Prof. dr. javaid aziz awan slaughtering-- 08.10.2013 (slides)

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HALAL SLAUGHTER AND MEAT QUALITY

Prof. Dr. Javaid Aziz AwanHalal Resear Council

www.halalrc.org

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INTRODUCTIONMeat indispensable for sound human

healthProvides several essential nutrients:

ProteinsEssential amino acidsMineral elements Vitamins

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INTRODUCTIONMeat subject to spoilage by:

Chemical reactions Biochemical reactions Biological agents, including bacteria

and mouldsResponsible for food-borne diseases

INTRODUCTION

Hence meat be produced so as to:Minimize chemical and biochemical

changesPrevent chances of microbial

contamination and growth Preserve quality

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Slaughtering the Muslim way

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SELECTION OF ANIMALS

“Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which hath been invoked the name of other than God; that which hath been killed by strangling, or by a violent blow, or by a head long fall, or by being gored to death; that which hath been partly eaten by a wild animal, unless ye are able to slaughter it (in due form) ………………. (Al Maida - V:4)

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Islam permits consumption of few animals and birds only

Strictly prohibited:PorkBlood Carrion Dead animalsAll carnivorous animals All birds of prey

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Permitted animals:All herbivorous, even-toed ruminants

Animal for Halal slaughter be:Healthy Free from any apparent or

hidden diseaseMust be legally owned

PRE-REQUISITES FOR SLAUGHTER in islam

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PRE-REQUISITES FOR SLAUGHTER

Slaughtering of lawful animals and birds essential to prepare for food purposes

Pre-slaughter management and bleeding methods regulated by:religious practices and legislations

Ahadith by the Holy Prophet (pbuh) guide us on handling, care and slaughter of animals

These guidelines over 14 centuries oldModern science just testified implications05/01/23 11

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PRINCIPLES OF HALAL SLAUGHTER

Islamic method of slaughtering - based on two important principles:Tasmiya - invoking name of Allah -

slaughter being done with His permission

Tazkiyah - means purificationThis in accordance with several

commands given in the Holy Quran and Ahadith

PRINCIPLESD OF HALAL SLAUGHTER - TASMIYA

Tasmiya means invoking the name of Allah on the animal or bird being slaughtered

Allah’s name may be invoked as:Subhan Allah, or La illaha illila ho, or Allah-o-Akbar or Bismillah Allah-o-Akbar

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HALAL SLAUGHTER REQUIREMENTS

Tazkiyah means purification - cleaning meat of blood

Consumption of blood prohibited in Holy Scriptures:Holy Bible - Leviticus 3:17 and 7:26Holy Quran – Al Anaam - VI:146

All lawful animals and birds contain blood Blood must be drained as per these

commands

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HALAL SLAUGHTER REQUIREMENTS

Slaughtering rules apply to animals and birds in complete physical control of man

Any animal or bird gone wild and cannot be reached or caught, falls under category of ‘game animal’ - different rituals apply

Camel slaughtered by ‘nahr’ - Involves piercing throat with sharp, spear-like instrument while standing

SLAUGHTERING PROCESS in islam

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ESSENTIALS OF HALAL SLAUGHTERING

The Holy Prophet (pbuh) gave comprehensive guidelines on slaughtering of animals in following Hadith:

“Verily Allah, has prescribed proficiency in all things. Thus, if you kill, kill well; and if you slaughter, slaughter well. Let each one of you sharpen his blade and let him spare suffering to the animal he slaughters.”

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HALAL SLAUGHTERING - Slaughterer

Process of slaughtering in Islam - consolidated

Slaughterer:must be adult Muslim or one who believes in Holy Scriptures should be in possession of his mental

faculties

SLAUGHTERING INSTRUMENT

The Holy Prophet (pbuh) advised companions to use very sharp instrument

Further instructed that sharpening of knife not be performed in front of slaying animal – avoid excitement and nervousness

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ANIMAL POSITIONING

Lay animal (except camel) on its left flank, preferably facing Kibla

Recite name of Allah:Subhan Allah, or La illaha illila ho, or Allah-o-Akbar or Bismillah Allah-o-Akbar

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ESSENTIALS OF HALAL SLAUGHTERINGGive quick incision using very sharp knife

on front of the neck to severe:Wind pipeOesophagusCarotid arteries Jugular veins

Prohibited - practice of cutting off part of an animal or removing its skin while still alive

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REST PRIOR TO SLAUGHTERING

Islam promotes calm and rested animals prior to slaughtering: Not fatigued Not excited Not nervous

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STRESS PRIOR TO SLAUGHTERING

Prohibited - any act that causes neurosis or excitement or other abnormal behavioural changes in animal

Prohibited in Islam - Practice of collective slaughtering - other animals do not view their companion being killed Research reveals

practices inhumane

SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE

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Stress prior to slaughtering

Generally regarded undesirable that animal awaiting slaughter view slaughtering process – causes stress

Animals under stress - lead to:Undue emotional instabilityFatigueAnorexia, etc.

Stress prior to slaughtering- Scientific evidence

Discharge hormones from adrenal glands:adrenaline from adrenal medulla17 hydroxy- and 11-deoxy-

corticosterones from adrenal cortexHormones deplete muscle glycogen and

potassiumDeleterious effects on meat quality To prevent these adverse effects,

tranquilizers recommended to calm stocks in transit.05/01/23 26

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Rest prior to slaughtering – Scientific evidence

Modern methods require animal prior to slaughtering not be subjected to:StressFatigueNeurotic Otherwise excited

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Rough handling of animals in pre-slaughter period adversely affects meat qualityResult - dark, firm and dry meat (dark

cutting meat) Fatigued or starved animals

Organisms from gut may invade blood stream and eventually muscles

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Proper relaxation before slaughtering:Helps animal to bleed well – better

eating and keeping quality of meatBuilds up muscle glycogen essential to

lower pH of meatIncreases storage life by reducing

chances of microbial growth


Improves taste due to conditioning/ tenderness

Helps delay or reduce fermentation in stomach may otherwise give meat characteristic smell known as ‘bone taint’

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FEEDING THE ANIMALS

Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) advised that animals destined for slaughtering be:well fed provided with drinking water

Preferable that animals have free access to feed and water prior to slaughtering

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FEEDING THE ANIMALS – SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE

Two schools of thoughts:Animal to remain hungry - FastingAnimal be well fed

Fasting animals - Fasting animals before slaughter recommended in modern abattoirs

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Fasting animals - Advantages claimed: Bleed better Carcass easier to dress Carcass has brighter appearance Reduced bulk of animal’s stomach Reduced chances of bacterial

contamination from gut

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Fasted animals - Disadvantages: Loss in weight of carcass and liverLower glycogen reserves in muscles Reduced gustative quality of meat

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Well-fed animals:Glycogen level in muscle reaches higher levelEnsures production of adequate lactic acid Lowers pH of meatSuch meat has good:

AppearanceTasteTendernessLonger shelf-life

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Meat spoilage bacteria prefer growth at high pH levels - around pH 7.0

Meat of soothed and well-fed animals:pH attains 5.5 or even lower level

Meat of fatigued or neurotic animals:pH varies from 6.5 to 7.0

Feeding animals prior to slaughtering often recommended to produce good quality meat

In some cases sugar solution fed to quickly restore glycogen level in tissues

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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE

Conventionally, slaughtering process consists of two to three different stages

Depends on religious practices and legislations

Posture of animal and bleeding method governed by religious and national legislations

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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Modern method - Stunning

Western countries require animals be stunned

Stunning widely practiced in Western abattoirs:To make animal unconscious for gentle

and painless death No standard method for all animals under

all conditions Muslims & Jews not in favour of stunning

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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE – Modern method - StunningStunning Methods:

Pole-axeFree bulletCaptive bolt pistolConcussion stunnerElectrical stunning Carbon dioxide anesthesia

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Modern method - Stunning

Stunning effective in having calm animal Stunning may adversely affect quality of

carcasscause injury to medulla oblongata in brain

- controls blood circulation and respirationDesirable these systems continue to

function - help pump blood out of carcass when blood vessels cut

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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE –Modern method - Stunning

Method of shooting by free bullet - too dangerous to use in abattoirs

Captive bolt - discardedCarbon dioxide anesthesia - exact dose

of gas important for specific length of timedoes not seem possible with all animals

under all conditions

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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE – Modern method - StunningElectrical stunning widely used

increases frequency of ‘blood splash” - appearance of small dark red areas in meat

also lowers glycogen reserves of muscleapproximately in 5 % electrically stunned

animals heart failure - animal dead before incision madeconsumers eat carrion and not meat Objectionable in West, also prohibited by

Holy Scriptures

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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE –Modern method - StunningStunning - outcome of industrial revolutionInitially meant to protect the slaughterer and

other employeesReality - no relation with mercy on animalsMore animals be slaughtered in least timeIndustrial revolution - provided mankind with

innumerable benefitsAlso inflicted damaging blows on some aspects

of human nutritionExample - refinement of wheat flour

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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Animal positioning

Islamic method - lay animal on left flank preferably facing Kibla

Scientific evidence When laid on left flank, likelihood of more blood

to drain due to body pressure on heartLaying animal enables it to convulse

results from contraction of muscles due to lack of oxygen in brain cells when incision made in neck

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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Animal positioning - Scientific evidence

During convulsions blood squeezed out of vessels

Hence more blood drains outa pre-requisite for meat of superior

eating and keeping qualityEvidence suggests more blood lost from

sheep in horizontal position than those hung vertically

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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding techniques

Islam permits use of sharp knife or any sharp object for bleeding

Incision made in neck with simultaneous recitation of the name of Allah - Takbir

Takbir has religious significance to believermakes submission to Allahlife taken out of animal with His

permission

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Slaughtering actually done in the name of Allah

“So eat of (meats) on which God’s name has been pronounced if ye have faith in His Signs” (Al Anaam - Vl:118).


Slaughtering not in name of any person or deity in accordance with following commands:

“Eat not of meats on which God’s name has not been pronounced: that would be impiety. But the evil ones ever inspire their friends to commit end with you if ye were to obey them, ye would indeed be Pagans” (Vl:121).

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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding techniques - Islamic method

Cut throat transversely without injuring spinal cord to severe:carotid arteriesjugular veinsoesophagus and trachea

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE 3. Bleeding techniques Islamic method

Two requirements in slaughter of animals for meat: animals be dispatched without

unnecessary sufferingbleeding be as complete as possible

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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE 3. Bleeding techniques – Scientific evidence

When both carotid arteries and veins severed connection between brain and body retained via spinal cord

Brain sends messages to heart and lungsHeart pumps blood to parts of body

drained out from severed blood vessels in neck

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Results of a comparison of study on different methods of slaughtering:

Maximum blood lost in Kosher method Jewish method similar to Islamic as

regards physical details Minimum when chicken simply beheaded


Islamic method ensures maximum blood drainage from body before completion of death process

Unconsciousness induced between 3 to 6 seconds

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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding – Scientific evidenceBlood excellent medium for growth of

microorganismsMeat retaining more blood than critical level

liable to bacterial spoilageBlood retention in tissues can cause

unpleasant appearance and discolouration in meat

Keeping and eating qualities of meat depend, in part, on removal of maximum blood from carcass

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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding techniques – Scientific evidence

To produce good carcass animal be bled effectively

Heart and respiratory system must function continuously as long as possible after severance of blood vessels

This attained most thoroughly when heart and respiratory functions retained by maintaining medulla oblongata/spinal cord

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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding techniques – Scientific evidence

Positioning of animal in Islamic method: clearly prevents retraction of carotids ensures rapid onset of unconsciousness

and painless deathIn Islamic method of slaughtering

maximum blood drained - outranks other slaughtering techniques

HENCE BETTER QUALITY OF MEAT

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EXTRODUCTION

Current scientific data reveals Islamic recommendations for slaughtering animals highly rational

Good physique and health considered basic requirement for selection of food animals

Pre-slaughter management of animals requires they should not be fatigued, excited or neurotic

Proper rest, absence of hunger and thirst and use of sharp knife alleviate pains of death

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Prof. dr. javaid aziz awan slaughtering-- 08.10.2013 (slides)

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