Prof.N.Anastasiu Workshop – Shale Gas – EU – Oct.9 th 2012 Prof. Dr. Nicolae Anastasiu Cor....

Prof.N.Anastasiu Workshop – Shale Gas – EU – Oct.9th 2012

Prof. Dr. Nicolae AnastasiuCor. Member of Romanian Academy

- a challenge for the future -


Contents,

•Introduction

1.Unconventional Resources Types

2.Investigation methods

3.Unconventional Gas Description

4.Case Studies – Eastern Europe

5.Outcrops and wells – the Carpathians

6.Gas Shales features – the Carpathians

•Conclusions


Conventional versus unconventional! What is difference?

Petroleum system means:

- Source rock for HC; Shales- Reservoir, sandstones and

limestones- Seal; shales or salt- Trap

Introd

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Methods3.UG-

Descrip4. Case-EastEur

5. Out-Wells Data

6.GS features

Conclusion-SWOT

Thermo-gas=unconv

Bio-gas=conv

Thermo-Gas Reservoir=unconv.modified


Oil sands - McMurray Fm. model –Canada, Atabaska

Gas shales – Barnett, Marcellus, Utica models

Tight sand (tight gas)

Methane Hydrate ( in sediments – sea, and ocean)

Coal Bed Methane (CBM) = Coalbed gas = Coal seam gas (CSG)

Unconventional resources – a future alternative

Production in 2010 was 283 billion cubic feet per day

A new technology !

Introd

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Methode3.UG-


5. Out-Wells Data

6.GS features

Conclusion-SWOT


27,2 8,8 11,6 12,5 (364,9)U.S.A. Canada Europe China Implied rest of

world

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

24

11

9

19

34

TightCBMShale Mean of estimate

Shale Gas in place, by Rogner (AWR) - 2009

Tcm

Introd

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6.GS features

Conclusion-SWOT


Conventional plays Unconventional plays

Accumulations in medium to highlyporous reservoir with sufficientpermeability to allow gas to flow toWellbore

Deposits of natural gas found inrelatively impermeable rock formations(tight sands, shale and coal beds)

Vertical or horizontal completions Key technologies are horizontal drillingand modern fraccing techniques

Production from formation matrix,natural flow

Production from natural and inducedfractures (e.g shales are the sourcerock)

Permeability and porosity determineproduction rates and estimatedultimate recoveries

Total organic carbon (TOC), thermal maturity and mineralogy determine reservoir and ultimate completion

Development plans on a field basis Development plans on a well by well

Introd

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5. Out-Wells Data

6.GS features

Conclusion-SWOT


1. Map location

2. Topo.. .GPS position (Lat/Long/Elev)

3. Facies descriptions

4. Boundaries, extension

5. Sampling

An example

...and description,related to:

Investigation related to GS will be by outcrops records Objectives and methods

Introd

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5. Out-Wells Data

6.GS features

Conclusion-SWOT


Wells Logs

Investigation by Core and Well Log –records (to use in sequence analysis)

Introd

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Methods3.UG-


5. Out-Wells Data

6.GS features

Conclusion-SWOT


Oil sands (bituminous sands)

Location : Canada, Kazakhstan, Rusia, Madagascar, SUA; Fort McMurray = 3 400 km2

Reserves: Canada, Alberta: 177 Md barili,

Status: semisolide, viscosity is high (10 000 centipoise) = extra heavy oil

Exploitation: open pit (quarry); or pit by hundred meters - green house effect. Production: in 2006 = 1,26 mil barili/zi (44% from total in Canada; 80 new

Projects)

Profit = 21,75 $/barili (conventional oil=12,41$/baril)

Secondary recovery- heavy metals: vanadiu, nickel, plumb, zinc, cobalt, mercur, crom, cadmiu, seleniu, cupru, mangan.

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5. Out-Wells Data

6.GS features

Conclusion-SWOTIntrod


Workers....and machineries

McMurray Fm. - Oil sands Alberta

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5. Out-Wells Data

6.GS features



from Gas shales to Shale gas

Location: in 48 de basins, 32 countries, cu 70 de shale formations: USA, Canada, Rusia, Venezuela, Australia, Argentina, China, Egipt…..tens to hundred km2.

Reserves: 15 Tmc mondial, UE=2,4 Tmc, China (36,1 Tmc), SUA (24,4 Tmc) si Argentina (21,9 Tmc).

Status: v.low permeability-10 nanodarcy, porosity is low, brittle rocks.

Depth (burrial condition): 3000-3500 m, with slates, and black shales.

Exploitation by drilling, and wells – horisontal, and hydraulic fracturing.

Production: 11 Tcf (cca 4 Md m3--2020 in the world; in SUA, 2010 – 20% din total ; 50% form total for 2035,

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unconventional

conventional

Introd

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6.GS features

Conclusion-SWOT

Source: EIA


FranceGerman

y Holland UK Sweden Norway Poland HungaryRomani

a Ucraine

Reserves: Trmc - 3,1 0,57 1,16 2,35 5,3 0,54 1,19

Geological Age mil.y

Miocene15

Mako Miocene Shales

Cretaceous 80 Weald Clay

Jurasic 150 Alum

ShalePosidonia Shale

Posidonia Shale

Carbonifer

320

Shale

Namurian

marine Shales

Devonian 360

Devonian shales

Silurian

420

Bituminous

Slate

Black shales-

graptolites

Black shales

Cambrian 520

Alum shale

Age of Gas Shales formations / Countries/Reserves

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Gas Shales – from concept to capitalisation

What means Gas Shales?

What properties GS have – a condition for succes!

Where we can find GS in Romania?

- Geological units;- Geological age;- Potential Sedimentary Formations.

Synonym= “șisturile bituminoase = bit. slate”, = argilele bituminoase,= “argilele negre = black shale” = argilite (=slate) etc. și, alte petrotipuri generatoate de hidrocarburi : = “rocile sursă (=source rock)“ sau “rocile mamă“ All with captiv natural gas.

A potential for shale gas are:

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Gas Shales – What properties GS have – a condition for success!.

- lutit and silt grain size;- bulk and clay mineralogy ;- silica (quartz clasts); - organic matter: kerogen, bitumen;- TOC, and Ro=vitrinite reflectance;

- marin, lake or delta facies;- permeability and porosity;- petrophysic properties;

- thermal maturity

- joints-faults:- Geomecanic: Young Modul,

Poisson Ratio.

...hydraulic fracture

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Where is gas locate?

Microporosity, SEM

Organic Matter

Fluorescenţă UV

Intergranular space Intracrystal voids Microfractures

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Tight sands (and Tight gas ) very low permeability

It is stuck in a very tight formation underground, trapped in unusually impermeable, hard rock, or in a sandstone or limestone formation that is

unusually impermeable and non-porous.

Location: many countries - USA, Canada, Rusia,Venezuela,Australia, Argentina, China, Egipt…..on hundred-thousand SqKm.

Reserves: 100 000 x 109 m3, in SUA- 1600 reservoires, 900 gas filelds.

Status: very low permeability (1 nanodarcy), and effective porosity - in sandstones, limestones.

Depth, and burial: 3000-3500 m, versus conventional gas, la 1000- 1500 m. Extraction: by secondary recovery, with horisontal drilling, and hydraulic

fracturing. Production: in SUA, din 40000 wells = 2-3 Trilioane cf=0,8-1 Md m3/an.

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Gas


50-100 m aquifer

3000 m-gasTight gas

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Tight Sands

CO2

SecondaryRecovery:

De la 30…la 70%

We can solve green house effect!

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gas

1-C.Or 2-Pl.Mo. 3-Pl.Mold. 4-Dep.Bar. 5-Dep.Get. 6-Dep.Pann. 7-B.Trans.

oil

Gas shales

Gas shales

Gas shales

Gas shales

Gas shales

Gas shales

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

• mobile alpine regions (Carpathian chain and North Dobrogea area),

• intermountain basins (Transylvanian and Pannonian basins)• pre-alpine cratons (Moesian, Scythian and Moldavian Platforms).


Olig-Dysodile Oil-Schists

The Eastern Carpathians

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Source:Univ.Report-2011/12


I-Research and Prospecting

Permit is non-exclusive;It does not assure any further exploration and/or exploitation rights.

II – ExplorationIt is exclusive and It assures the further exploitation rights

(preemption right);

III - Exploitation


Recognise-researchEvaluation

Exploration-Development

High risk

Low risk

Cost-

DocumentationProspecting

Data aquisition

Tests

Framework development

Production start

Decision I

Decision II

Extraction

Exploration and exploitation stage. Risk and cost.

Environmental impact –risk studies

Regulatory framework and energy policies

The Carpathians area

Europe

USA, China etc


Equipment and technology


Hydraulic Fracturing

Water Microseism(vibrations)

‘60-70 years


Conventional

Unconventional – shale gas

Source rock

Shale thermo-gas reservoir

Reservoir conv.

bioGas

wateroil

Water

Aquifer – 150 m

- 3000 m

>1000 – 5000 m3 of water per stage= 2-3 Olympic pool


Drilling Mud CompositionWater-based drilling mud most commonly consists of: bentonite clay (gel) with additives such as ;barium sulfate (barite), calcium carbonate (chalk) or hematite. Various thickeners are used to influence the viscosity of the fluid, e.g. - --

xanthan gum, guar gum, glycol, carboxymethylcellulose, polyanionic cellulose (PAC), orstarch. In turn, deflocculants are used to reduce viscosity of clay-based muds; anionic polyelectrolytes (e.g. acrylates, polyphosphates, lignosulfonates ; (Lig) ortannic acid derivates such as Quebracho.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentonite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_sulfate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thickener

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthan_gum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guar_gum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxymethylcellulose

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflocculant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyelectrolyte

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphosphate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignosulfonates

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannic_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebracho_tannin


Compound Purpose Common application

AcidsHelps dissolve minerals and initiate fissure in rock

Swimming pool cleaner

SodiumAllows a delayed breakdown of the gel polyner

Table salt

PolyacrylamideMinimizes the friction between fluid and pipe

Water treatment, soil conditioner

Ethylene Glycol Prevents scale deposits in the pipeAutomotive anti-freeze, deicing agent, household cleaners

Borate SaltsMaintains fluid viscosity as temperature inscreases

Laundry detergent, hand soap, cosmetics

Sodium / Potassium CarbonateMaintains effectiveness of other components, such as crosslinkers

Washing soda, detergent, soap, water softener, glass, ceramics

Glutaraldehyde Eliminates bacteria in the waterDisinfectant, sterilization of medical and dental equipment

Guar GumThickens the water to suspend the sand

Thickener in cosmetics, baked goods, ice cream, toothpaste, sauces

Citric AcidPrevents precipitation of metal oxides

Food additive, food and beverages, lemon juice

IsopropanolUsed to increase the viscosity of the fracture fluid

Glass cleaner, antiperspirant, hair coloring

0,05 % Aditive products


The Eastern Carpathians, BuzăuValley

10-Disodile inf.

16-Disodile inf.

77-Disodile inf.

15-Disodile inf.

112-Disodile inf.

14-Disodile inf.

21-Disodile inf.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

CrCo PbCu

Olig-Dysodile Oil-Schists

VanadiuCromNichel

PlumbCupru

Cu Pb Zn Co NiMn Mo Cr Be VSc Sb Sn Bi GeCd Ag B Ba GaSr As Ti Zr

Heavy Metals


Clastic-

sand, sa

ndastone

Shale

sMarl

s

Limest

one

Igneo

us

Metamorp

hic02468

1012

40K-% 238-U 232-Th

Natural rocks radioactivity

Natural rocks radioactivity


Hydraulic fracturing .....effect....impact: a microseismicity


Seismic scale


Monitoring – Norme- regulatory revision


A summary

The basic conditions thought to account for the genesis, accumulation and preservation of gas shales are present in many European geological units; Many unconv. gas fields have been discovered in these units.

There is a good understanding of the geological formations locatedbetween 0 and 3500 m, which are mainly of a Neogene age.

Less well understood are the geological formations deeper than 3500/4000 m, which are basically pre-Neogene.

Many shales with good petrophysical gas reservoir parameters exist from the Paleozoic to the Tertiary. The best is Silurian (Paleozoic)

There is a large variety of traps. The predominant type is stratigraphic (lithologic) and structural.

The oil and gas fields can be considered as small to medium in size but occurring with a remarkable frequency (comparative with US, China…)

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The questions confronting the explorationist are:1. where are these new fields located ?

2. how can they be discovered? 3. would these be commercial discoveries?

1. The best opportunities are in deeper than 1,500 – 2 000 m seated gas shales reservoirs onshore and offshore.

2. By data accumulated up to the present (reconsideration old data according to new concept - processes, sequence stratigraphy…depositional systems….)

3.The new possibilities offered by modern seismic techniques in the field of data acquisition and data processing (3D and soft…..), improvement of new log operations….

3. A refined geological interpretation……can lead to new commercial discoveries everywhere in the world.

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References, Anastasiu N., Branzila M., Filipescu S., Roban R., Seghedi A.,- 2011- Geological Report. Arhiva Dept. Mineralogy.Badics, B., Vetö. I., 2012. Source rocks and petroleum systems in the Hungarian part of the Pannonian Basin: The potential for shale gas

and shale oil plays. Marine and Petroleum Geology 31, 53-69.Dicea, O., 1996, Tectonic setting and hydrocarbon habitat of the Romanian external Carpathians, in Ziegler, P.A., and Horvath, F., eds.,

Peri-Tethys Memoir 2. Structure and prospects of Alpine basins and forelands: Memoires du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle 170, Paris, p. 403–425.

Krezsek, C., 2011. Petroleum System of Romania. AAPG ER Newsletter, June 2011: 4-7Krézsek, C., Bally, A.W., 2006. The Transylvanian Basin (Romania) and its relation to the Carpathian fold and thrust belt: insights in

gravitational salt tectonics. Marine and Petroleum Geology 23, 405–442.Krézsek, C., Filipescu, S., Silye, L, Matencu, L., Doust, H., 2010. Miocene facies associations and sedimentary evolution of the Southern

Transylvanian Basin (Romania): Implications for hydrocarbon exploration. Marine and Petroleum Geology 27, 191-214.Krezsek, C., Lange, S., Olaru, R., Ungureanu, C., Namaz, P., Dudus, R., Turi, V. 2012. Non-Conventional Plays in Romania: the

Experience of OMV Petrom. SPE 153028, SPE/EAGE European Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition, Vienna 20-22 March, 2012.

Mațenco, L., Krézsek, C., Merten, S., Schmid, S.M., Cloetingh, S., Andriessen, P., 2010. Characteristics of collisional orogens with low topographic build‐up: an example from the Carpathians. Terra Nova 22, 155–165.

Seghedi, A., Vaida, M., Iordan, M. and Verniers, J., 2005. Palaeozoic evolution of the Moesian Platform, Romania: an overview. Geologica Belgica, 8: 99-120.

Sachsenhofer, R.F., Koltun, Y.V., 2012. Black shales in Ukraine – a review. Marine and Petroleum Geology 31, 125-136.Ştefănescu, M., Dicea, O., Butac, A., and Ciulavu, D. 2006. Hydrocarbon Geology of the Romanian Carpathians, their foreland and the

Transylvanian Basin. In: Golonka, J., Picha, F. (eds.), The Carpathians and their Foreland: Geology and Hydrocarbon Resources, AAPG Memoir 84: 521‐567.

Tari, G., 2005. The divergent continental margins of the Jurassic proto-Pannonian Basin: implications for the petroleum systems of the Vienna Basin and the Moesian Platform. Transactions GCSSEPM Foundation 25th Annual Research Conference: 955-986.

Tari, G., Dicea, O., Faulkerson, J., Georgiev, G., Popov, S., Stefanescu, M. and Weir, G. 1997. Cimmerian and Alpine stratigraphy and structural evolution of the Moesian Platform (Romania/Bulgaria). In: Andrew G. Robinson (Editor), Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Regions. AAPG Memoir 68: 63-90.

Tari, G., Poprawa, P., and Krzywiec, P., 2012. Silurian lithofacies and paleogeography in Central and Eastern Europe: implications for shale-gas expolartion. SPE 151606, SPE/EAGE European Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition, Vienna 20-22 March, 2012.

UE-Commission Report – 2012 - Unconventional Gas: Potential Energy Market Impacts in the European Union.

Prof.N.Anastasiu Workshop – Shale Gas – EU – Oct.9 th 2012 Prof. Dr. Nicolae Anastasiu Cor....

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