Professional Safety Airmanship

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Professional Flight Safety

Dan Gurney 2004 ATS Operators Conference

David

Rectangle

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Professionalism ?

Airmanship

Management

Mechanicsmanship

Design & Engineering

Cabin - people interface

Airmanship

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Airmanship ?

What is it ?

Personal Qualities

Taught or Acquired

Improved or enhanced

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What is Airmanship ?

Airmanship is the consistent use of good judgment and well

developed skills to accomplish flight objectives. This consistency is

founded on a cornerstone of uncompromising flight discipline and is

developed through systematic skill acquisition and proficiency. A high

state of situation awareness completes the airmanship picture and is

obtained through knowledge of one’s self, aircraft, environment, team

and risk.

Tony Kern

Discipline

Skill

Proficiency

Knowledge

Situation Awareness

Judgement

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An Inherent and Necessary Qualities

Self Aircraft Risk

Team Environment Mission

Pillars of Knowledge

Situation Awareness

Judgement

Proficiency

Discipline

Skill

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The Elements of Airmanship

Discipline

Skill

Proficiency

Knowledge

Situation Awareness

Judgement

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Discipline

The ability and will-power to fly safely

Comply with the rules, follow all Procedures

Regulatory,

Organisational,

Operational

Common sense

“Failed to follow SOPs”

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Discipline

Follow the rules. They are usually right. Understand the rules and the reasons for them.

Do not accept that rules will have to be bent to get the work done.

Not so fast. Think first. Do you really understand the problems.

Reject opportunities for short cuts or to do things that appear to be ‘better’.

It could happen to you. Carelessness and overconfidence are much more dangerous than the calculated

acceptance of risk.

Taking chances is foolish. Everyone can, and will make errors. Human error is part of human nature.

Control the feeling that you have the ability and experience to do the job without

following the procedures.

You are not helpless. You can make a difference. Plan and prepare for problems before they arise; think ahead.

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Discipline

Skill

Proficiency

Knowledge

Situation Awareness

Judgement

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Skill and Proficiency

Physical

Communication

Decision making

Team

Self assessment

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Skill - An ability that comes from training and practice

Unskilled

Basic training only provides those skills necessary to be safe.

Precision

Precise technical and non-technical skills result from personal endeavour.

Efficient

An aircraft commander controls the aircraft and leads a team.

Safe

Continuing training, experience, and greater awareness will enable you to operate effectively as a crew member.

Effective

Broader, non-technical skills, and experience gives efficient operation.

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Discipline

Skill

Proficiency

Knowledge

Situation Awareness

Judgement

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Knowledge

Self

Medical, fatigue, stress, workload, error

Team

Management and subordinates, workload, error management

Aircraft

What to know, how to learn

Environment

Physical, day / night, VFR / IFR, Regulatory, Organizational

Risk

Perception of risk, attitude to risk, risk v regulation, culture

Mission

Corporate culture, safety management, policies

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A Surprise test !

Test your skills and

knowledge

3 questions

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Test 1 – Writing skill

Your Name

Signature

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Test 2 – Drawing skill

Copy this shape into

each corner of the paper

5 5

5 5

Your Name

Signature

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Test 3 - A mind game, thinking skill

You and your opponent, take alternate turns to select a number

from the set of 1 to 9, announce the number chosen.

Objective:- to achieve a total of 15 using three numbers; the first

person with three numbers totalling fifteen, wins.

Each number can only be selected once, thus if your opponent

has selected a number you cannot use it.

Remember you need three numbers, and you are trying to block

your opponent reaching a total of 15.

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Aim to win

This is a mind game

No pencils or paper !

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Results

No right or wrong

Just understanding

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Test 1 Routine

An automatic skill; once learnt, easy to repeat.

Landing, Takeoff

Go around, RTO

EGPWS Pull Up

May need additional training for unusual situations

i.e. landing in a limiting x-wind, - signature in turbulence

Your Signature Routine Automatic

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Test 2 Non-Normal

A procedural skill

Infrequent, but not an exceptional situation

Requires a well prepared procedure 5

‘Turn the paper upside down and write 5 in each corner’

Identify the situation (understand the question)

Refer to the checklist

Follow procedures

Practice these skills for familiarity

i.e. hydraulic failure, engine shutdown

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Test 3 Exceptional

Situations beyond normal expectations

Novel, not normally encountered in flight.

Understand the extent and nature of the problem

Communicate; verbal, not visual

Form a common mental model

procedural solution unlikely to be available

8 1 6

3 5 7

4 9 2

X X O

O

O X

but easy if there is time for sufficient

thought and practice

Tic Tac Toe

Requires conscious thought

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Situation - Behaviour

Knowledge

Rule

Skill

Sit

uati

on

s

Novel

Routine

Trained

“Mental” Control

X O

O

OXX

X O

O

OXX

X O

O

O X X

X O

O

O X X

Signature

5

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Standard Operating Procedures

Knowledge

Rule

Skill

Sit

uati

on

s

Novel

Routine

Trained

“Thinking” Control

SOPs are rule based,

but not limited to

‘trained for’ situations

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Behaviour – Danger Areas

Knowledge

Rule

Skill

Sit

uati

on

s

Novel

Routine

Trained


“Headless chicken”

Rush, Hurry

Act without thinking

“I know better”

I will do it this way

Poor or inadequate

training / knowledge

8 1 6

3 5 7

4 9 2

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Behaviour – Danger Areas

Knowledge

Rule

Skill

Sit

uati

on

s

Novel

Routine

Trained


X O

O

O X

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An example of Airmanship

(and CRM, and safety management)

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CFIT Avoided – Just happened

Ajaccio

DME Arc

ILS 02

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CFIT Avoided – What happened

PULL UP PULL UP

Ajaccio

DME Arc

ILS 02

Used ILS DME not AJO

Chart design - 11

nm from AJO and ILS

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CFIT Avoided – Why it happened

New First Officer rostered to Cat ‘B’ airport

Trng Capt fatigued, max sim hrs / month

First Officer’s training disjointed

Jump seat occupied

Late

High, Fast

Descending ARC

Briefing not understood

Non Std instrument

setup – no AJO

Used AC DME

Chart design 11 DME

from AJO and AC

Late departure, catch up during cruise

Catch up during descent, high at IAF

ATC cleared a descending procedure

First Officer’s flying background – GA

No FMS procedure, EFIS map not selected, P1 was

to use VOR2 for the ARC

The ILS DME was pre-selected on NAV 1

But NAV 2 was also on ILS DME, the instrument

display looked correct at 11 nm

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CFIT Avoided – Human Factors

Fatigue

Rush, wish to please

Mental models of the briefing

Confirmation bias, the approach looked all right

Crew cross-monitoring, student - instructor relationship

Followed procedures – Pull Up, Go Around 33

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CFIT Avoided – Lessons learnt 1

Do not roster F/O in Line Training into Category B restricted

airports. (Company procedures.)

All new pilots must be taught a standard instrument set up with

special attention to use of the VOR on the DBI. (Training)

Only use company trained Simulator Instructors for new

recruits. (Company procedures.)

Do not allow jump seat passengers during Line Training.

(Company procedures.)

Publish an Airport Qualification Briefing on Ajaccio.

(Operating procedures.)

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CFIT Avoided – Lessons learnt 2

Plan simulator time at Ajaccio for all LOFT and recurrent

training. (Company procedures.)

Give basic CRM course for F/O's. Briefing, listening and

intervention techniques. (Training)

GPWS Standard Crew procedure - Pull up immediately.

(Training)

Install Enhanced GPWS on all aircraft in the fleet.

EGPWS would have warned the crew miles ahead of their

proximity to terrain. (Management decision.)

This operator has a ‘no blame’ reporting culture.

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Discipline

Skill

Proficiency

Knowledge

Situation Awareness

Judgement

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Situation Awareness

Gathering information

Understanding

Planning ahead

… is accurately knowing where you are

and what is going on.

Perception

Comprehension

Projection

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Mental model (situation model)

A description of –

The current and future states

of a system or situation

Provides –

Knowledge of the relevant elements of the system that demand

attention

An excellent method of combining information to give meaning

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Situation Awareness

Cognitive skills – thinking

If something doesn’t look or feel right, then it probably isn’t right

Things that take longer are less likely to get done right

It’s hard to detect something that isn’t there

Reliable systems aren’t always reliable

Watch out when you are busy or bored

Expectations can reduce awareness

Distractions come in many forms

Habits are hard to break

Murphy is patient

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An Example of Airmanship

A Professional Pilot

“Airmanship”

(and CRM,)

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Airmanship - the approach

Runway 08, wind 020/10kts,

QNH 1013, OAT +32ºC,

Few at 7000ft, -

Visibility 10km +

Light rain -

ADF (DME)

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Airmanship – the recovery

35 ft

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Airmanship – the consequences

Flew through trees at 35-50 ft

Nose gear hydraulics cut; gear up OK

Green hydraulic system failed, Yellow system overheats

No flaps, air brake, spoilers; only emergency gear & brakes,

- - - -

Emergency wheels up landing

Emergency evacuation

Minimum emergency services at the airport

Land a.s.a.p. or divert

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Airmanship – the safe landing

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Discipline

NPA, used constant angle stabilised descent

Checked range vs altitude

Skill & Proficiency

Flew wind-shear recovery profile

Use all crew resources – excellent CRM

Knowledge

Aircraft, procedures, systems – failure conditions,

Environment, airfield services, diversion airport

Situation Awareness

Gathered information, understanding, planned ahead

Judgement

Recognized and analyzed all available information, rational

evaluation of alternatives, a timely decision, maximized safety

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Discipline

Skill

Proficiency

Knowledge

Situation Awareness

Judgement

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Judgement

Recognition

Evaluation

Decision

Management

Personal attitudes

A judgment decision always involves a problem or choice,

an unknown element,

usually a time constraint, and stress.

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Discipline

Skill

Proficiency

Knowledge

Situation Awareness

Judgement

Professional Behaviour


Airmanship is a personal attitude to flying, why we do

it, how we do it. Airmanship must grow with training,

experience, and personal exposure. It is not just about staying

alive or not bending the airplane or yourself, it is about walking

off the airfield knowing that you have both performed and

crafted an activity. You have been totally aware of what you

have done and why you enjoyed it, and at that point you owe

nothing to anyone.

Tony Hayes, CFI Brisbane Valley Leisure Aviation Centre.

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Owe nothing to anyone

Dan Gurney


Airmanship

Professional Safety Airmanship

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Transcript of Professional Safety Airmanship