Professor David Gray Robert Gordon University...

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Electric mobility, renewables and smart grids: the state of the art Professor David Gray Robert Gordon University Aberdeen

Transcript of Professor David Gray Robert Gordon University...

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Electric mobility, renewables and smart grids: the state of the art

Professor David Gray

Robert Gordon University

Aberdeen

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E harbours

Aiming to combine:

• Renewables

• Smart energy

• Electric mobility 

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Electric mobility in harbour cities

• Bikes and scooters

• Cars and light vans

• Heavier conventional vehicles (trucks, buses, vans)

• Heavier specialised harbour vehicles

• Boats and ships 

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Electric mobility ‐ types of electric propulsion

• Fully electric vehicles or vessels ‐ fully powered by electricity from batteries that can be recharged via a connection with the electricity grid (Nissan Leaf?)

• Conventional hybrid propulsion ‐combining a conventional gasoline engine with an electric motor

• Plug in hybrid propulsion – IC engine and an electric motor with a stronger battery pack, which can be recharged via a common household electric socket

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Electric mobility ‐ types of electric propulsion

• Fully electric vehicles or vessels ‐ fully powered by electricity from batteries that can be recharged via a connection with the electricity grid

• Conventional hybrid propulsion ‐combining a conventional gasoline engine with an electric motor

• Plug in hybrid propulsion – IC engine and an electric motor with a stronger battery pack, which can be recharged via a common household electric socket

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Electric mobility ‐ success stories

• Electric Amsterdam ‐ Over 400 electric vehicles and 100 charging points 

• Autolib Paris – aiming to have 3,000 electric vehicles for public use in Paris next year 

• Rotterdam – aiming for 1000 electric vehicles

• London ‐ aiming to become the electric car capital of Europe

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Why are electric vehicles currently the exception?

• Cost of vehicle

• Range – fully charged battery = 10 litres of fuel

• Battery durability (vehicles have  much longer life than batteries) and...

• ...replacement cost

• Range reliability (can reduce by 50% in winter)

• Re‐charging time (typically several hours) 

• Limited number of recharging points

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Electric cars

• Currently used mainly as big city ‘run‐arounds'

• Replacement or additional vehicles?

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Conventional hybrids• 3% of vehicles in USA, but share is not rising

Why?

• Vehicles tend to more expensive than equivalent sized petrol or diesel

• Not vastly more fuel efficient than latest generation diesel engines (but more expensive), so little financial incentive to own one

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Plug in hybrids

• Many demonstration vehicles but no production models

• A battery that has sufficient energy density to power plug in hybrid might cost $6,000...

• ...and might save $4,000 over the course of a vehicles lifetime...

• ...assuming a replacement battery is not required.

• Will rising fuel prices make them more attractive?

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Electric mobility – green credentials

• ‘Well‐to‐wheel’ low carbon credentials of electric propulsion is not necessarily clear cut

• Depends on carbon intensity of power generation 

• Electric vehicles powered by renewables vs. a plug in hybrid vehicle powered by coal fired electricity?

• Complex relationship  ‐ influenced by factors such as national energy mix and time of day of recharging

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Electric mobility – breakthroughs required  to increase market share 

• Progressing battery technology

• Standardising technology

• Building a recharging infrastructure

• Developing a sound business model for electric transport

• Making use of renewable energy and Smart Grid technology (such as vehicle to grid technology ‐ V2G)

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Electric mobility – targets 

• European Commission aiming to reduce the number of "conventional cars" in cities:– by 50 percent between now and 2030

– by 100% between now and  2050

• What contribution can harbour areas and harbour cities make to meeting those targets?

• Can harbour cities meet those targets before 2030 and 2050?

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Stimulating electric mobility in harbour cities

• A port is potentially a closed system for trialing technologies such as fast charging, battery swapping, smart metering, V2G, etc.

• Harbour regions generally have space and infrastructure for development of renewables

• Larger ports might have sufficient vehicles to justify investment in electric vehicle technology

• Ports  also can make use of electric boats and invest in smart energy infrastructure to interface with hybrid and electric vessels

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E‐mobility ‐ contribution of e‐harbours

• The use of smart energy to power electric vehicle recharging points in harbour car park (Zaanstad)

• Looking at ways to increase the uptake of electric boats  (Amsterdam )

• Developing charging point technology for electric vehicles, and possibly supporting an electric taxi business in port area (Malmo)

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E‐mobility ‐ contribution of e‐harbours

• Looking at the potential of electric mobility (and other interventions) to reduce energy demand from small harbours (PURE Energy and Robert Gordon University)

• Develop links and knowledge exchange with projects and organisations developing electric and hybrid vessels ( e.g. what smart energy infrastructure is required on the shore side?)

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