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Transcript of PROF. ASHRAF HUSAIN Key concept for hypothalamic function is HOMEOSTASIS Its goal is to maintain...
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PROF. ASHRAF HUSAIN
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Key concept for hypothalamic function is HOMEOSTASIS
Its goal is to maintain internal homeostasisThere are both neural and hormonal inputs to
and outputs from the hypothalamus.
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Where is the hypothalamus ?Anatomical Location:
It consist of group of nuclei present in the floor of third ventricle (which lies between the two thalami)
It is a very vascular structure so much so that the nuclei are floating in the blood.
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Vital anatomical pointsIt is a very small structure and comprises less
than 1% of our brain volume
Lines third ventricle right above the pituitary
Divided into medial and lateral regions by fornix which is a tract of fibres that run from the hippocampus to the mamillary bodies
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Limited at the anterior by the optic chiasm and anterior commissure
Limited at the posterior by the mammillary bodies
Hypothalamus is intimately connected to the amygdala which controls emotion
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HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEII. ANTERIOR GROUP:
I. ANTERIOR NUCLEUSII. LATERAL HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEIIII. PREOPTIC NUCLEIIV. PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEIV. SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUSVI. SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS
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HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEIII. MIDDLE GROUP (INFUNDIBULAR
REGION) :I. MEDIAL NUCLEUS
I. DORSOMEDIAL NUCLEIII. VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEI
II. LATERAL HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEIIII. TUBERAL
III.POSTERIOR GROUP :I. MAMMILLARY NUCLEUSII. LATERAL HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEIIII. POSTERIOR NUCLEUS
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I. AUTONOMIC CONTROLII. TEMPERATURE REGULATIONIII. HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF PITUTARY
SECRETION THROUGH RELEASING OR INHIBITORY HORMONES
IV. HYPOTHALAMIC PITUTARY RELATIONSHIPV. CONTROL OF HUNGER, FEEDING AND
SATIETYVI. THIRST CONTROLVII. CONTROL OF BODY RHYTHM (CIRCADIAN)VIII.CONTROL OF SLEEP, FEAR AND RAGEIX. SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
HYPOTHALAMIC FUNCTIONHYPOTHALAMIC FUNCTION
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Hypothalamic control of pituitary secretion
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FEEDING AND SATIETYFood intake increased
by(Lateral feeding centre)
Neuropeptide YOrexin A and BMCH (Melanin conc.
Hormone)Ghrelin
Food intake decreased by (Medial satiety centre
LeptinBombesin ,CCKSomtostatin etc.
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CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKEFour hypothesis for control of food intake
Lipostatic hypothesis: adipose tissues emit humoral signals to the hypothalamus causing reduction in food intake
Gut peptide hypothesis: food in GIT causes release of one or more polypeptides these signal the hypothalamus to reduce food intake
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Glucostatic hypothesis: increased glucose utilization in hypothalamus produces a sensation of satiety
Thermostatic hypothesis : reduction in body temperature below a certain level leads to increased appetite and an increased in body temperature above a certain level decreases appetite
Leptin (from Adipocytes (fat cells)) this hormone acts on the hypothalamus to decrease food intake & increase energy consumption. It inhibits activity of Neropeptide Y neurons
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Increase food intake ,decreased energy expenditure
FAT DEPOTSIncreased fat deposition
↓Increased leptin synthesis
Increased plasma leptin concentration
HYPOTHALAMUSIncreased activation of
Leptin receptors
Solid arrows indicate stimulation; dashed arrows indicate inhibition
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Control of hunger , feeding and satiety
Hypothalamic regulation of appetite for food depends on the interaction of two areas
1. Feeding center:Site: lateral hypothalamic nucleus.Stimulation: voraciuos eatingLesion: loss of eating (fatal
anorexia)
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2. Satiety Center:Site: Ventromedial nucleusStimulation: cessation of eatingLesion: Hyperphagia eg. Hypothalamic obesity.
Mechanism of hunger regulationFeeding center is mostly active and is transiently
inhibited by activity in the satiety center.
SATIETY CENTER FEEDING CENTERINHIBITS
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SATIETY CENTER
(GLUCOSTAT)
If glucose utilization increases
Feeding center inhibited
Loss of appetite Increase Food Intake
Feeding center unchecked
If glucose utilization decreases
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Thirst controlHypertonicity
Osmoreceptors
Hypovolumia
Baroreceptors
Angiotensin II
Thirst
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HYPERTONICITY STIMULATES OSMORECEPTORS SIGNALS HPOTHALAMUS STIMULATES THIRST
HYPOVOLEMIA STIMULATES BARORECEPTORS AND ANGIOTENSIN II WHICH IN TURN STIMULATES THE HYPOTHALAMUS TO PRODUCE A THIRST SENSATION
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Hypothalamic temperature regulating mechanism
Thermoregulatory mechanism by the
hypothalamus are basically reflex or semi
reflex response.
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BODY TEMPERATURE1. INVERTEBRATES CANNOT ADJUST BODY
TEMPERATURE AND IT DEPENDS ON ENVIRONMENT
2. VERTEBRATES BODY TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATES OVER A CONSIDERABLE RANGE DUE TO RUDIMENTARY BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATING MECHANISM POIKILOTHERMIC COLD BLOODED
3. MAN IS HOMEOTHERMIC AND MAINTAINS HIS BODY TEMPERATURE CONSTANT INSPITE OF WIDE VARIATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE WARM BLOODED
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NORMAL BODY TEMPERATUREORAL TEMPERATURE 37 DEGREES
CENTIGRADE (98.6 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT)
CORE TEMPERATURE(RECTAL TEMPERATURE) 0.5 DEGREES CENTIGRADE ABOVE ORAL TEMPERATURE
SKIN TEMPERATURE LOWER THAN ORAL TEMPERATURE
SCROTAL TEMPERATURE REGULATED AT 32 DEGREES CENTIGRADE
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THE EXTREMITIES ARE COOLER THAN THE REST OF THE BODY
FEET IS COOLER THAN HAND
CORE TEMPERATURE VARIES LEAST WITH CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
HYPERPYREXIA IS HIGH TEMPERATURE OVER 41DEGREES CENTIGRADE (106 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT)
HYPOTHERMIA LOW BODY TEMPERATURE 3 DEGREES OR LESS
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FACTORS NORMALLY AFFECTING TEMPERATURE
1. DIURNAL VARIATION 0.5 TO 0.7° C MOSTLY2. LOWEST AT ABOUT 6 AM AND DURING SLEEP3. AGE INFANT IRREGULAR AGED SUBNORMAL
1. RISE IN BASAL TEMPERATURE AT TIME OF OVULATION IN FEMALES
2. EXERCISE AS HIGH AS 40 ° C HAS BEEN RECORDED AFTER EXERCISE
3. EMOTION TEMPERATURE RISES DUE TO UNCONCIOUS TENSING OF THE MUSCLES
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HYPERTHYROIDISMBMR INCREASES AND BODY
TEMPERATURE INCREASES
HYPOTHYROIDISMBMR DECREASES AND BODY
TEMPERATURE DECREASES
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MECHANISMS OF HEAT LOSS(% OF HEAT LOSS AT 21 DEGREE C)
RADIATION AND CONDUCTION 70%VAPORIZATION OF SWEAT = 27%RESPIRATION = 2%URINATION AND DEFECATION =1%MECHANISMS OF HEAT GAINBASIC METABOLIC PROCESSESFOOD INTAKE(SDA)MUSCULAR ACTIVITY
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DURING A HOT HUMID DAY
SWEAT SPREADS OVER THE SKIN
THERE IS REDUCED EVAPORATION OF SWEAT
PERSON FEELS HOT
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AFFERENTS FOR TEMPERATURE CONTROL
SENSORY COLD RECEPTORS:
1.SKIN2.DEEP TISSUES3.SPINAL CORD4.EXTRAHYPOTHALAMIC PARTS OF
BRAIN5.HYPOTHALAMUS
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THRESHOLD CORE TEMPERATURE FOR
TEMPERATURE REGULATION RESPONSE
THRESHOLDS (WHEN THRESHOLD IS REACHED RESPONSE BEGINS)
- 35.5 DEGREES CENTIGRADE FOR SHIVERING
- 36 DEGREES CENTIGRADE FOR NON SHIVERING
THERMOGENESIS
-36.8 DEGREES CENTIGRADE FOR VASOCONSTRICTION
- 37 DEGREES CENTIGRADE FOR SWEATING & VASODILATATION
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HEAT GAIN
1.METABOLISM
2.FOOD(SDA)
3.MUSCULAR ACTIVITY
HEAT LOSS
1.CONDUCTION
2.CONVECTION
3.RADIATION
4.EVAPORATION SKIN,LUNGS
5.URINATION DEFECATION
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BASAL METABOLISM
30 TO 40 KCAL PER SQ METER PER HOUR
1700 KCAL PER DAY MALE
1500 KCAL PER DAY FEMALE
MODERATE ACTIVITY 2500 TO 3000 KCAL PER DAY
HEAVY WORK 6000 KCAL PER DAY
SHORT BURSTS OF SEVERE EXERCISE 10-16 TIMES BASAL LEVEL
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SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER
ONE CALORIE RAISES THE TEMPERATURRE OF 1 GM WATER BY 1 DEGREE CENTIGRADE
HENCE IF NO HEAT IS LOST OUR BODY TEMPERATURE WOULD RISE BY 1 DEGREE CENTIGRADE PER HOUR
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HEAT LOSS BY EVAPORATION OF WATER THROUGH LUNGS AND SKIN
INSENSIBLE PERSPIRATION PASSAGE OF WATER BY DIFFUSION THROUGH SKIN INSENSIBLE BECAUSE IT
CANNOT BE SEEN OR FELT
LUNGS ON AVERAGE WATER IS LOST FROM
THE LUNGS IS ABOUT 300 ML/DAY AND EQUIVALENT
HEAT IS NEARLY 200 KCAL
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HEAT LOSSCONDUCTION HEAT LOSS BY DIRECT CONTACT
CONVECTION THE AIR IN IMMEDIATE CONTACT WITH SKIN IS WARMED THE HEATED MOLECULES MOVE AWAY AND COOLER ONES COME IN TO TAKE THEIR PLACE AND SO ON
RADIATION HOT OBJECTS EMIT INFRARED HEAT RAYS ,IT DEPENDS ON SURFACE AREA DIFFERENCE OF TEMPERATURE BETWEEN THE SKIN AND THE SURROUNDING OBJECTS
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SKIN LOSS
INSENSIBLE PERSPIRATION IT IS ABOUT 600 TO 800 ML PER DAY EQUIVALENT TO HEAT LOSS OF 400 KCAL
SWEATING : RISE OF TEMPERATURE CAUSES SWEATING
SWEATING MAY BE UPTO 1.7 LITRES PER DAY.IT MAY BE THERMAL,EMOTIONAL EXERCISE,
SYMPATHETIC OVERACTIVITY, GUSTATORY SWEATING
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Skin (cold receptors)
Increase Heat Production
•Shivering
•Hunger
•Increase Voluntary activity
•Increase secretion of Adrenalin, noradrenalin, TSH
•Cutaneous Vascular Counter current exchange.
Posterior Hypothalamus
Decrease Heat loss
•Cutaneous Vasoconstriction
•Curling up – decrease body surface area
Above mechanisms results in raising the body temprature
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Skin (Heat receptors)
Increase Heat Loss
•Cutaneous vasodilatation
•Sweating
•Increase perspiration
Anterior Hypothalamus
Decrease Heat production
•Anorexia
•Apathy
•Inertia
Above mechanisms results in
decrease in the body temperature
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FEVERTHERMOSTAT HAS BEEN RESET TO NEW
POINT ABOVE 37 DEGREES CENTIGRADE
ACTUAL BODY TEMPERATURE IS BELOW NEW SET POINT
LEADS TO INCREASED TEMPERATURE RAISING MECHANISM
CHILLY SENSATION DUE TO CUTANEOUS VASOCONSTRICTION AND SHIVERING
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PATHOGENESIS OF FEVERENDOTOXINS
CYTOKINES PRODUCTION (PGE2)
LOCAL RELEASE OF PROSTAGLANDIN IN HYPOTHALAMUS
ASPIRIN REDUCES PG SYNTHESIS
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BENEFITS OF FEVERBENEFICIAL RESPONSE TO INFECTION
AND OTHER DISEASES eg.(ANTHRAX,PNEUMONIA)
INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE REDUCES BACTERIAL GROWTH
INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE INCREASES ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
SLOWS THE GROWTH OF SOME TUMORS)VERY HIGH TEMPERATURE ARE HARMFUL
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HYPERTHERMIATEMPERATURE > 41 DEGREES
CENTIGRADE (106 ° F) FOR PROLONGED PERIODS RESULTS IN PERMANENT BRAIN DAMAGE
OVER 43 DEGREES CENTIGRADE eg. HEAT STROKE DEVELOPS & CAUSES DEATH
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MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA
GENE MUTATION CAUSING INCREASED CALCIUM RELEASE DURING MUSCULAR CONTRACTION DUE TO STRESS
MUSCLE METABOLISM IS INCREASED IN THIS CONTRACTED STATE
THIS CAUSES AN INCREASE IN HEAT PRODUCTION IN MUSCLE AND MARKED RISE IN BODY TEMPERATURE AND MAY BE FATAL IF NOT TREATED
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OTHER IMPORTANT DISORDERS OF TEMPERATURE
HEAT STROKE
HEAT EXHAUSTION (CIRCULATORY DEFICIENCY WITH DEHYDRATION AND SALT DEFICIENCY
HYPOTHERMIA
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HYPOTHERMIASKIN OR BLOOD IS COOLED LEADING TO REDUCED
METABOLIC RATE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS
HEART RATE BP AND RESPIRATORY RATE REDUCES
AS RECTAL TEMPERATURE REACHES 28 DEGREES CENTIGRADE THE ABILITY TO SPONTANEOUSLY RETURN TO NORMAL TEMP IS LOST
IF PERSON SURVIVES THEN REWARMING RETURNS TO NORMAL STATE
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HUMANS TOLERATE BODY TEMPERATURE LOWS OF 21 TO 24 DEGREES CENTIGRADE
CERTAIN SURGERIES ARE DONE UNDER INDUCED HYPOTHERMIAS
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