Prof. Dr. Lawan Thanadsillap akul Investment Liberalisation under FTAs and Some Legal Issues in...
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Transcript of Prof. Dr. Lawan Thanadsillap akul Investment Liberalisation under FTAs and Some Legal Issues in...
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Investment Liberalisation under FTAs and Some Legal Issues in International Law
Prof. Dr. Lawan Thanadsillapakul
Scope of PresentationThe Main issues of Market Liberalization
Understanding the Meaning of FTAThe substances of the New Model of FTA
Investment Liberalization under the Bilateral Investment TreatyState SovereigntyRestriction over entry and establishment
Investment ProtectionDefinition of Investment and InvestorExpropriationFund transferDispute Settlement Mechanism
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Ideology
Neo-Liberalism/Neo-Classical- Global Market- Market function- No state intervention- No frontier- No barrier
State and Market Mechanism for balancing State and Market Competition Law and Policy, Anti-Trust Law,
Anti-Monopoly Law
Main Issues of Market LiberalizationImplementation of the Trade and Investment LiberalizationEconomic Theory – Neo Classical – Neo Liberalization
Problematic Issues– Market Failure – Policy Failure
Economic Instruments for Trade and Investment LiberalizationRule – Based Market EconomyPower – Based Market Economy
Capacity Building and the enhancement of competitivenessLevelled Playing FieldUnequal PlayersInequity of the Rule of the game
SWOT Analysis
Understanding the meaning of FTA FTA = Free Trade Area and FTA = Free Trade Agreement
Problematic Issues– The content and context of Free Trade Agreement
The New Model of Free Trade Agreement: Investment LiberalizationThe Differences between Bilateral Investment Agreement and Investment Chapter under Free Trade Agreement
The incorporation of GATT/WTO – Plus requirement into investment chapter
The Market cannot function well under the new FTA modelToo Stringent Intellectual Property Protection such as the prohibition of CL
No clear definition of indirect expropriationThe problem of environment protection
The Replacement of state barriers by Restrictive Business Practices of TNCs
Maintain state sovereignty to control FDI
Admission & Right of Establishment
Restricted areas of investment
Restricted entry and investment
Restricted foreign equity ratio or Limitation on Foreign ownership
Screening process
Control on the operation of foreign investors
Limitation on the type and number of foreign personnel and their duration of stay
Limitation on ownership of land
Requirement that domestic residents be part of board of directors and requirement to implement investment measures
Investment liberalization under BITs Prof. Dr. Lawan
Thanadsillapakul
Legal Impediments
• Restrictions on investment• Restrictions on capital repatriation• Restrictions on industrial sectors• Restrictions on bureaucratic procedures• Restrictions on TRIMs – Trade-related
investment Measures• Restrictions on investment protection• Restrictions on Taxation and fees
to ensure that foreign companies will be treated as favourably as national of host country and their competitors
to protect FDI from direct and indirect expropriation of investments and ensure that foreign investors will be fairly compensated
to ensure free transfer of funds into and out of the host country using the market rate of exchange .
to limit the ability of the host government to require foreign investors to adopt investment measures
to ensure the right of foreign investors to submit an investment dispute with the treaty partner’s government to international arbitration
to give foreign investors the right to engage the top managerial personnel of their choice, regardless of nationality
to ensure the use of labour regardless of nationality
The New FTA Model Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Legal frameworks governing foreign investment
Domestic Laws and regulations International Law International Codes of conduct, Guidelines Treaty Regime (BITs, Regional Treaty,
Multilateral Treaty) WTO Rules and Regulations relating to
investment Special regime for investment liberalisation Unilateral liberalization of investment
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Legal frameworks governing FDI at the international sphere
International Law- Traditional recognized absolute State sovereign rights- Diplomatic protection- State responsibility- Minimum international standard of treatment
International Codes and Guidelines, soft law The role of WTO
- Multilateral Investment Agreement- General Agreement on Trade related-investment measures (TRIMs)- The General agreement on trade in services (GATs)- General Agreement on Trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPs)
Regional economic integration : EU, NAFTA, ASEAN (regional level)
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Investment Treaty Regime
Bilateral Investment Treaty
Regional investment treaty
Multilateral investment treaty
Bilateral Free Trade Agreement
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
The scope of investment agreement
The scope of investment agreements is defined primarily through definitions of key terms, such as “investment” and “investor”.
The critical functions of the definition are the identification of assets to which the treaty applies
The determination of the nature of the obligations created by the treaty
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Coverage of the Treaty/Agreement
Territorial Coverage- Federal State- Single State- State Parties- Third Parties
Personal Coverage- Investor: Juristic person, Natural Person
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Coverage of the definition Investment
Is the term defined by reference to types of assets that, in theory, could amount to an “investment”?
Or does one also refer to the underlying transaction in which those assets are involved?
Investor
Is this term defined by reference to categories of legally recognized persons?
Or on the basis of the transactions involved, regardless of the legal status of the person or entity undertaking that transaction?
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Definition of Investment
The broad asset-based definitions of investment
The narrow asset-based definition
The enterprise-based and transaction-based definition
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Investment Any kind of asset
Movable and immovable property
Interest in the companies ( both portfolio and direct investment, but generally portfolio and short term investment would be excluded)
Contract rights (service agreement)
Intellectual property
Business concession
Each of these types of investment has different economic and development implications for host and home countries
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
The Broad Asset-based Definition of Investment
Property: tangible property, merchandise Property rights: mortgage, lien, pledge,
company’s interest, debt, equity, debenture, bonds, portfolio investment
Contractual rights: professional services, turnkey contract, insurance policy, contract for sale of goods or services, claims to money
Intellectual property rights: trademarks, trade secret, patent, copyrights, technical process, know-how, good will
Business concession rights: resources concession
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
The Narrow asset-based definition
Limitation to permitted investment
Limitation on time of establishment
Limitation on nature of the investment, i.e. only FDI or indirect investment (port folio)
Limitation to size, sector: energy
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulThe enterprise-based
Establishment & acquisition of an enterprise
Shares of enterprise
Transaction-based
Transaction of establishment
Liquidation of enterprise not asset
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
The term “investment” and its interaction with other related issues
Investment and admission and establishment
Investment and National Treatment and Most-
Favoured-Nation Treatment
Investment and incentives
Investment and full protection and security
Investment and taking of property
Investment and funds transfer
Investment and dispute settlement
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulDefinition of Investor
Entities considered investors- Exclusions based on legal form- Exclusions based on purpose- Exclusions based on ownership
Establishing the link- Natural persons- Legal entities
Nationality of enterprise/legal entity- Seat of the enterprise/company- Incorporation place- Controlling Shareholder
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Admission & Right of Establishment
State’s sovereign Rights
The form of Controls or restrictions over the
admission and establishment of foreign investor
The acquisition of interests in local business
The limitations on foreign ownership and control
Registration and report requirements
The conditional entry of foreign investors:
investment measures, incentive regimes, economic
policy
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Sovereign Rights of Host Country to admit and control foreign investment
Pre entry
Pre-entry treatment
Total Exclusion
Exclusion from negative list, sensitive list, closed sectors
Screening
Quantitative restriction
Conditional entry
Restricted allocation
Etc.
Post entry
Post- entry Treatment
Form of establishment
Ownership control
Governmental intervention
Special requirements
Other Restrictions
Control over the operation of MNEs
Expropriation/ Nationalization
Etc.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Measures relating to admission and establishment
Control over access to the host country economy
Conditional entry into the host country economy
Control over ownership
Controls based on limitation of shareholder powers
Control based on governmental intervention in the running of the investment
Other types of restriction
Measures relating to ownership and control
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Control over access to the host country economy
Absolute ban on all forms of FDI: Former centrally – planned economies prior to the transitional process.
Closing certain sectors, industries or activities to FDI for economic, strategic or other public policy reasons.
Quantitative restrictions on the number of foreign companies admitted in specific sectors, industries or activities for economic, strategic or other public policy reasons.
Investment must take a certain legal form: incorporation in accordance with local company law requirements.
Compulsory joint ventures either with state participation or with local private investors.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Control over access to the host country economyGeneral screening/authorization of all investment
proposals; screening of designated industries or activities, screening based on foreign ownership and control limits in local companies.
Restrictions on certain forms of entry: mergers and acquisitions may not be allowed, or must meet certain additional requirements.
Investment not allowed in certain zones or regions within a country.
Admission to privatization bids restricted, or conditional on additional guarantees, for foreign investors.
Exchange control requirements.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Conditional entry into host country: General conditions
Conditional entry upon investment meeting certain development or other criteria (environmental responsibility, benefit to national economy) based on outcome of screening evaluation procedures
Investors required to comply with requirements related to national security, policy, customs, public morals as conditions of entry.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Condition based on capital requirement
Minimum capital requirements.
Subsequent additional investment or reinvestment requirements
Restrictions on import of capital goods needed to set up investment ( e.g. machinery, software) possibly combined with local sourcing requirements.
Investors required to deposit certain guarantees ( e.g. for financial institutions)
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulOther Conditions
Special requirements for non-equity forms of investment (e.g. BOT agreement, licensing of foreign technology).
Investors to obtain licenses required by activity or industry specific regulations
Admission fees ( taxes) and incorporation fees (taxes)
Other performance requirements ( e. g. local content rules, employment quotas, export requirements).
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Measures relating to ownership and control: Control over
ownership
Restrictions on foreign ownership : no more than 50% foreign-owned capital allowed.
Mandatory transfers of ownership to local firms usually over a period of time ( fade-out requirements).
Nationality restrictions on the ownership of the company or shares thereof
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Control based on limitation of shareholder powers
Restriction on the type of shares or bonds held by foreign investors e.g. shares with non-voting right
Restrictions on the free transfer of shares or other propriety rights over the company held by foreign investors e.g. shares cannot be transferred without permission.
Restrictions on foreign shareholder rights e.g. on payment of dividends, reimbursement of capital upon liquidation, on voting rights, denial of information disclosure on certain aspects of the running of the investment.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Controls based on governmental intervention in the running of the investment
Government reserves the right to appoint one or more members of the broad of directors.
Restriction on the nationality of directors, or limitations on the number of expatriates in top managerial positions
Government reserves the rights to veto certain decisions, or requires that important board decisions be unanimous
“Golden” shares to be held by the host Government allowing it, for example, to intervene if the foreign investor captures more than a certain percentage of the investment
Government must be consulted before adopting certain decisions.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Host Country’s General post-entry Control over FDI
Control over Capital movements
Control through tax legislation
Control through disclosure legislation
Control through “merger” legislation
Control over operations resulting in divestment
Dispute Settlement
Expropriation - Traditional concept
- Creeping expropriation
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Related issues to Host’s country control
Definition of investment : the limitation of power of the host country to control or to allow greater discretion to the host state to control FDI
Exceptions and derogations: national security, public health, public policy, specific industries
Incentives National treatment and most favoured-nation
treatment Social responsibility Transparency Dispute settlement
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Other types of restriction
Management restrictions on foreign- controlled monopolies or upon privatization of public companies.
Restrictions on land or immovable property ownership and transfers thereof.
Restrictions on industrial or intellectual property ownership or insufficient ownership protection.
Restriction on the use of long-term (five years or more) foreign loans e.g. bond
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Country Approaches to entry and establishment of FDI
The “Investment Control” model, which preserves full State Control over entry and establishment;
The “Selective Liberalization” model, which offers limited rights of entry and establishment, i.e. only in industries that are included in a “positive list” by the agreement of the contracting States;
The “Regional industrialization programme” model, which offers full rights of entry and establishment based on national treatment for investors from member countries of a regional economic integration organization only for the purposes of furthering such a programme
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Country Approaches to entry and establishment of FDI
The “Mutual national treatment” model, which offers full rights of entry and establishment based on national treatment for all natural and legal persons engaged in crossed-border business activity from member countries of a regional economic integration organization;
The “Combined national treatment/most-favoured-nation treatment” (NT/MFN) model, which offers full rights of entry and establishment based on the better of NT or MFN, subject only to reserved “negative” lists of industries to which such rights do not apply.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulTransfer of Funds
Conditional fund transfer- Balance of Payment
- Financial Crisis
- Short term Capital control
Free/Liberal fund transfer
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Returns
The earnings from investment The elements of the term returns mirror the
element of the term investment
To identify the extent of covered return to be protected under the treaty
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Commodity – Based Input TRIMs
Local content requirement
Laws of similar
Minimum export requirement
Trade – balancing requirement
Limitation on import
Foreign- exchange restriction
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulFactor – Based Input TRIMs
Local content requirement
Local - equity requirement
Technology transfer requirement
Research & Development requirement
National participation in management
Local hiring target
Expatriate quota
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Commodity – Based Output TRIMs
Minimum – export requirement
Trade balance requirement
Export control
Market reserve policy
Product mandating requirement
Licensing requirement
Export performance requirement
Domestic sales requirement
Manufacturing Limitation
Manufacturing requirement
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Factor – Based Output TRIMs
Technology transfer
requirement
Earning Remittance Limits
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulTreatment to foreign investor
Pre-establishment
Post-establishment
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
National Treatment
The nature and origins of the national treatment standard
Scope and application
The substantive content of the national treatment standard
The relationship between national treatment and other general standards of treatment
“De jure” and “de facto” treatment
Exceptions to national treatment
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Definition
National treatment can be defined as a principle whereby a host country extends to foreign investors treatment that is at least as favourable as the treatment that it accords to national investors in like circumstances.
In this way the national treatment standard seeks to ensure a degree of competitive equality between national and foreign investors.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
The nature and origins of the NT standard under International Law
The standard represents one of the competing international law doctrines for the treatment of the person and property of aliens “The Calvo Doctrine” or the so called “Negative National Treatment”
The doctrine of State Responsibility for injuries to aliens and their property. It asserts that customary international law establishes a minimum international standard of treatment to which aliens are entitled, allowing for treatment more favourable than that accorded to nationals where this fails below the international standard
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulGeneral application of NT
National treatment typically extends to the post-entry treatment of foreign investors.
Some international investment agreements also extend the standard to pre-entry situations. (US and Canada BITs)
Normally such an extension accompanied by a “negative list” of excepted areas of investment activity to which NT does not apply, or a “positive list” of areas of investment activity to which NT is granted.
Several types of general exceptions to national treatment exist concerning public health, safety and morals, and national security.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
National Treatment VS MFN Treatment
National treatment seeks to grant treatment comparable to domestic investors operating in the host country. (to secure a certain level of treatment for FDI in host country)
NT serves to eliminate distortions in competition and thus is seen to enhance the efficient operation of the economies involved
MFN seeks to grant foreign investors treatment comparable to other foreign investors operating in the host country
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
The differences of NT that applicable to trade and investment
National Treatment in trade agreement is applicable to “Product”
The national treatment in investment agreement is applicable to “investments” and/ or “investors”
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul“De jure” and “De facto” NT
De Jure NT, the treatment of foreign investors based on NT provided under national law and regulation or under the investment treatment
De facto NT, the treatment of foreign investors under the factual measures that might work against NT e.g. licensing requirements, qualification requirements. Although these measures may be justified on policy grounds.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Exceptions to National treatment
Classification of exceptions
General exceptions
Subject-specific exceptions
Industry-specific exceptions
Reciprocal national treatment clauses
Exceptions based on development considerations
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulExceptions to national treatment
General exceptions: public health, order and morals, and national security
Subject-specific exceptions: intellectual property rights guaranteed under IP conventions, taxation, prudential measures in financial services, incentives, safeguards, cultural industries exception
Country specific exceptions: specific industries for national economic policy and social policy
Reciprocal national treatment clauses
Exceptions based on development considerations
Monitoring
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulMost-Favoured-Nation Treatment
Definition and scope
MFN treatment and equality of competitive opportunities
The “free rider” issue
The identity issue
Exceptions: general exceptions, reciprocal subject-specific exceptions, country-specific exceptions
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
The rationale behind the application of MFN to foreign investors
The most-favoured-nation treatment (MFN) standard is a core element of international investment agreements. It means that a host country treats investors from one foreign country no less favourably than investors from any other foreign country in like cases.
The MFN standard gives investors a guarantee against certain forms of discrimination by host countries, and it is crucial for the establishment of equality of competitive opportunities between investors from different foreign countries.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulExpropriation
Direct expropriation
Indirect expropriation /Creeping expropriation
- Taxation
- Disguised Environmental Measures
- Di-vestment
- Conditional fund transfer
- Legal Enforcement
- etc
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulIntellectual property Rights
Ex.
- Berne Convention
- Rome Convention
- TRIPs Art. 4 (6) (protection of reciprocity Rule)
- NAFTA Art. 1108 (5) (not limited to protection of reciprocity but applies to IP rights in general
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Abuse of intellectual property rights
Abuse of intellectual property rights (IPR), for example where technology-licensing arrangements abuse the monopoly position of IPR holders, such as through non-competition clauses and the so-called ‘grant back’. This means the licensee is required to assign inventions made in the course of working on the transferred technology back to the licensor. Another aspect of IPR abuse, “non-contestation clauses” is that the licensee is prevented from contesting the validity of the IPR or other right of the licensor. IPR abuses might be subject to general competition rules on horizontal and vertical restraints.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulDispute Settlement
State – State Dispute settlement
State – Investor Dispute settlement
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulDispute Settlement
Judicial System
Arbitration
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Investment Promotion
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulInvestment Incentives
Tax Incentives
Non – Tax Incentives
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulTax Incentives
An inducement offered in the form of an abatement of taxes such as:
Tax holiday from corporate income tax
Exemption from income tax, custom duty, corporate tax, Business levy, withholding tax on remittance of profit, dividends and other distribution
Tax holiday from dividends tax
Tax allowance
Concession from duty/levy
Abatement of adjusted income
Double deduction
Tax credit
Deduction for labour cost
Deduction cost of construction
Capital Loss Carry forward
Loss write-off provision
Any kind of tax exemption
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulNon – Tax Incentives
The incentives offered by the government to induce trade and investment either from abroad or domestic, or both sources. But they are not in a form of tax abatement such as:
One-stop services Favourable trade and investment environment Good Public infrastructure Telecommunication Network Favourable legal framework Investment Subsidy
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Competitiveness
Capital
Technology
Management
Consumption Behavior
Global network, Global chain
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Anti-competitive business practices
Horizontal restraints
Vertical restraints
Abuse of intellectual property rights
Abuse of market dominance
Mergers and acquisition policies
Public undertakings and enterprises with special
privileges
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulHorizontal restraints
Horizontal restraints or the hard-core cartels among firms in an oligopolistic market, engaging, for example,
in price fixing,
output restrictions,
market division,
customer allocation, and
collusive tendering and
other anti-competitive co-operation between firms selling competing products.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulVertical restraints
Vertical restraints or distribution strategies between manufacturers, suppliers or distributors, such as:
tying the sale of one good as a condition for the purchase of another good;
exclusive dealing (the seller requires the buyer to purchase the products only from the seller);
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulVertical restraints
territorial restraints (the seller requires the buyer/distributor to resell the product within a limited geographical area);
and resale price maintenance (the seller requires the buyer to resell the product only at a specified price).
Resale price-fixing also tends to be generally prohibited. The pro- and anti- competitive effects of such vertical restraints need to be evaluated and where necessary controlled.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Abuse of intellectual property rights
Abuse of intellectual property rights (IPR), for example where technology-licensing arrangements abuse the monopoly position of IPR holders, such as through non-competition clauses and the so-called ‘grant back’. This means the licensee is required to assign inventions made in the course of working on the transferred technology back to the licensor. Another aspect of IPR abuse, “non-contestation clauses” is that the licensee is prevented from contesting the validity of the IPR or other right of the licensor. IPR abuses might be subject to general competition rules on horizontal and vertical restraints.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Abuse of market dominance
Abuse of market dominance: dominant firms accounting for a
significant market share may attempt to monopolise a market,
for instance through price discrimination,
predatory low prices,
refusal to deal, or
vertical restraints.
Rules against the abuse of a dominant position may be
conduct-oriented, in other words, a general prohibition against
monopolising and foreclosure of competition. Another
approach is result-oriented, with a prohibition for example of
predatory pricing only if the losses can be recouped.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulMergers and acquisition policies
Mergers and acquisition policies, where horizontal, vertical or conglomerate mergers, may reduce competition or decrease efficiency. Merger policies may be designed to ensure the contestability of markets by preventing monopoly or price-setting by a single seller and price-taking by a single buyer, as well as oligopolistic or monopolised market power. On the other hand, acquisition policies also overlap with industrial policy instruments.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Public undertakings and enterprises with special privileges
Public undertakings and enterprises with special privileges, which are not required to behave according to market principles, (GATT Article XVII and EC Treaty Article 90) in view of their market power or financial independence. This includes firms with exclusive trading rights and monopolies.
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
The Impacts of FTA on state sovereignty
The impact on Legislation
The impact on Judicial System
The impact on the Enforcement of Law and
Regulations
The impact on Administrative System
The impact on Territorial Jurisdiction
The impact on Personal Jurisdiction
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Fundamental impact of FTA on Environment
Sovereign Rights
Legal Enforcement
Over exploitation
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakulNegative impacts of FTA
Agriculture: the instability of the international price of agricultural commodities, Lower agriculture returns are linked to poverty, a major cause of environmental degradation
Energy: to mitigate climate change , over-exploitation
Fisheries: over-exploitation and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.
Forestry: the mitigation of global warming and the conservation of biological diversity, illegally harvested forest products, the illegal exploitation of forestry resources, illegal logging
The areas need careful liberalization
• Intellectual Property Rights Protection
• International Investment rules
• Trade – related investment Measures
• The Treatment of Foreign Investors
• The liberalization of Trade in services
• Mutual Recognition
The sustainable development
• To balance State sovereignty and Market• To balance Liberalization and the
conservation of natural resources and environment
• To generate wealth of the local people• To evenly distribute income throughout the
country and the world• To maintain cultural way of life and local
wisdom
Environment protection: Development –Related Issues and sustainable development
• Eco-System• Climate Change, Ozone Layer, Air Pollution Control,
Noise Abatement, Water Protection and water management, Waste and Waste Management, Soil Protection, Chemicals and Environment Risks
• Preservation of Natural Resources• Bio Diversity, Gene Technology and Environmental
Risks• Social and Economic environment• Regulatory Environment• Warning System for environment problem, production
process, sustainable consumption and the effective environment Measures
Prof. Dr. LawanThanadsillapakul
Thank you