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BIOLOGY:
• CHEMISTRY OF LIFE• Presentation by D.T Nyalunga• University of johannesburg, 2012
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Element
An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means.
98% of living matter is made of Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur
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Molecules of Life
Molecules of life are synthesized by living cells Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids (madel, 2009)
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Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Lipids
What are the 4 major macromolecules that make up all cells?
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Organic Compounds
Consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms Carbon atoms bond covalently with up to four
other atoms, often in long chains or rings
Functional groups attach to a carbon backbone Influence organic compound’s properties
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Carbohydrates - sugars• Carbohydrates are made up of
monomers call monosaccharide (one sugar)
• carbo-: sounds like carbon• -hydrate: means something combined
with water• General formula for carbohydrates:
CnH2nOn
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(Sharafeddin, 2010)
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Carbohydrates – The Most Abundant Ones
Three main types of carbohydrates Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Oligosaccharides (short chains) Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates)
Carbohydrate functions Instant energy sources Transportable or storable forms of energy Structural materials
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Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis
(http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale)
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Greasy, Oily – Must Be Lipids
Lipids Fats, phospholipids, waxes, and sterols Don’t dissolve in water Dissolve in nonpolar substances (other lipids)
Lipid functions Major sources of energy Structural materials Used in cell membranes
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Triglyceride Formation
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(williamson, 2010)
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Nucleic Acids – DNA/RNA
• Nucleic acids are made of monomers called nucleotides
• Nucleotides link together by dehydration reactions
(JessicaSandel, 2011)
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• Each Nucleotide has 3 main parts
Nucleic Acids – DNA/RNA
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Absorption of Carbohydrates & Amino acids
Two main mechanisms of absorption : 1-facilitative transport ; with the gradient
2- active transport ; against the gradient .
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Bibliography http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale. (n.d.).
JessicaSandel. (2011). molecule of life. chicago.
madel, c. (2009). molecule of life. u.k.
Sharafeddin, O. (2010). absorption of amino acids and carbohydrates. u.k.
williamson, J. (2010). Molecule of life. johannesburg: Pearson international.