (Asymmetrical)

ADSL G.liteADSL G.lite

HDSL (High Bit Rate)HDSL (High Bit Rate)

HDSL (High Bit Rate)HDSL (High Bit Rate)

HDSL2HDSL2

RADSL (Rate Adaptive)RADSL (Rate Adaptive)

SDSL (Symmetrical)SDSL (Symmetrical)

VDSL (Very High Bit Rate)VDSL (Very High Bit Rate)

0.5 - 8 Mbps0.5 0.5 -- 8 Mbps8 Mbps

1 Mbps1 Mbps1 Mbps

1.544 Mbps1.544 Mbps1.544 Mbps



Variable to 12 MbpsVariable to 12 MbpsVariable to 12 Mbps

12 Kbps to 1.5 Mbps12 Kbps to 1.5 Mbps12 Kbps to 1.5 Mbps

25 Mbps to 50 Mbps25 Mbps to 50 Mbps25 Mbps to 50 Mbps

64 Kbps to 640 Kbps64 Kbps to 640 Kbps64 Kbps to 640 Kbps

128 Kbps128 Kbps128 Kbps




Variable to 1 MbpsVariable to 1 MbpsVariable to 1 Mbps

12 Kbps to 1.5 Mbps12 Kbps to 1.5 Mbps12 Kbps to 1.5 Mbps

25 Mbps to 50 Mbps25 Mbps to 50 Mbps25 Mbps to 50 Mbps

12K to 18K12K to 18K12K to 18K


12K on 2 pairs12K on 2 pairs12K on 2 pairs

12K on 3 pairs12K on 3 pairs12K on 3 pairs

12K on 1 pair12K on 1 pair12K on 1 pair


11.5K to 22K11.5K to 22K11.5K to 22K

3K3K3K

DownloadDownload UploadUpload Distance (feet)Distance (feet)

DSLChannels

PCI

SSTL-2/3 Translators

GTL/GTL+ Transceivers

Hot Swap Controllers

PLLs/ Clock Management

DSL Driver /Receiver Chip(s)

Memory

HDLCController

Processor

SystemController

PCI BackplaneInterface

High Performance Backplane

Generic DSL Line Card

DLL

CL IOB

IOB

IOB

IOB

IOB

IOBIOB

IOB

DLL

DLL DLL

CLCL

CL

. . .

. . .. .

.

. . .

CLB CLB

CLB CLB

RAM

RAM

RAM

RAM

I/O Routing Ring

I/O Routing Ring

True Dual-PortTM

4K bit RAM

Clock managementMultiply clockDivide clock

De-skew clock

Chip to BackplanePCI 33MHz 3.3VPCI 33MHz 5.0VPCI 66MHz 3.3VGTL, GTL+, AGP

Chip to MemoryHSTL-I , HSTL-IIIHSTL-IVSSTL3-I, SSTL3-IISSTL2-I, SSTL2-IICTT

Chip to ChipLVTTL, LVCMOS

Power-down modeConfiguration & register

state maintainedPower-down status pin

SelectI/OTM

Technology

Logic and Distributed RAM

Configurable Logic Block (CLB)Delay Locked Loop (DLL)

4Kx12Kx21Kx4512x8256x16

Block Memory

Power Management

Spartan-II Feature Rich ForDSL Solutions

Delay Locked Loops Lower Memory and Board Costs

Spartan-II Clock Management

1998 1999 2000

200 MHz Memory Continuum - Transparent Bandwidth

DSP Coeffic ientsSmall FIFOs

16x1

Distributed RAM

Large FIFOs Video Line BuffersCache Tag Memory

4Kx12Kx21Kx4512x8256x16

Block RAM

SDRAMSGRAM

PB SRAMDDR SRAMZBT SRAMQDR SRAM

External MemoryInterface

Memory Corner

Free Reference DesignsMemory Corner

Memory Corner

Free Reference Designs


Spartan-II Memory Solutions

Spartan-IITrue Dual-Port

Block RAM

Port A

Port BWR

WR

WR

RW Data Flow Spartan-II

A to B YesB to A YesA to A YesB to B Yes

Spartan-II Block RAM• True Dual-port Static RAM - 4K bits

– Independently configurable port data width– 4K x 1; 2K x 2; 1K x 4; 512 x 8; 256 x 16

– Fast synchronous read and write• 2.5-ns clock-to-output with 1-ns input address/data setup

• Collaboration between Xilinx and major memory vendors to providecomprehensive web-based memory solutions

• Free reference designs (VHDL/Verilog)• SRAM, DRAM & embedded FPGA memory solutions• Data sheets, app notes, tutorials, FAQs, design guidelines

Memory Corner

Memory Corner Offers

Free Reference DesignsMemory Corner Offers


Spartan-II - System Integration

DSLChannels

PCI




Memory

SystemController


DS3134CN8478

Bt8471/2

PSB2110PM7380

$10 $10 -- $120$120

$6

$4

$3

$3

MPC107GT64130

$16 $16 -- $65$65

PCI9610PCI9054S5933S5920GT64115

$12 $12 -- $25$25



HDLCController


Processor

Generic DSL Line Card

DSLChannels



Memory



XC2S100XC2S100$9.95$9.95

PCI

XC2S100XC2S100$9.95$9.95Hot Swap Controllers

Processor



HDLCController

SystemController

Generic DSL Line CardLogic and Interface Savings By Using Spartan-II FPGAs

Spartan-II IP Solutions for HDLC Controllers

• Spartan-II + HDLC Controller IP = Programmable HDLC Controller Solution

• AllianceCORE partners– Memec Design Services

• Single channel XF-HDLC controller core – CoreEl Microsystems

• PPP8 HDLC (CC318f) controller core

• The two IP solutions are crafted to cater to different applications

Spartan-II IP Solutions for HDLC Controllers

AllianceCORE Partners Memec Design Services CoreEl Microsystems

Products/Cores Single Channel XF-HDLC Controller CC318f - PPP8 HDLCSpecification Standard International ISO/IEC3309 RFC1619 PPP over SONETAddress Recognition N.A. N.A.

Data Rate DC to 53Mbps (STS-1) N.A.CRC/FCS 16- & 32- Bit 16- & 32- Bit

FIFO customization Yes N.A.DMA customization Yes N.A.

Multiple HDLC Scaling Yes YesSynchronous Full N.A.

Features full duplex operation allowed

supports programmable address, control, protocol fields; supports 8-

bit pkt & framer interface; error detection statist ics

Memec Design Services

Single-Channel XF-HDLC Controller Block Diagram

CoreEL MicroSystems

CC318f HDLC Controller (Transmitter) Block Diagram

CoreEL MicroSystems

CC318f HDLC Controller (Receiver) Block Diagram

The Spartan-II Competitive Advantage: Data Rate/Throughput

• HDLC controller solution data throughput– Spartan-II

• 53Mbps– Typical HDLC controller ASSP data throughput

• ~ 2.5 - 8.192Mbps

• HDLC controller solution CRC– Spartan-II

• 16-bit and 32-bit provided– Typical HDLC controller ASSP

• No flexibility

The Spartan-II Competitive Advantage: 100k Unit Cost

• Typical HDLC controller ASSP– ~$4.56 (1 channel)– ~$60 - $120 (multi channel)

• Spartan-II HDLC controller solution– ~$3.95 (1 channel)– ~$10 (multi channel)

The Spartan-II Solution has a Clear Competitive Advantage over Stand-alone ASSPs

0.5

1

0.1

External PLD7K Gates

External DLLs, memories, Controllers and translators

Standard Chip

Rela

tive

Com

pone

nt C

ost

PCI ASSPPCI Master

and Slave I/F

XC2S30-5 PQ20815K Gates Logic

PCI Master I/F

Solution <$6Solution <$6

Spartan-II FPGAs Lower Overall System Cost

A Successful Programmable Solution

Spartan-II + Soft IP = Programmable ASSP

Programmable ASSP - Value• Time to market• Flexibility• Field upgradability• Address lower volume strategic applications• Distribution and inventory management

Conclusions on Digital Modems

• Demand for greater Internet bandwidth is driving the need for digital modem solutions– Satellite, ISDN, cable, xDSL

• Fierce competition spawns wide range of ASSPs• ASSPs require system glue logic• Spartan-II FPGA provides higher densities, increased

features and maximum flexibility at low costs

• Spartan-II + Soft IP = Programmable ASSP

The Digital Modem Evolves Into The Residential GatewaysHome Networking using a Digital Modem

New Dimensions to Home Internet Access

• Internet revolution – New ways to communicate, entertain & educate– Millions of users rushing to Gain Internet access

• Applications & services are fueling demand for high-speed Internet access– E-mail, instant messaging, shopping, games, research

• Home users are embracing a variety of new services– Broadband access will evolve to bring new dimensions to the

Internet experience

Convergence Is Happening!

• Invisible computing embedded within everyday devices– Increasing intelligence of everyday appliances

• Digital revolution– Infrastructure: Circuit-switched to IP-based networks– Analog TV to Digital TV

• Internet is ubiquitous– Being deployed within commercial channels

• Business-to-Business commerce, secure transaction processing, banking

• Deregulation of global infrastructure– Multiple industries such as telecom, cable and utilities

* - Dataquest, ** - Yankee Group, *** - Forrester Research

The Push for Home Networking• Rapid growth in multiple-PC household penetration

– PC penetration exceeds 50% in US households– Multi-PC/household growth (U.S.): 15M (1998) to 26M(2003) *

• Increasing Internet usage– Internet usage growth (U.S.): 20% (1997) to 47% (2001) **

• Demand for Broadband– Broadband penetration growth (U.S.): less than 1M (1998) to

more than 15M (2002) ***• Info-appliance Invasion

– Increased Sharing of digital content inside the home

History Repeats Itself Again...

• Television– There was a time when one television set per home was

considered a luxury– Today 76% of US households have two or more television sets– Three factors contributed to multiple TV ownership

• Purchase of newer/bigger/ better television• Additional television to reduce conflicts over TV use• Television in bedroom / kitchen

– Replace the word “TV” with “PC” and history repeats itself again!

Source: Cahners In-Stat Group

Worldwide Home Network & Residential Gateway Forecast

Residential GatewayThe Key Ingredient For Home Networking

• RGs provide integration of different broadband access types & different home networking solutions– Broadband access

• ISDN, satellite, xDSL & cable modems– Home networking solutions

• No new wires– HomePNA, HomePlug

• Wireless– Bluetooth, HomeRF, wireless LANs (IEEE802.11 & HiperLAN2)

• New wires– Ethernet, IEEE 1394

Four Aspects to Home Networking

Market Requirements and Solutions Available

BroadbandAccess

BroadbandAccess

ResidentialGateway

ResidentialGateway

HomeNetworking

Technologies

HomeNetworking

Technologies

InformationApplicationNetworks

InformationApplicationNetworks

Market RequirementsMarket Requirements Solutions AvailableSolutions Available

High Speed Access for Data, Voice and Video, Always on, Simultaneous Up-link &Down-link Communication,

Support Simultaneous and Multi-User Access

Provides Access into the Home, Remote Management Access

Platform, Bridging between Different Networks, Firewall and Security, E-

Services Capabilities

Low Cost, Speed, Mobility, Quality of Service, Security, Reliability,

Ubiquity, Ease of Use

Digital electronics with advanced computational capabilities that add more value and convenience when

networked

xDSL, Cable, Powerline, Satellite, Mobile/Wireless

Open System Gateway initiative (OSGI), Jini, UPnP, HAVi, DVI

No new wires (Phonelines, Powerlines), New wires (Ethernet, 1394, USB2.0,

Optic Fiber), Wireless (HomeRF, Bluetooth, Wireless LAN)

Digital TV, HDTV, set-top box, internet screen phones, digital VCR, gaming

consoles, MP3 players, cordless phones, security systems, utility

meters, PCs, web pads & terminals, PDAs, digital cameras, auto PCs etc.

RGs - An Integral Part of Broadband Access & Home Networking

Source: Cahners In-Stat

Wide Area Network

ATM

SONET

WDM

IP Switching

BroadbandAccess Network

ADSLCable

Satellite

Fixed Wireless

Powerline Television

Home Networking Technology(HPNA, RF, Powerline,

Firewire, Ethernet)

ResidentialGateway

Broadband Based or Digital Modems RGs

• Broadband termination device that has incorporated the necessary routing functions within one device

• ADSL or cable termination device with routing capabilities

• Digital modem that has evolved to incorporate the necessary functionality to be a RG

• Gateway is sold in conjunction with DSL services– Can be partially or completely subsidized– Consumer installs the gateway

• The service provider saves the cost of a truck roll

• Not dependent upon a PC

Broadband Centric orDigital Modems RGs

• Built to support one specific home networking technology – HomePNA, Ethernet, USB or wireless– Future technology advancements require buying another

gateway & reconfiguration of the home network• Examples

– 2Wire Inc. - Product: HomePortal• Provides support for both HomePNA & HomeRF solutions• Platform for PC networking, communications convergence & distributed

entertainment content• Remotely manageable

– Cayman ADSL 3220H router/RG– Cisco uBR924 Cable router/RG

RG - An Incremental Deployment

From Digital Modems to Residential Gateway

Home Networking is Here!

First Generation RGs

• Not IP based devices & have low bandwidth• Types

– Digital set-top box RGs• Broadcast TV into the home

– Utility-centric RGs• Enable automated meter reading (AMR), energy

optimization, home automation, management & monitoring– PCs– Gaming consoles

Second Generation RGs• Devices that bridge one WAN pipe to one LAN

connection• Configurations include

– Digital modems connected to a PC – Or, stand alone devices with the intelligence to handle all of

these functions without the aid of a PC• Conduct majority of routing functions & IP address mgmt• Broadband access termination devices with integrated

LAN hubbing routing functionality– Example: Cayman’s ADSL 3220H router/RG– Example: General Instruments-Motorola’s DCT 5000+

Advanced Interactive Digital Consumer Terminal

Second Generation RGs

• PC-based architecture RG– Example: Ericsson’s E-Box

• Set-top box RG– Has the necessary home routing functionality– Example: Next level Communications N3 RG

• Smart phones– Example: Global Converging Technologies or Home Wireless

Networks, Cisco, Alcatel, Nokia, Nortel, Ericsson• Targeted by service providers & equipment OEMs for

wide scale deployment as RGs in the next 2-3 years

Third Generation• Multi-service home gateways• Have capabilities to terminate

– Multiple types of WAN connections (wireless, DSL, cable)– Multiple LAN connections (Ethernet, RF, HPNA, powerline)

• More expensive given the high degree of modularity• Will be owned by the consumer

– Service providers do not inherently share CPE equipment– Unless channel & pricing model changes this is not realistic

• Example– Sharegate’s RG

Third Generation

• These devices do not exist today but will evolve based on products available today

• Features– Modular in design– Multiple WAN termination of media types such as wireless,

xDSL or cable supported– Multiple LAN/home networking technologies supported

• Less apt to becoming obsolete with future technology changes– Deliver telephony/voice services– Easier to set up– Remote management is possible

Possibilities Within The Gateway

• Different combinations are available to suit different particular home networking needs– Depends on broadband access technologies

• xDSL, cable, ISDN, satellite, mobile/cellular phones, analog phonelines

– Depends on in-home network technologies• Phoneline, powerline, Ethernet, IEEE-1394/Firewire,

HomeRF, Bluetooth, wireless LANs (IEEE-802.11 & HiperLAN2)

Xilinx Envisioned Gateway Model• Single “small” box• Enable high-speed, two-way

Internet, voice & video communication– Distribution of broadband

services within the house/small office

– Seamless connection & simultaneous operational capabilities

• Multiple digital phone (VoDSL) lines– Separate telephone & data

lines

• Allow secure access – From any Internet-accessible

remote location via any standard Web browser

• Firewall security protection• Affordable price points• Minimize truck rolls

– Management software for remote provisioning, service management, diagnostics, software upgrades

Viterbi Decoder

TunerInterface

Flash

SystemInterconnectivity

CPU

ADC

RAM

Data


Clock Generator

Q - Channel Input

I - Channel Input

QPSK/BPSK Demodulator

ADC

Synch & De-Interleaver

Reed-Solomon Decoder Descrambler

Clock

De-Interleaver RAM

MPEGTransport & A/V

RF In

I/O

Decryption MPEG A/VVideo Encoder

RAMVIDEO AUDIO

Satellite Modems

DRAM

PCMCIA Interface

FLASH Adapter/ SDRAM Interface

FLASH Memory

UART

RS-XXXInterface

ISDN “U” or “S”Interface

I/O Control

CPU

HomePNA MAC

HomePNA PHY

ISDN Modems

DecryptionConditional

Access

Flash

CableMAC/SAR

8-/16-/32- bitMicrocontroller

FECMemory

4 voice channels or 1 video & 1 voice channel

Tuner

SAW

Analog IF/AGC

ADC

QAMDemodulator

FECDecoder

DAC QPSK/16QAMModulator

FECEncoder

10/100 Base-TX Ethernet MAC

Power Supply

MII

SDRAMController

10/100 Base-TX Transceiver

HomePNA Analog Front End (AFE)

USBTransceiver UTP

RJ-45

IP Telephony

USB DeviceController

DMA Interrupt Controller &

Central Arbiter

Encryption

DMA

Clock Generator & DLLs

Inter

face

Flash Controller

SDRAM

SRAM

IP Security Module(DES & Triple-DES)UART

Direct TDM CODECInterface

SDRAMController

In

Cable Modem Residential Gateway

Smart Card

ADSL Central Office Home

POTS Splitter

Telephone

ADSL Modem

CPE

PC

Set-top box, hard disk &

TV

DSLAM

Internet Proxy

IP Router & ATM Sw itch

VoD Serv er & Softw are

Scrambler

Descrambler

Broadcast Translator

Satellite, cable or terrestrial

ADSL Broadcast Solution

UTOPIAor ISA

PCI

UTOPIA I/F or ATM

Expansion Bus

InterfaceDRAM

Controller

8 KB Internal SRAM

PCI Bus Interface

32-bit Processor

8 MHz Oscillator


Network Interface

Block

Hasher Lis t

Manager

DSL Driver/

Receiver Chipset

10/100 Base-TX Ethernet

MAC

MII

10/100 Base-TX

Transceiver

HomePNA

DRAM

DSL Modem Home Gateway

Digital Signal Processor

Memory

Line Driver, Receiv er & Amplifiers

HDLC Framer

To line & POTS splitter

A-to-D & D-to-A Converters,

Filters, Amplifiers

Analog Front End Equalizer, Reed-

Solomon FEC Encoder/Decoder,

Interleaver, Modulator, Demodulator, Packet

Format Logic

Line Driver/ Receiv er

DSLTransceiver

10/100 Base-TX Ethernet MAC MII



RJ-45

Sy stem Controller

USBTransceiver UTPUSB Device

Controller

Interface



DSL CPE (Customer Premise Equipment )

Summary• Spartan-II FPGAs are ideal solutions for digital modems• Digital modems will evolve into the next generation

residential gateways to network your home– The digital revolution and the Internet are forcing broadband

access to the home– Home networking will cause bridging the technology islands in

the home today– This gateway evolution could be part of a PC or set-top box

• In the chaotic home networking market Spartan-II FPGAswill become the heart of the system– Reprogrammability allows time-to-market

ExtraV.90/56K Modems - Analog PhonelinesBroadband Access in Hotel Rooms

V.90 Modem - Analog Phonelines

• Modem designed to operate with dial-up telephone lines worldwide– Supports high-speed analog data, high speed fax &

audio/voice operation• Integrated modem is host controlled

– Reduces chip count since there is no need for a separate microcontroller

V.90 Modem - Analog Phonelines• Data speeds up to 56Kbps from a digitally connected

central site modem - V.90 enabled– Taking advantage of the PSTN which is primarily digital except

for the client modem to CO local loop • Modem is ideal for remote access applications such as ISP, online

service, or corporate site

• Data can be sent upstream at speeds up to 33.6Kbps– As a V.34 data modem, the modem operates at line speeds up

to 33.6Kbps– Provides error correction – Provides data compression

• Maximizes data transfer integrity & boost average data throughput to 115.2Kbps

AnalogPhone

Modem AFE (Analog

Front End )DSP CPU

DAA (Data Access Arrangement)

RAM

RS-232,Ethernet, USB, PCI, PCMCIA, etc.

ROM

Bus Interface

Analog Modems

Broadband Access in Hotel Rooms• Business travelers are driving the demand for broadband

in hotels– They are frustrated by slow dial-up Internet connections while

on the road• A New class of service providers (SPs) are focusing on

rolling out broadband to hotels by establishing mini points of presence (Mini-POPs) in the buildings– Mini-POPs are smaller scale versions of the aggregation

devices that sit in the telecom provider's central office– SPs are targeting large chains first so that they can win the

rights to wire hundreds of buildings per contract

Broadband Access in Hotel Rooms

• Fees for hotel room broadband service will vary – Some chains will use a per night charge– Others will charge by the minute– Some will employ a flat rate per stay

• Many hotels are also planning to deploy broadband in conference rooms– This allows SPs to peddle value added services such

as virtual private networking (VPN) and e-commerce

Broadband Access in Hotel Rooms

• A recent study by Cahners In-Stat found that:– 48% of hotels plan to deploy broadband in the next 12

months • 73% of hotels are considering delivering high-speed

Internet access to their guestrooms• 82% of hotels with over 60% business clientele are

considering rolling out broadband to customers’ rooms

Residential GatewayThe Key Ingredient For Home Networking

• RGs provide integration of different broadband access types & different home networking solutions– Broadband access: xDSL & cable modems

• Each modem offers an Ethernet port for connecting one PC• Increasing number of households have multiple computers

– Tech-savvy users may install Ethernet hub and pull Cat5 cabling to each computer

– Most users will not find this a viable option due to installation obstacles or cost

– Home networking solutions: HomePNA, HomePlug, HomeRF, Wireless LANs, IEEE 1394

Satellite Modem Block Diagram

Satell i te Interface

Flash

CPURAM


RF In

MPEG A/V

Video Encoder

VIDEO

Ethernet / USB

System Interconnectiv ity , Memory Controller,

Decryption

PCIAUDIO

Components: Tuner, A/D converters, QPSK demodulator, Viterbi decoder, Reed-Solomon FEC, processor interface. Single chip ASSPs prov ided by Broadcom & Conex ant

32-bit RISC processor, provided by IDT, MIPS, ARM

FLASH/SDRAMController

FLASH

RS-232

CPU

RAM

Ethernet

U Interface Transceiver

Analog Phone

ISDN Line

Serial TDM Bus

ASSPs provided by Motorola, Infineon, National, Lucent

ASSPs provided by Analog Devices, Texas Instruments

Processors for protocol processing are provided by Philips, Dallas Semiconductor

ISDN CPE - Block Diagram

VoiceCODEC

VoiceCODEC

System Glue / Local Interface (PCMCIA, RS232, Ethernet, USB,

HomePNA)

U InterfaceTransceiver

Cable Modem - Block Diagram

Interface & Memory Controller

CPU & LAN Controller

Tuner DOCSISTransceiver

RAM Flash

DOCSISMAC

USB

HPNA 2.0

Connects directly to the CATV outlet & converts TV channel to a fix ed lower frequency (6-40 MHz) ASSPs provided by: Sharp,Temic, Panasonic

CPU is prov ided by ARM, MIPS, PowerPC

Cable MAC ex tracts data from MPEG frames, filters data, protocol ex ecution,

times transmission of upstream bursts. ASSPs are provided by Texas

Instruments, Broadcom, Conexant

Performs A/D, D/A, modulation, demodulation (QAM-64/256),

Reed Solomon FEC and MPEG frame synchronization. ASSPs

are provided by Broadcom, Conexant, SGS Thomson, LSI

Logic, VLSI Technologies /Philips, Fujitsu, Analog Dev ices

HDLCControllers

$16 $16 -- $50$50

SystemController

$8 $8 -- $15$15


DSLChannels




Memory


DS3134CN8478Bt8471/2

PSB2110PM7380

$6$6

$4$4

$3$3

$3$3

MPC107GT64130

PCI9610PCI9054S5933S5920GT64115



Processor

xDSL Line Card - Block Diagram$10 $10 -- $80$80

HDLCControllers

DSLChannels




Memory

SystemController




HDLCController


Processor

xDSL Line Card - Block Diagram

$6$6

$9.95$9.95

DecryptionConditional

Access

Flash

CableMAC/SAR

FECMemory

4 voice channels or 1 video & 1 voice channel

Tuner

SAW

Analog IF/AGC

ADC

QAMDemodulator

FECDecoder

DAC QPSK/16QAMModulator

FECEncoder

10/100 Base-TX Ethernet MAC

Power Supply

MII

SDRAMController



USBTransceiver

IP Telephony

USB DeviceController

DMA Interrupt Controller &

Central Arbiter

Encryption

DMA


Inter

face

Flash Controller

SDRAM

SRAM

IP Security Module(DES & Triple-DES)UART

Direct TDM CODECInterface

SDRAMController

In

Cable Modem Residential Gateway

8-/16-/32- bitMicrocontroller

UTOPIAor ISA

PCI

UTOPIA I/F or ATM

Expansion Bus

InterfaceDRAM

Controller

8 KB Internal SRAM

PCI Bus Interface

32-bit Processor 8 MHz

Oscillator


Network Interface

Block

Hasher Lis t

Manager

DSL Driver/

Receiver Chipset

10/100 Base-TX Ethernet

MAC

MII

10/100 Base-TX

Transceiver

HomePNA

DRAM

DSL Modem Home Gateway

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