Prof Ernst Ruehl USE OF GENETIC VARIABILITY IN THE FORM OF...

Ernst Rühl - [email protected]

USE OF GENETIC VARIABILITY IN THE FORM OF SPECIFIC CLONAL SELECTION WITHIN THE SAME VARIETY AND

CROSSBREEDING TO IMPROVE ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY IN VITICULTURE IN THE OLD WORLD OF WINE

Ernst RuehlHochschule GEISENHEIM University

Institut für RebenzüchtungVon-Lade-Str. 1, D-65366 Geisenheim

Tel. +49 6722 502 121 Fax . +49 6722 502 120 [email protected]


• Introduction• Advantages of clonal vines• Extent of variability

• Examples• Geisenheim approach

• Cross breeding and sustainability• Conclusion

CONTENT

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• Roman times: Virgil, Columella… • Selection procedures

• Focus on single vines• Loss of performance, degeneration

• Maintenance breeding of some kind

• Middle ages: Monasteries• No records• But…

EARLY CLONAL SELECTION

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• Uniformity• All vines

• look similar• grow similar• behave similar• ripen similar• get diseases similarly

• Better and cheaper management• Less pesticide usage (better sustainability)

ADVANTAGES OF CLONAL VINES/PLANTINGS

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REASON FOR VARIATION FOCUS OF SELECTION

• Pathogens: Sanitary selection• Virus

• Walter & Martelli 1996, 1997• Ipach, 2004

• Bacteria

• Genetic variation• Mutations• Chimeras• Preserved by vegetative propagation


• Virus as pathogen: • W. M. Stanley: Tobacco mosaic virus – 1935• Aim: Fighting virus problems in vines

• Start of modern clonal selection• Gustav Froelich, 1876

• Better performance

MODERN CLONAL SELECTION

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Ernst Rühl - [email protected] 0.96 0.97 0.99 1.00

58 60 64 81 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 99 101 94 97 190 192 140 208 209 141 210 215 217 104 152 68 69 72 96 150 143 219 166 201 157 191 230 204 165 212 164 83 102 155 66 193 195 194 105 93 100 156 71 232 234 163 199 196 106 233 197 205 206 207 220 203 200

We M847We M83820Gm20-17Gm20-18Gm1-36-4Gm1-1Gm1-11Gm1-44Gm1-58Gm1-86Gm2-2Gm20-26Gm2-9Gm20-13Gm20-19GmAT98.01.25AT86.06.30

108-8GmMII/FAWM1/7/FAW1-7-2GmA.76.11.08ENTAV115ENTAV7776Gm (P.n.p.)FR13LWe M171We M1WeSchneider2-6GmFR12L52-9GmENTAV28FR86.3A68.21.07FR86.13AT89.04.06F105SA68.15.22FR112/45FAWFR1020-15Gm20-27GmFREA91.01We M819AT89.07.53AT89.09.07AT89.08.312Gm (P.n.p.)2-4Gm20-20GmFREA86.10We 23 (P.n.p.)F105FClassicFR54-102AT98.13.31AT98.10.161Gm (P.n.p.)FCharismaAT98.11.45A68.13.49A68.13.50A68.14.23CH9/18A87.21.07AT93.13.38

Clonal Variation in Pinot noirSource: Blaich, R., J. Konradi, et al. (2007). "AssessingGenetic Variation among Pinot noir (Vitis vinifera L.) Clones with AFLP Markers." Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 58(4): 526‐529


LEAF SHAPES OF RIESLINGBLE-FORSCHUNGSPROJEKT NR: 514-33.52/04HS021

Standard clones White Riesling Kl. 110‐30 Gm (left) und 239‐20 Gm (centre). Right: Round leaf of a clonecandidate.


SHOOT TIPS OF RIESLINGBLE-FORSCHUNGSPROJEKT NR: 514-33.52/04HS021

Tips of standard clones 239‐17 Gm (left), centre and right: tips of a clone candidate


RIESLING POPULATION LONGUICH/MOSELMEIERER, 2006, THESIS, GEISENHEIM

239

graph according to Oustric harvest 2005

343

342

340

336

335

332330

329328

327

326325

324 320

319

318

317

316315

314

313

312

311310

308307

305304

303

302

301

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Yield [g/m²]

TSS

[°O

echs

le]

C-clonesD-clones

B-clonesA-clones


REASONS FOR CLONAL VARIATION?FACTOR ANALYSIS: VALUE FROM -1 TO +1, 0 = NO INFLUENCE, 1 = STRONG POSITIVE EFFECT, -1 = STRONG NEGATIVE EFFECT

Fact 1 Fact 2 Fact 3 Fact 4 Fact 5 Fact 6

malate -0.35 0.16 0.15 0.86 0.30

berry number 0.95 -0.26

Botrytis 0.15 0.94 0.10 0.10 0.12

berry weight -0.10 0.11 0.98

yield 0.19 0.54 0.23 0.15 -0.12

TSS [Brix] -0.19 0.36 0.38 0.83

pH -0.81 0.23

titr. acidity 0.72 0.23 0.22 0.59 0.17

tartrate 0.94 0.11 -0.15


REASONS FOR CLONAL VARIATION?FACTOR ANALYSIS: VALUE FROM -1 TO +1, 0 = NO INFLUENCE, 1 = STRONG POSITIVE EFFECT, -1 = STRONG NEGATIVE EFFECT

Fact 1 Fact 2 Fact 3 Fact 4 Fact 5 Fact 6

malate 0.86

berry number 0.95

Botrytis 0.94

berry weight 0.98

yield 0.54

TSS [Brix] 0.83

pH -0.81

titr. acidity 0.72 0.59

tartrate 0.94


OHLinaloolfloral, lilies of the valley

Geraniol (cis)sweet, floral, rosesNerol (trans)

roses, fresh plums, citrus

TERPENES

4-6 µg/l (in water)15 µg/l (in wine)

Geraniol: 30 µg/l (in wine)Nerol: 400 µg/l (in wine)


MONO TERPENES IN RIESLING CLONES -HARVEST 2005

Terpenes

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Limon

enTerp

inolen

Linaloo

lEpo

xylin

alool

Citronell

olNerol

Geranio

l

conc

entra

tion

[µg/

kg]

24-196 Gm94-02 Gm64-177 Gm110-06 Gm198-30 Gm239-34 Gm

Source: M. Hey, K. Fehres, B. Schumann, E. Rühl


TERPENES IN VARIOUS CULTIVARSNITSCH, 2013, DISS. BRAUNSCHWEIG


DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CLONES OF TRAMINERNITSCH, 2013, DISS. BRAUNSCHWEIG

Red Traminer cl. 11 Gm Red Traminer cl. FR 46-107

[µg/

L]

0

200

4001400

1600

1800

furan linalool oxide_1 furan linalool oxide_2 linalool neral alpha-terpineol geranial pyran linalool oxide_1 pyran linalool oxide_2 nerol geraniol diendiol_1 diendiol_2


CORRELATION TITRATABLE ACIDITY AND BOTRYTIS INFECTION

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Bot

rytis

[%]

titratable acidity as tartaric acid [g/L]

compact

upright

loose cluster

small berries

Standard

Mariafeld


REASONS FOR BETTER BOTRYTIS TOLERANCE

•Upright growth better canopy structure•Grape architecture - berries further apart

normal Type smaller berrieslonger pedicels


smaller berrieslonger pedicels

GEISENHEIM PINOT NOIR CLONES


PINOT GRIS (RULÄNDER)

longer pedicels clone 1-31 Gm, 1-32 Gm, 1-33 Gm

no shoulder - small clusters clone 101 Gm, 102 Gm, 105 Gm,

107 Gm, 112Gm, 113Gm, 115Gm

small berries clone 27 Gm significantly lower yield


GEISENHEIMVARIETIES AND CLONE REGISTERED

Varieties Clones

Scion (absolute) 33 259

relative in Germany

25% 39%

Rootstocks(absolute)

13 43

relative in Germany

76% 60%

Ernst Rühl - [email protected] der Präsentation

Genetic diversity within traditional varieties• Detection• Preservation• Utilization ways

• Mass selection (clonal mixtures) • Clones


PRESERVING GENETIC DIVERSITY WITHIN CULTIVARS

• In Germany clonal selection since 1876, Geisenheim since 1921

• Since 1950 mostly clonal material planted

• Less than 500 ha none-clonal vineyard

• Number decreasing

• Preservation of genetic diversity within cultivars

• Search for already virus free material

• If not available: Use of somatic embryo genesis for virus elimination

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PRESERVING GENETIC DIVERSITY WITHIN CULTIVARS - GEISENHEIM STRATEGY

• Interesting vine• Collecting cuttings• Virus test negative?• ArMV, GFLV, GLRaV1/3

• Propagate/grafting

• Germplasm (3 vine ea)• Assessment• Interesting? propagated

• Performance test

• Apply for registration


VIRUS TESTING EUROPEAN/GERMAN LEGISLATION

• Not every vineyard be used as mother block• Motherblocks divided in categories:

• Pre-base blocks: • Sample of 5 vines every 5 years

• Base blocks: • Sample of 10 vines every 6 years

• Certified blocks: • Sample of 10 vines, every 20th vine tested, every 10 years


• Leafroll (Grapevine leafroll associated viruses: GLRaV1, GLRaV2, GLRaV3, GLRaV4, GLRaV5, GLRaV9)

• GVA (Grapevine Vitiviruses)• GVB (Grapevine Vitiviruses)• GfkV-A (Grapevine fleck virus - variants A) • GfkV-B (Grapevine fleck virus - variants B)• GFLV (Grapevine fanleaf virus)• RG (Grapevine rootstock stem lesion associated virus - Red Globe

Leafroll Virus)• RRSV (Raspberry ringspot virus)• Phytoplasms (e.g. grapevine yellows)• Agrobacterium vitis�

PCR testing method on phloem extractions of dormant wood samples

WAITE DIAGNOSTICS UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE & WINE GLEN OSMOND SA 5064, AUSTRALIA

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MAINTAINING A CLONE

• Further consequences:• Small pre-base plantings: 10-50 vines at the

Geisenheim Research Center• Small base plantings: 50-1000 vines

(1000 for rootstocks)• Certified blocks: Thorough visual checks every year

(breeder and officials)• only best plantings kept and tested in year 10


• Downy Mildew: Plasmopara viticola • Territory of origin: North-America• first damage 1878 in Europe

• Powdery Mildew: Erysiphe necator [Oidium tuckeri] • Territory of origin: North-America• first damage 1840 in Europe

• Bunch rot: Botrytis cinerea • endemic in Europe

• Antracnose: (Roter Brenner) Pseudopeziculatracheiphila (Syn. Pseudopeziza tracheiphila Müll.-Thurg.)

• endemic in Europe

• Phylloxera: Dactulosphaira vitifoliae • Territory of origin: North-America• first damage 1863 in Europe

RESISTANCE BREEDINGMAJOR PESTS AND DISEASES

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Wikipedia.de


PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS USED IN EUKG ACTIVE SUBSTANCE / HA

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Source: EUROSTAT 2007 ‐ ISBN 92‐79‐03890‐7


• Clonal vineyards have many advantages.• Contribute to more sustainability.• Development of new and better adapted clones requires genetic

diversity within varieties.• Detection and preservation of divers genetic material is essential.• Geisenheim approach shown as an example.• Sustainable viticulture:

• High amount of plant protection products in viticulture• Resistance breeding essential to reduce plant protection products

• Healthy and high performing planting material is the basis of a healthy and economically viable agriculture.

Sustainable Viticulture, Portugal January 2015

CONCLUSION

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Ernst Rühl - [email protected] der Präsentation

Ernst H. RühlHochschule Geisenheim UniversityInstitute for Grapevine Breeding

von‐Lade‐Str. 1, 65366 Geisenheim

email: ernst.ruehl@hs‐gm.de

Prof Ernst Ruehl USE OF GENETIC VARIABILITY IN THE FORM OF...

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