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![Page 1: Professor Paul Younger, Rankine Chair of Engineering, Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Glasgow; Member of the Independent Expert Scientific Panel on Unconventional Oil](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030305/58735da81a28abe7648b4eab/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fuelling the future: is there a legitimate role for
onshore unconventional gas
in the UK?
Prof. Paul L Younger FREng, FRSE
Rankine Chair of Engineering
University of Glasgow
![Page 2: Professor Paul Younger, Rankine Chair of Engineering, Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Glasgow; Member of the Independent Expert Scientific Panel on Unconventional Oil](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030305/58735da81a28abe7648b4eab/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview
Where I am coming from
Context: why gas is not going away any time
soon
Importing gas versus indigenous production
Making the most of gas: maximise efficiency
while we search for viable alternatives
![Page 3: Professor Paul Younger, Rankine Chair of Engineering, Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Glasgow; Member of the Independent Expert Scientific Panel on Unconventional Oil](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030305/58735da81a28abe7648b4eab/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Overview
Where I am coming from
Context: why gas is not going away any time
soon
Importing gas versus indigenous production
Making the most of gas: maximise efficiency
while we search for viable alternatives
![Page 4: Professor Paul Younger, Rankine Chair of Engineering, Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Glasgow; Member of the Independent Expert Scientific Panel on Unconventional Oil](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030305/58735da81a28abe7648b4eab/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Most of what I do …
My main research
focus is on alternative
heating systems that
minimise fossil fuel use
while avoiding a fuel
poverty penalty
Geothermal / heat-pump
district heating systems
More efficient use of
gas:
District CHP
‘ThermaPump’
![Page 5: Professor Paul Younger, Rankine Chair of Engineering, Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Glasgow; Member of the Independent Expert Scientific Panel on Unconventional Oil](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030305/58735da81a28abe7648b4eab/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
How I got drawn into the
unconventional gas furore
http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/69554/ http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/95518/
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How I got mired in it …
Take-home message: the UK
government’s hastily introduced
regulations on fracking-induced seismicity
are, in effect, 40,000 times stricter than
the long-standing rules on vibration due
to, e.g., quarrying
Take-home message: we have abundant
evidence from longwall mining that far
greater fracturing, far closer to overlying
aquifers, never caused hydraulic inter-
connection; fracking is puny compared to
what we have already dealt with.
http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/115618/ http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/96201/
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But who cares ..?
“I think
people in this
country have
had enough
of experts”
Michael Gove MP Thurs June 2nd 2016
16th May 2016
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Meanwhile, we carry on
calmly researching – but
not on UK sites …
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SHale gas Exploration and Exploitation induced Risks: SHEER
European Union ‘Horizon2020’ project for Understanding, preventing and mitigating the potential environmental impacts and risks of Shale Gas Exploration and Exploitation AMRA - Analisi e Monitoraggio del Rischio Ambientale, Naples, Italy, in collaboration with: University of Glasgow RSKW Ltd, Stirling Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Germany KNMI - Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, Utrecht, The Netherlands University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA Keele University www.sheerproject.eu
![Page 10: Professor Paul Younger, Rankine Chair of Engineering, Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Glasgow; Member of the Independent Expert Scientific Panel on Unconventional Oil](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030305/58735da81a28abe7648b4eab/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Shale gas drilling at
Wysin, Poland, 2015
Vertical stratigraphic proving borehole, Spring 2015
Drilling two production
wells with 1km horizontal
laterals at ~ 2km depth,
Autumn 2015
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Groundwater fieldwork at
Wysin, Poland, Dec 2015
Installation of four ground water monitoring
wells in a prolific sand-and-gravel aquifer that
is used nearby for public water supplies:
GW1: 68 m deep
GW2: 28 m deep
GW3: 60 m deep
GW4: 60 m deep
Each well has 3 m screened section with a silt
trap below.
![Page 12: Professor Paul Younger, Rankine Chair of Engineering, Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Glasgow; Member of the Independent Expert Scientific Panel on Unconventional Oil](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030305/58735da81a28abe7648b4eab/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Overview
Where I am coming from
Context: why gas is not going away any time
soon
Importing gas versus indigenous production
Making the most of gas: maximise efficiency
while we search for viable alternatives
![Page 13: Professor Paul Younger, Rankine Chair of Engineering, Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Glasgow; Member of the Independent Expert Scientific Panel on Unconventional Oil](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030305/58735da81a28abe7648b4eab/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Gas – best of a bad bunch
(Source: WNA 2011)
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Natural gas is the lowest
carbon fossil fuel
The shift from coal- and oil-fired power stations to gas-
fired power stations over the last two decades resulted
in a marked decline in the carbon-intensity of electricity
generation in much of North America and Europe
For instance, the recent shale gas revolution in the USA
led to the country’s overall greenhouse gas emissions
falling by 11% - back to mid-1990s levels
So although natural gas is still a fossil fuel, where it
displaces coal- and oil-fired generation it makes a
genuine contribution to large scale decarbonisation
If fitted with carbon capture and storage, emissions from
gas could approach those of solar PV …
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Abated fossil fuels
Average emissions
intensity with CCS (Sources: WNA 2011; Laczay 2009)
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Uses of gas …
In the UK in 2016, natural gas accounts for …
about 80% of heating
about 30% of electricity production
and the bulk of electricity produced on demand
(‘dispatchable’) (e.g. when weather conditions mean
renewables are unavailable)
Numerous crucial industrial feedstocks, from
fertilisers to pharmaceuticals
Source: www.ukoog.org.uk/onshore-extraction/uses
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The BIG use of gas …
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Energy use in Scotland
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Peterhead Combined Cycle Gas
Turbine (CCGT) Power Station
Current capacity: 0.4 GW baseload;
dispatchable (only on demand by National Grid) 0.7 GW
Photo courtesy of SSE
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Fluctuating power demand
Typical daily electricity demand profiles (all UK)
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Dispatchable power (increasingly from gas) copes with the diurnal
peaks of demand
Meeting demand
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Gas is not just for energy …
Grangemouth Refinery – Natural Gas and Syngas feedstocks
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North Sea
Oil and Gas
fields
Scotland: mainly oil
England: mainly gas
(Source: BGS)
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UK Gas production
(source: DECC (2014) UK Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Production Projections) Published by the TUC at: http://touchstoneblog.org.uk/2014/11/uk-shale-gas-the-manufacturers-view/
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Solutions to N Sea decline?
Wean ourselves off gas
Further scope for improved insulation
but subject to diminishing returns without fundamentally replacing about two-
thirds of the UK’s existing housing stock
Cut domestic gas use: but this cannot be done with existing
technology without a massive increase in fuel poverty
e.g. the figures for Scotland show that ‘only’ about 1-in-4 of homes connected to
the gas grid are in fuel poverty; for homes with no mains gas, the figure is 3-in-4
Use gas far more efficiently – e.g. ThermaPump project
Import gas from elsewhere
Increase indigenous gas production (onshore, alternatives)
![Page 26: Professor Paul Younger, Rankine Chair of Engineering, Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Glasgow; Member of the Independent Expert Scientific Panel on Unconventional Oil](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030305/58735da81a28abe7648b4eab/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Overview
Where I am coming from
Context: why gas is not going away any time
soon
Importing gas versus indigenous production
Making the most of gas: maximise efficiency
while we search for viable alternatives
![Page 27: Professor Paul Younger, Rankine Chair of Engineering, Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Glasgow; Member of the Independent Expert Scientific Panel on Unconventional Oil](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030305/58735da81a28abe7648b4eab/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Gas: the growing UK import
requirement
… and LNG / long
distance pipeline
imports incur
nearly a doubling
of GHG emissions
![Page 28: Professor Paul Younger, Rankine Chair of Engineering, Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Glasgow; Member of the Independent Expert Scientific Panel on Unconventional Oil](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030305/58735da81a28abe7648b4eab/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Gas: the growing UK import
requirement
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The (il)logical conclusion …
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How about increasing
indigenous gas production?
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Indigenous gas in Scotland?
Conventional (North Sea / W of Sheltand etc):
Can at best slow the decline …
Unconventional gas:
Biogas (and biomass gasification)
Syngas from coal
Coalbed methane
Shale gas
![Page 32: Professor Paul Younger, Rankine Chair of Engineering, Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Glasgow; Member of the Independent Expert Scientific Panel on Unconventional Oil](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030305/58735da81a28abe7648b4eab/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Biogas
Produced by bacterial
fermentation (‘anaerobic
digestion’) of organic
matter
e.g. sewage, farm
waste
Biogas typically has just
over half the energy
content of the same
volume of natural gas,
so handling is dearer
Feedstock limitations
Northumbrian Water Bran Sands AD plant –
using sewage sludge from a works serving a
population equivalent of 1.2M people.
Gas yield supports power generation of 4.3
MWE – which is sufficient to supply up to
70% of the electricity demand of the sewage
works (NB: it makes no contribution to
the power demand of the 1.2M people)
![Page 33: Professor Paul Younger, Rankine Chair of Engineering, Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Glasgow; Member of the Independent Expert Scientific Panel on Unconventional Oil](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030305/58735da81a28abe7648b4eab/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Overview
Where I am coming from
Context: why gas is not going away any time
soon
Importing gas versus indigenous production
Making the most of gas: maximise efficiency
while we search for viable alternatives
![Page 34: Professor Paul Younger, Rankine Chair of Engineering, Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Glasgow; Member of the Independent Expert Scientific Panel on Unconventional Oil](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030305/58735da81a28abe7648b4eab/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Therma-Pump Project
Multi-disciplinary project: Thermodynamics, heat transfer, combustion, etc.
EPSRC, £713K, 2016-2019
Led by Glasgow University, in collaboration with Queen Mary University
Micro ORC + Heat Pump leading to higher energy efficiency
Efficiencies:
(i) Gas boilers
(ii) Electric heater
(iii) Electrically powered HP
(iv) Gas driven
absorption/adsorption HP
(v) Therma-Pump
Fuel-to-heat efficiencies of different heating methods
![Page 35: Professor Paul Younger, Rankine Chair of Engineering, Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Glasgow; Member of the Independent Expert Scientific Panel on Unconventional Oil](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030305/58735da81a28abe7648b4eab/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
ThermaPump concept for
domestic CHP
ORC Power cycle Heat pump cycle
• Upgrade heat via
multi-stages
• Higher COP and
energy efficiency
• Free of frost
accumulation
• Compact (micro-
channel heat
exchangers)
• Novel coupling
technology
• Clean and efficient
combustion
• Compatible to the
UK’s infrastructure
![Page 36: Professor Paul Younger, Rankine Chair of Engineering, Professor of Energy Engineering, University of Glasgow; Member of the Independent Expert Scientific Panel on Unconventional Oil](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030305/58735da81a28abe7648b4eab/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Thank you
Source: Private Eye