PRODUKTIVITAS EKOSISTEM

MATERI & NON-MATERIAL

Regina R.B, Ieke, W.A., dan Soemarno – Des 2012

SEKUESTRASIKARBON

SEKUESTRASI KARBONHow do forests sequester carbon dioxide?

Carbon sequestration involves "storing" or "sequestering" carbon dioxide and one of the most efficient carbon sinks is an actively

growing forest.  All plants photosynthesize so forests are not only removing the

carbon dioxide from the air, they are converting it to another form that is beneficial to the environment. 

Diunduh dari: http://www.groundworks.net.au/default.asp?PageID=100 ………….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBONTerrestrial Carbon Storage

Vast amounts of carbon are already stored naturally in the earth’s ecosystems. A number of factors influence the level of terrestrial carbon storage, including land

management, utilization of wood products, and impacts of wildfire. One of the attractions of terrestrial sequestration is its lower initial cost relative to other approaches to CO2 storage and the potential for significant environmental,

economic, and aesthetic co-benefits. The latter may include:1. Improved forest health2. New wildlife habitat 3. Reduced soil erosion and stream sedimentation 4. Stronger local economies 5. Reclamation of poorly managed soils 6. Improved recreational opportunities .

During photosynthesis, plants convert CO2 and water into carbohydrates to use for growth. This process fixes carbon in plants, organic matter, and soil.

Diunduh dari: http://www.westcarb.org/terrestorage.html ………….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBONWhat is Photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is a process of taking inroganic material to make new organic matter through the combining of carbon dioxide and water using solar energy.

This process only occurs in green plants, blue-green algae, and certain bacteria.

Plants capture light energy and make their own food using it. The process of photosynthesis is what allows the plants to make their own food.

Photosynthesis allows the chlorophyll inside each leaf to capture energy. The captured energy is used to build carbohydrates from simple raw materials. (water, carbon dioxide and minerals) These carbohydrates, also known as

sugar, are the plants food. The plant uses some of the sugar, but also stores some. Photosynthesis also needs the following raw materials to function: carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Animals breath out carbon dioxide, so this gives the plants oxygen and carbon. Plants receive the hydrogen through

water. The materials enter the plant either at the roots or the leaves.

Diunduh dari: http://ellerbruch.nmu.edu/classes/cs255w03/cs255students/teabbott/p4/page1.html ………….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBON. Photosynthesis

It seems so simple. 6 molecules of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, 6 molecules of water, sunlight, a little chemical interaction, and suddenly there

exists glucose, the food of life.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + photons of light (2,870 kJ) → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

"This process is one of the most important biochemical pathways, since nearly all life on Earth either directly or indirectly depends on it as a source of

energy"

Diunduh dari: http://thusagricola.typepad.com/the_gates_of_academe/2008/10/photosynthesis.html………

….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBON

FOTOSINTESIS

Diunduh dari: http://teachers.moed.bm/leone.samuels/Photosynthesis%20Diagrams/Forms/

DispForm.aspx?ID=6………….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBONHow much carbon dioxide does a single mature tree absorb?

Different sources offer different numbers – no surprise in the constantly evolving world of carbon sequestration analytics. It has seen estimates

ranging from 18 pounds per year per tree to more than 50.The mature tree absorbs 271,580 pounds of CO2 per acre over its first 20

years. (Mature trees absorb more than younger trees).

Diunduh dari: http://newenglandcleanenergy.com/energymiser/………….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBONTanaman Penyerap Karbondioksida

Tanaman merupakan penyerap karbondioksida (CO2) di udara. Bahkan beberapa diantara tanaman-tanaman itu sangat jago, mempunyai kemampuan

besar, untuk menyerap karbondioksida (CO2). Pohon trembesi (Samanea saman), dan Cassia (Cassia sp) merupakan salah satu contoh tumbuhan yang

kemampuan menyerap CO2-nya sangat besar hingga mencapai ribuan kg/tahun.

1. Trembesi, Samanea saman, 28.488,39 kg/tahun2. Cassia, Cassia sp, 5.295,47 kg/tahun3. Kenanga, Canangium odoratum, 756,59 kg/tahun4. Pingku, Dyxoxylum excelsum, 720,49 kg/tahun5. Beringin, Ficus benyamina, 535,90 kg/tahun6. Krey payung, Fellicium decipiens, 404,83 kg/tahun7. Matoa, Pometia pinnata, 329,76 kg/tahun8. Mahoni, Swettiana mahagoni, 295,73 kg/tahun9. Saga, Adenanthera pavoniana, 221,18 kg/tahun10. Bungur, Lagerstroemia speciosa, 160,14 kg/tahun11. Jati, Tectona grandis, 135,27 kg/tahun12. Nangka, Arthocarpus heterophyllus, 126,51 kg/tahun13. Johar, Cassia grandis, 116,25 kg/tahun14. Sirsak, Annona muricata, 75,29 kg/tahun15. Puspa, Schima wallichii, 63,31 kg/tahun16. Akasia, Acacia auriculiformis, 48,68 kg/tahun17. Flamboyan, Delonix regia, 42,20 kg/tahun18. Sawo kecik, Maniilkara kauki, 36,19 kg/tahun19. Tanjung, Mimusops elengi, 34,29 kg/tahun20. Bunga merak, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, 30,95 kg/tahun21. Sempur, Dilenia retusa, 24,24 kg/tahun22. Khaya, Khaya anthotheca, 21,90 kg/tahun23. Merbau pantai, Intsia bijuga, 19,25 kg/tahun24. Akasia, Acacia mangium, 15,19 kg/tahun25. Angsana, Pterocarpus indicus, 11,12 kg/tahun26. Asam kranji, Pithecelobium dulce, 8,48 kg/tahun27. Saputangan, Maniltoa grandiflora, 8,26 kg/tahun28. Dadap merah, Erythrina cristagalli, 4,55 kg/tahun29. Rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum, 2,19 kg/tahun30. Asam, Tamarindus indica, 1,49 kg/tahun31. Kempas, Coompasia excelsa, 0,20 kg/tahun

Diunduh dari: http://alamendah.wordpress.com/2010/09/01/tanaman-penyerap-karbondioksida/ ……….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBONKemampuan Serapan Karbon dioksida 5 (Lima) Jenis Tanaman Hutan Kota.

(Tommy Steven Parulian Sinambela, H. Endes N Dahlan dan H. Muhamad Diazuli, 2006)

Daya serap CO2 bersih per individu pohon (g/pohon/jam) di daerahDramaga ada.lah sebagai berikut:

1. Daun krey payung sebesar 0,10; 2. Manggis hutan sebesar 0.60; 3. Melinjo sebesar 0,39; 4. Sawo kecik sebesar;0,37; dan 5. Trengguli sebesar 0,06.

Daya serap CO2 bersih per hektar luas lahm (g4Ia,ljam) di daerah Dramaga dengan asumsi keselumhan jarak tanam tanaman 5m x

5m adalah sebagai berikut: 6. Daun krey palung sebesar 40,8; 7. Manggis hutan sebesar 240,4; 8. Melinjo sebesar 156,09. Sawo kecik sebesar; 146,8; dan 10. Trengguli sebesar 22,0.

Diunduh dari: www.attayaya.net › Dunia Hijau  ……….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBONCarbon sequestration of paddy fields in Western Jilin

of China during 1989–2004Jie Tang, Xiaoming Xu, Zhaoyang Li, Weizheng Han.

(Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change January 2012, Volume 17, Issue 1, pp 103-109 )

The study area of this article, Western Jilin province of China, was a typical area responding to global changing in middle latitude areas.

In this paper, by interpreting the thematic mapper (TM) images of the study area in the years of 1989, 1996, 2000 and 2004, the land

use/cover change (LUCC) data were achieved, which included the area of paddy fields and its spatial distributions.

113 soil samples were collected to obtain soil organic carbon (SOC) data of different land use types. After that, the organic matter

contents of these samples were measured by using the potassium dichromate oxidation-outer heating method.

Based on the data above, the amount of SOC sequestrated by the surface soil (0~30 cm) of paddy fields was calculated.

The result showed that: the area of paddy fields was increasing continuously in western Jilin, from 11.28 × 104 hm2 in 1989 to 22.77 × 

104 hm2 in 2004.

Paddy fields transferred from wetlands, grasslands and water areas accounted for the main part of the paddy fields in 2004, the areas were 3.09 × 104 hm2, 2.98 × 104 hm2 and 2.8 × 104 hm2, respectively.

The paddy fields with a total area of 0.83 × 104 hm2 degraded into saline-alkali lands. The amount of organic carbon sequestration in

the surface layer (0–30 cm) of paddy fields was 658.86 × 104 t.

Diunduh dari:   http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11027-011-9311-0……….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBONCarbon sequestration and methane emission from a tropical rice field under intensive rice cultivation with long-term application of

compost and inorganic fertilizerNayak, D. R.; Yeluriapti, J.; Adhya, T. K.

EGU General Assembly 2009, held 19-24 April, 2009 in Vienna, Austria http://meetings.copernicus.org/egu2009, p.12446

The impact of long-term intensive rice-rice cropping system with different managements on soil organic carbon content (SOC) and methane emission was studied using a 36-year-old fertility experiment under tropical climate. Intensive rice production systems are important sinks of carbon but at the

same time these are the major anthropogenic sources of atmospheric CH4, a major greenhouse gas.

A significant increase in soil organic carbon in the treatments receiving compost or compost + inorganic fertilizer was observed. But the Control

treatment where there is no fertilizer amendment, the SOC content decreased slightly. 36 years of application of compost and inorganic fertilizer application

resulted in 32% increase in SOC content over the control treatment.

Methane emission varied significantly among the treatments, growth stages and growth seasons.

Treatments with combined application of compost and inorganic fertilizer showed highest CH4 emission during both dry and wet

season. About 3.9 to 10.8 % of the total annual carbon input was lost through CH4 emission.

CH4 emission showed significant positive correlation with soil parameters such as ferrous iron content, total organic carbon, total

nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase activity and plant parameters such as grain yield and straw yield.

Step-wise regression analysis showed ferrous iron content of soil and straw yield explained more than 80% of variability in CH4 emission during both dry

and wet season.

Diunduh dari:   http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EGUGA..1112446N……….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBONBAMBOO

Bamboo has long been supposed to be a plant with a high (carbon) sequestration capability, and the research to date indeed confirms that

bamboo outperforms fast growing trees in its rate of carbon accumulation. Bamboo’s ability to provide global environmental services through carbon

sequestration is also now receiving high levels of interest, and is the subject of research by The International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR).

A report entitled Bamboo and Climate Change Mitigation discusses the role of bamboo in carbon sequestration and how to optimize this dynamic concept of

absorbing the element carbon through sustainable management and harvesting practices.

Diunduh dari: http://www.bamboobob.com/?p=329 ……….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBONBamboo is that fastest naturally replenishing resource in the world and does not require replanting, fertilizers, and pesticides. It also acts as a great carbon sequester as it minimizes CO2 gases and generates up to 35% more oxygen than equivalent stand of trees.

Diunduh dari: http://green.thefuntimesguide.com/2007/02/sustainable_living_bamboo.php

……….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBONRAIN FORESTS

as well as other vegetation types play an important role in reducing the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Annually, plants in tropical rain forests

around the world take in millions of tons of carbon dioxide and release millions of tons of oxygen through photosynthesis, and this balances the

respiration of microbes, plants, and animals, which take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. As seen in the accompanying cartoon, plants take in carbon dioxide and water and use the energy of the sun to create carbohydrates that

are, in turn, oxidized to produce the energy needed for plants to sustain themselves. The carbohydrates are also the building blocks plants use to

make leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits. Oxygen, the byproduct of respiration, is used by organisms to break down ingested carbohydrates to produce the

energy needed for them to grow and reproduce. Mankind’s extreme disruption of the carbon cycle is and will continue to have serious consequences for life

on earth.

Diunduh dari: http://www.nybg.org/plant-talk/2011/09/around-the-garden/do-not-publish-rainforests-ameliorate-climate-change/ ………….. 22/12/2012

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SEKUESTRASI KARBONMembumikan Karbon, Meredam Pemanasan Global

Indonesia sepakat memotong 26% dari total produksi emisi karbonnya pada 2020. Sebagai jalannya pemecahannya, sebaiknya Indonesia segera

mengembangkan teknologi pembumian karbon, atau dalam bahasa IPCC dikenal dengan Carbon Capture and Geological Storage (CCS).

Sebenarnya teknologi tengah dikembangkan oleh beberapa negara maju, untuk tetap bisa memaksimalkan konsumsi energi mereka tanpa harus

melanggar carbon emission reduction target, yang dalam beberapa tahun mendatang bisa saja menjadi binding target. Teknologi ini menjadi harapan bagi perushaan energi raksasa, yang tetap ingin mengeksplotasi cadangan

bahan bakar dari fosil, tanpa harus dibebani oleh carbon tax.

Diunduh dari: http://daenggassing.wordpress.com/sekuestrasi-karbon/………….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBONThe Role of Soils in Sequestration

Soils are an important part of the carbon cycle with some two to three times the terrestrial biosphere carbon than plants. Soil processes influence carbon

sequestration and transport. The dynamics of carbon transformations and transport in soil are complex and can result in sequestration in the soil as

organic matter or in groundwater as dissolved carbonates, increased emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere, or export of carbon in various forms into

aquatic systems. The key to sequestration in soils is good management of them and well

managed forests and farmlands sequester significant amounts of carbon and as they are then also more productive, sequestering carbon in this way is

important

Diunduh dari: http://www.tececo.com.au/sustainability.role_soil_sequestration.php………….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBONCarbon Sequestration

Greenhouse gases are increasing in the atmosphere and causing climate change. Scientist, policy makers, and citizens are trying to determine how to decrease and possibly reverse the emission of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon sequestration, a process where CO2 is pulled

from the atmosphere and stored for a long period of time, may be one way to slow or reverse the accumulation of CO2 in the earth’s atmosphere. Terrestrial

sequestration utilizes natural processes in ecosystems to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and store it in plants, animals, and soil.

Forests can be managed to sequester greater amounts of carbon while still providing for wildlife, recreation, wood products, and other uses.

Forest management Slight changes in forest management practices can improve the ability of

forests to store carbon while still providing other benefits. Extending the time between harvests, encouraging fast-growing species, and fertilization are a

few examples of management techniques that could be used to improve forest carbon sequestration.

Diunduh dari: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/niacs/carbon/forests/carbon_sequestration/………….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBONCalifornia: Timber industry wants to maximize logging of

carbon credit forestsWhen it comes to generating revenue selling carbon credits for

protected forests, the timber industry is opposed. But when it comesto being able to not only cut down the forest, but also sell carboncredits for fake forest protection: the timber industry is an eager

advocate.

Diunduh dari: http://forestpolicyresearch.com/2009/02/02/california-timber-industry-wants-to-maximize-logging-of-carbon-credit-forests/…………..

22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBONThe agricultural sector is an important source of three major

greenhouse gases. It contributes about one third of the total carbon dioxide emissions and is the largest source of methane (from

livestock and flood rice production) and nitrous oxides (primarily from application of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer). Conversion of

forest to annual crops or pasture also results in major loss of carbon stocks and its release to the atmosphere. Thus, agriculture can play an important role in climate change mitigation by reducing its own

emissions.

Carbon Sequestration- above and below ground.

Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/es/esa/pesal/AgRole2.html………….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBONWood flooring’s role as a sustainable carbon storage

container.Trees are carbon storage containers and a primary tool in the process of carbon sequestration.  As trees grow they absorb carbon dioxide. They

release the oxygen into the environment and sequester the carbon.  In fact, up to half of a tree’s dry weight is carbon.

When timber is transformed into durable products, like flooring, the carbon remains in the wood and is transferred to the flooring which becomes a long-term carbon storage container (or “sink” in the vernacular) for the life of the

floor.  In the parlance of international carbon storage protocols, durable goods made from forest products are called “harvested wood products” or HWP.  

Diunduh dari: http://blog.floorcoveringinstitute.com/2010/05/wood-floorings-role-as-sustainable.html………….. 22/12/2012

SEKUESTRASI KARBONSoil carbon sequestration: how it works

Carbon sequestration in soils suggests that fluxes or movements of carbon from the atmosphere can be increased while the natural release of carbon

back into the air can be reduced. By absorbing carbon instead of emitting it, soils could evolve from carbon sources to carbon sinks.

This process relies on respiration and photosynthesis, two basic processes of the carbon cycle. Carbon, entering the soil in form of roots, litter, harvest

residues, and animal manure, is stored primarily as soil organic matter (SOM). In undisturbed environments, balanced rates of input and decomposition

determine steady state fluxes. However, in many parts of the world, agricultural and other land use activities have upset this natural balance,

thereby releasing alarming rates of carbon to the atmosphere.

Diunduh dari: http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/ALN/aln49/tschakert1.html………….. 22/12/2012

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