Production and Design

Product Data Management:The Definition

An Introduction to Concepts,Benefits, and Terminology

September 2, 1997

About CIMdata

The material in this guide was prepared by CIMdata, Inc.; an internationalconsultancy focused on product data management and CAD/CAM technology andmarket factors.

Since its founding in 1983, CIMdata, Inc. has become a major resource in theapplication of computers throughout engineering, manufacturing, and otherindustries. It provides in-depth technical consulting and market research for endusers system suppliers worldwide. The company’s expertise spans the spectrum ofinformation systems and technologies used in industry, with particular emphasis onproduct data management (PDM), CAD/CAM/CIM, solid modeling, andmanufacturing resource planning.

CIMdata is one of the earliest companies to have recognized the potential of thePDM technology and market. The firm has invested substantial time and effort overthe past several years analyzing user needs, designing strategic and implementationplans, identifying product requirements and capabilities, and developingjustifications for PDM solutions. CIMdata also provides information about marketdevelopment, technology trends, competitive and pricing analyses, and quantitativedata on shipments, installed base, revenue, and market segmentation.

CIMdata helps users identify product requirements and capabilities, and works withsuppliers to determine market opportunities and to perform technology assessments.With offices and representatives in the United States, Europe, and Asia, the companyhas clients in North America, Europe, and the Pacific Rim.

Other reports and guides published by, and available from CIMdata include:

• PDM Buyer’s Guide

• PDM Benefits Analysis Guide

• PDM Case Studies

• Product Data Management Pricing Analysis

• Product Data Management Market Service Reports

• STEP: Towards Open Systems

• M-CAD Buyer’s Guide

• NC Software Buyer’s Guide

Fourth EditionCopyright © 1995, 1996, 1997 by CIMdata, Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission

of CIMdata, Inc.

PDM: The Definition Page 1

Contents

1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................2

2 PDM Benefits ...............................................................................................................................5

3 PDM Functions and Features ................................................................................................7

Data Vault and Document Management...........................................................................9

Workflow and Process Management...................................................................................10

Product Structure Management............................................................................................12

Classification ................................................................................................................................13

Program Management..............................................................................................................14

Communication and Notification........................................................................................15

Data Transport ............................................................................................................................15

Data Translation .........................................................................................................................15

Image Services..............................................................................................................................15

System Administration.............................................................................................................16

4 PDM Environments...................................................................................................................17

5 Summary........................................................................................................................................19

Glossary.................................................................................................................................................20

PDM: The Definition

1 Introduction

This guide introduces PDMtechnology

CAD/CAM/CAE and CIM systems, with their ability to quickly generate and changeproduct data, have strained the conventional systems used to manage data, and theprocess of creating and using data. Users can easily create increasing amounts ofproduct-related information. To further complicate matters, this information is oftenstored in different formats within a variety of systems and resides on different,dispersed computers. It may also be stored on multiple media types such as computerfiles, paper, and aperture cards.

What is PDM? Product Data Management (PDM) is a tool that helps engineers and others manageboth data and the product development process. PDM systems keep track of themasses of data and information required to design, manufacture or build, and thensupport and maintain products. This guide describes and defines this importanttechnology.

PDM is known by manynames

Product Data Management is a general extension of techniques commonly known asengineering data management (EDM), document management, product informationmanagement (PIM), technical data management (TDM), technical informationmanagement (TIM), image management, and other names. PDM provides acommon term, encompassing all systems that are used to manage product definitioninformation.

You need PDM if you createproducts

PDM integrates and manages processes, applications, and information that defineproducts across multiple systems and media. The profitability of products isdependent upon orderly and efficient development, fabrication, and distribution.PDM systems help achieve these goals.

PDM is useful for many typesof products

PDM manages all product-related information—including electronic documents,digital files, and database records. Examples of ‘products’ include:

• Manufactured products—automobile, computer, refrigerator, mobile phone

• Projects—building, bridge, highway

• Plants—oil refinery, offshore platform, pharmaceutical or food processingplant

• Facilities—airport, harbor, railway system, logistics warehouse

• Assets—utility distribution network for electricity, telecommunications, water,gas, cable TV, and power plants

• Others…

Everybody who handlesproduct data can use PDM

Examples of people that can benefit from the use of PDM include chief executives,technical directors, chief engineers, engineering managers and engineers of alldisciplines, heads of information technology or of information services, designmanagers, CAD/CAM/CAE managers, production engineers, project managers,operations and maintenance managers, estimators and purchasing officers, andmarketing and sales managers.


Companies in every industry segment that designs and produces products can benefitfrom the use of PDM. Some examples include:

• Aerospace • Food & drinks industries

• Automotive: assembly & components • Pharmaceuticals

• General mechanical manufacturing • Power Generation

• Electrical & electronic products • Construction companies

• Computer manufacturing • Transport operators; road, rail, sea, air

• Defense industries • Utilities: electricity, water, telecoms

• Oil & gas exploration & production • Design & management consultants

• Chemical & process engineering • Central & local government

PDM provides benefits formany industries

Sales/Marketing

& Customer Service

CAD

Design/Engineering Purchasing & Finance

ProductionProcess/Plant

MRP System

Customers Suppliers

Project

Management

Manufacturing

PDM is Used Throughout Organizations

The types of features and functions that should be found in a PDM system aredefined and described below. This is done independently of any particularapplication or data form. Features and functions are presented in terms of an “ideal”PDM system. None of the commercially-available systems on the market todaycontains all of the features discussed. However, many suppliers are adding to andimproving their systems along the general lines set forth.

PDM features and functionsare described

PDM: The Definition

Environmental factorsrequired to support PDM aredescribed

In addition to the direct functionality of the PDM system, environmental factorsaffect the system’s use and value. Issues related to distributed networks, client-serverarchitectures, the user interface, and database management are important indetermining the size and makeup of a productive PDM system.

A glossary of PDM terms isincluded

Terms used in this guide that have special meanings in the context of PDM aredefined in the Glossary. Additional terms of interest are included as well.

You can read this guideselectively

If you are not already familiar with PDM you will want to read this guide in itsentirety. If you are looking for information on specific facets of the technology, themarginal notes for each paragraph provide a guide for selecting appropriate sections.

You can get more informationabout PDM

The information presented in this guide is expanded upon and augmented in a widerange of additional publications that are available from CIMdata. These are describedin Section 5.


2 PDM Benefits

PDM systems and methods provide a structure in which all types of information usedto define, manufacture, and support products are stored, managed, and controlled.Typically, PDM will be used to work with electronic documents, digital files, anddatabase records. These may include:

• Product configurations

• Part definitions and other design data

• Specifications

• CAD drawings

• Geometric models

• Images (scanned drawings, photographs, etc.)

• Engineering analysis models and results

• Manufacturing process plans and routings

• NC part programs

• Software components of products

• Electronically stored documents, notes, and correspondence

• Audio and live video annotations

• Hardcopy (paper-based and microform) documents (by reference)

• Project plans

• Others

PDM is a tool for managingproduct definition data

In short, any information needed throughout a product’s life can be managed by aProduct Data Management system, making correct data accessible to all people andsystems that have a need to use them. PDM is not limited to managing only thedesign cycle but, according to user needs, can manage product conception, detaileddesign, prototyping and testing, manufacturing or fabrication, operation, andmaintenance. The product development process is managed as well as the data; PDMsystems control product information, states, approval processes, authorizations, andother activities that impact on product data. By providing data management andsecurity, PDM systems ensure that users always get and share the most recent,approved information.

PDM manages the productlife cycle process

The implementation of PDM technology doesn’t have to be an all-or-nothingundertaking. PDM will provide significant productivity gains when it is used by aworkgroup. However, a much greater impact is accrued when PDM becomes anenterprise-wide environment.

PDM systems supportworkgroups as well asenterprises

While CIMdata’s emphasis in this guide is on engineering, manufacturing, and otherindustrial uses, the concepts presented here can be used in publishing, softwaredevelopment, financial services, and any other endeavor in which productinformation and processes will benefit from control. PDM systems provide directbenefits throughout an organization as indicated in the chart that follows.

PDM is not just forengineering

PDM: The Definition

Production

Testing

Mfg. Engineering

EngineeringMIS

Benefits of PDM by Organization

PDM benefits manydisciplines

PDM provides benefits across disciplines and in every area of product design anddevelopment. Almost everyone in an organization can gain an advantage through theuse of this technology. Typical users of PDM systems include designers, engineers,manufacturing engineers, operations engineers, project managers, administrators,and purchasing agents. At the discretion of project managers, people who arecustomarily “left in the dark” during early project phases can be allowed to see andcontribute to product design and development because of PDM’s abilities todistribute and control access to product information.

PDM provides data controland integrity

Linking product data through a database is a major factor in assuring its integrity.Knowing and managing who is using data, and how, provides the foundationrequired to maintain information integrity. Data inconsistencies can be avoided andrelationships among data maintained.

Concurrent engineering isenabled by PDM

Because of their application to a broad set of users and disciplines and their facilitiesfor controlling the flow of information, PDM systems serve as enablers forimplementing concurrent engineering practices.

Embracing concurrentengineering leads to highpayoffs

The benefits from implementing concurrent engineering extend well beyondengineering design to include cost savings in manufacturing, reduced time to market,and increased product quality, in addition to the benefits of reducing engineeringdesign time. Product changes are inevitable, but they can become ruinously expensiveand disruptive if they occur late in the product life cycle such as during production orfabrication—or later. Product changes will occur earlier in the product life cycle ifproduct teams are encouraged to share data and documents in a PDM environment.This is the path to better products, reduced costs, saved time, less scrap and lesswasteful re-work


3 PDM Functions and Features

PDM is a relatively new technology. Although the concept has been around invarious guises for a long time, the first commercially available computerized systemswere introduced in the early 1980s. While the technological base is growing rapidly,the terminology that is used to define the functionality necessary to have useful PDMsystems continues to evolve. The definitions that follow are based on CIMdata’sextensive consulting engagements with PDM users and suppliers, and our experiencein reviewing and evaluating commercial PDM systems.

The technology is evolving

A PDM system is an application in its own right. For a PDM system to support anyparticular type of product development it needs a basic set of functions. Thesefunctions serve all of the disciplines that benefit from PDM. A functional view of aPDM system is shown below.

A basic set of functions areused for PDM

CAD

Private Files

Application User CAD/CAM, NC, Purchasing

Documentation, Etc.

Managed Files

Meta-Database

data

PDM UserMultiple Applications

datadata

control

Functional View of a PDM System

PDM systems are composed of:

• An electronic vault or data repository

• A set of user functions

• A set of utility functions

Data storage, user, and utilityfunctions make up PDMsystems

PDM: The Definition

PDM systems supportcapturing newly created andexisting information

Data from other computer applications is controlled by the PDM system’sassumption of the roles of file access and saving. This is accomplished either by:

• Embedding PDM commands in other applications that create data (such asCAD, word processors, spreadsheets, desktop publishing, or specializedsoftware)

• Embedding commands from those applications into the PDM system

Existing hardcopy documentscan be scanned to be storedand managed in the PDMenvironment

Legacy documents, such as drawings on paper or aperture cards, or other hardcopyrecords can be captured by scanning and storing them within the electronic vault asimages. Some users prefer to convert images of textual documents by opticalcharacter recognition (OCR) into computer-readable text. It is feasible to convertsome raster (scanned) images of drawings into vector data via software, while someusers prefer to capture vector data by digitization techniques.

The PDM vault stores productdata and control information

An electronic vault is used as a repository to control all kinds of product information.The vault is a data store that contains some data within itself and controls otherexternally-generated data by managing access to it. Two types of data are stored:

• Product data generated in various applications, such as specifications, CADmodels, CAE data, maintenance records, and operating manuals

• Meta-data, which is data about PDM-controlled information. Meta-data isstored in a PDM database and supports the functions performed by the PDMsystem

User functions support datastorage and retrieval

The functionality of PDM systems falls into two broad categories: user functions andutility functions. User functions provide the user’s interface to the PDM system’scapabilities including data storage, retrieval, and management. Different types ofusers use different subsets of the user functions. These functions are divided into fivecategories:

• Data Vault and Document Management

• Workflow and Process Management

• Product Structure Management

• Classification

• Program Management

Utility functions provide thePDM infrastructure

Utility functions provide support that facilitates the use of the system and providesupport to the User Functions mentioned above. Utility functions interface with theoperating environment and insulate its functions from the user. Tailoring permitssystems to operate in conformance with the user’s environment. Utility functionsinclude:

• Communication and Notification

• Data Transport

• Data Translation

• Image Services

• System Administration


Data Vault and Document Management

Drawings/Documents

NC

3D

SPEC

A major issue for many companies is ensuring that product data is up-to-date,correct, and protected from accidental or deliberate damage. Data Vault andDocument Management provides secure storage and retrieval of product definitioninformation. Check-in and check-out functions work with data stored in anelectronic vault to provide secure storage and access control. Release levels for designdata are defined and users are assigned access authorizations.

Secure, controlled storage iscentral to PDM

The vault contains either the data itself or information that points at the actuallocation of the data. Data controlled by PDM can not be accessed without goingthrough the PDM system’s control procedures—the location of data is essentiallyhidden from users, applications, and the operating system.

Check-in and check-outprovide information access

The release management process ensures that data achieves release status only afterpassing a pre-defined approval process. Various approval scenarios can be used. Useraccess to released information is based on project, password, and other user-definedcontrols.

Release management ensuresdata consistency

Meta-data stores information about product data so that changes, release levels,approval authorizations, and other data controls can be tracked and audited. Themeta-data also is used to create relationships among product data so thatinformation can be grouped and related by common usage and among products.Product definition data can be associated with product configurations as well asparts.

Meta-data provides trackinginformation

PDM System

Meta-Database

data

Managed Files

Object: DocumentDate: 1/1/95Project: MotorPart #: 8893-0ARevision: 2.3A

Document #: 4569-29File: A:\PDM\doc\motor\...Application: MS-Word 6.0

Product Data Includes Control and Administrative Information

PDM: The Definition

Non-electronic data can bemanaged

Data stored in locations other than the vault (paper drawings, documents stored onremote computing systems, etc.) can be controlled by reference. Of course, this doesnot provide the same level of security as for data in the vault. However, security is atleast as good as that found in manual systems and tracking is facilitated.

The user need not know wheredata are stored

The electronic vault either contains the product information itself or informationthat allows users to access the data. Users must go through the PDM system to getcontrolled data. This may seem like a road block to getting the job done, but this isnot the case, for it means that users don’t have to know where data are actuallylocated and ensures that they get the latest versions of data. This works in a fashionsimilar to library systems with a card catalog (the meta-data) that leads users tobooks (the product data). Meta-data and other attributes help users locate relevantdata.

Workflow and Process Management

ECOECO

In addition to product data,PDM systems manage theprocesses and workflows usedto modify and control theproduct

Using Data Vault and Document Management alone, a PDM system can react tousers’ ad hoc demands. With Workflow and Process Management, a PDM systemcan, in addition, be proactive. It can interact with people, working according to pre-defined business processes of an organization and with data and documents, toachieve corporate objectives. Repetitive processes can be programmed within thePDM system and it can map a model of the organization. Workflow and ProcessManagement provide a route to drive a business with information.

ECOECO

Design

EngineeringSupervisor

Purchasing

Manufacturing

Customer Service

Project Management

ECO

ECO

ECO

ECO

FYI

Workflow Management Affects Many People


Workflow and Process Management can define and control changes to productconfigurations, part definitions, other product data, data relationships, and dataversions and variations. Workflow and Process Management defines and controls theprocess of reviewing and approving changes to product data. The workflow andprocesses are defined in terms of a sequence of events that must occur beforemodified product data are allowed to be released.

Workflows and processesdefine and control changes toproduct data

Individuals that are authorized to approve changes to particular design informationare identified within the PDM system. The system tracks the approval process.

PDM tracks approvals andauthorizations

As changes to product data are promoted for approval, a designated workflow orprocess can be triggered automatically. The approvers for the specific information arenotified automatically by the PDM system that the promoted changes are awaitingtheir approval.

The change process is asequence of controlled events

Author

New Document

Submit for checking

Design Manager

ApproverA

ApproverC

Issue ApproverB

Not Correct

Not Approved

Planned W.I.P. Check Approve Released

Document Status

Finished

Document Release and Approval Process

As the change is processed, approval or disapproval is indicated electronically. Afterall steps in the approval process have been successfully completed, the approvedproduct data are released at the next version level and stored in the vault. Theproduct data have successfully followed the defined workflow process. Other usersare notified that the version of the data has been incremented.

Changes are accepted byelectronic sign-off

Workflows can automatically route electronic folders of data or work packages, toreviewers either serially or concurrently. Workflow can monitor processes, ensuringone process finishes before another starts, and can provide management reporting.

Appropriate information isrouted automatically

The PDM system records each step in a process. Users and managers can review thecomplete change history at any time. Backing out undesirable changes is facilitated.

Audit and historical recordsare maintained

PDM: The Definition

Product Structure Management

Product structures areenhanced BOMs

Product Structure Management facilitates the creation and management of productconfigurations and Bills of Material (BOM). As configurations change over time, thePDM system tracks versions, effectivities, and design variations. Typical productstructures contain attribute, instance, and location information in addition tostandard BOM data. These data enhance the structure’s value for activities outside ofmanufacturing planning. Standard BOMs can be generated automatically from theproduct structure.

Product data, such asdocuments, are linked to partsconfigurations

PDM systems allow users and applications to link or associate product definition datasuch as drawings, documents, and process plans to parts and product structures. Thisallows users to easily determine which information will be affected by changes.

Product StructureManagement can be used inmany industry segments

Remember, the product could be a unique plant such as an oil refinery, a utility’spipe network system, a port facility, etc. Tracking the product structure of all suchproducts is feasible and facilitates their design, construction, operation, andmaintenance. Product Structure Management can track physical components andtheir connections, or virtual objects such as a cooling system or an emergency escapeprocedure.

Views allow people to see asystem as their specialtyrequires

Different disciplines require unique views of product information. PDM systemsallow views that can show structural relationships, manufacturing processes,documentation, financial, support and repair, and other relationships embodied inproduct definition data.

1 Quality2 Attributes3 Materials4 Process

... ...

Detail Design Drawing

Test Data

Analysis Report

Marketing Definition

Phone Receiver

Rev A

Rev BRev C

Rev A

Rev B

Rev A

Rev B

1 Quality2 Attributes3 Materials4 Process1 Quality

2 Attributes3 Materials4 Process

Product Structure Views


Data for process and manufacturing planning is available in the PDM environmentand may be transferred to MRP systems. The PDM system provides control andtracking of this data, just as it does of other product data.

BOMs can be transferreddirectly to MRP systems

MRP systems maintain and control vital information about a company’s productproduction. This information may be transferred into PDM systems, providingrelevant data for the product development cycle.

MRP-managed informationcan be transferred to PDMsystems

Classification

partno Length

Screw

axy1234 10 mm

zvy3245 20 mm

dgf2345 30 mm

Classification of parts allows similar or standard parts, processes, and other designinformation to be grouped by common attributes and retrieved for use in products.This leads to greater product standardization, reduced re-design, savings inpurchasing and fabrication, and reduced inventories.

Reusing previously designedparts saves time and money

PDM classification functions provide much more efficient mechanisms for findingstandard and similar parts than do catalogs and other manual systems. Whenengineers and designers are able to find standard and similar parts easily they aremore likely to re-use them instead of designing from scratch. There will be less “re-invention of the wheel.”

Finding standard parts isdifficult manually—easy withPDM

Screws

Round Head Slotted Screw

Flat Head Slotted Screw

Hex Head Slotted Screw

Bolts, Nuts, and Washers

Fasteners

Nuts

Bolts

Washers

Classification Hierarchy of Standard Parts

PDM: The Definition

Attributes are associated withparts and other product data

Parts can be grouped and found by various attributes. These may include partfunction code, shape classification, material, release date, revision, designer, andother attributes. These and other attributes such as project, owner, and creation datecan be associated with other product data linked to the parts.

Similar parts and designs arefound quickly

Parts and designs can be found that match specific attributes, ranges of attributes,and logical combinations of attributes. This allows users to easily find product datathat are identical to or similar to a required design.

Part family hierarchiesprovide organized access toexisting designs

Classification and retrieval of parts (and other kinds of objects) can be facilitated bythe development and management of classification structures. For parts, thesestructures can be part family hierarchies. A simple example can be seen in thepreceding figure, where different screws are part of the “screws” family, which is partof the “fastener” family. By developing and managing these part family hierarchies(with characteristics defining each of the family classes) and associating anorganization’s parts to the appropriate families, users can quickly and easily findappropriate parts by searching the family hierarchies according to desiredcharacteristics.

Standards provide a basis forparts classifications

To make good use of part family management capabilities, an organization must alsohave a definition of the part family hierarchy that best fits its own industry andoperations. Some standards exist (such as the German DIN standard) to help definepart families and their relationships (the family hierarchy structure, along with keyattributes). A number of vendors provide capabilities to utilize classificationstructures, and some provide pre-developed part family hierarchy definitions to fitvarious industries. The productivity impact of these capabilities can be extremelypositive.

Parts from libraries can beeasily accessed

Standard libraries of parts such as fasteners, electronic components, pipecomponents, or building materials are available and can be accessed via similarmechanisms.

Program Management

Projects are managed inconjunction with theirproduct information

Program Management provides work breakdown structures (WBS) and allowsresource scheduling and project tracking. Resources and managed data are linked toprovide an added level of planning and tracking. These capabilities are frequentlyprovided through links to third-party project management systems. A key advantagestems from the ability to relate the WBS tasks to the PDM system’s knowledge ofapproval cycles and product configurations.

WBSs provide taskorganization and resourcetracking

Tasks required to complete the product program are ordered within the workbreakdown structure so resources and the project schedule can be monitored. As theproject progresses from task to task, expended resources are recorded against theplan. Completion of the data required from each task is reported through theapproval process.


Communication and NotificationOn-line, automated notification of critical events means that all personnel areinformed concerning the current state of the project. Designers and others know asquickly as possible when product information is ready to be processed through thenext task and which information is the most up-to-date.

Communication is improved

Electronic mail is used to notify people about important events or required actionson-line. Delays and misplaced communications are minimized. This mechanism mayalso be used to delegate activity when a user is unable to complete an assigned task.

Notification of actions isautomatic

A software mechanism known as a “trigger” is used to spawn notifications and otheractions automatically. Almost any event in the product development process cancause a message to be sent or cause another event (such as the translation of data toanother application) to occur. Triggers are used to streamline data vault anddocument management and workflow and process management procedures.

Events trigger automaticnotification

Data TransportAll data are stored and accessed under control of the PDM system, so a user need notknow where in the computer network data are stored—the system keeps track of datalocations and allows users to access it knowing only a data set’s name. Names of datasets are not limited by the local computer’s file-naming conventions so they can bemore meaningful. In fact, the user need not know how to use the computer’s file anddirectory commands.

Users don’t need to knowwhere data are stored

Moving data from one location to another or from one application to another is anoperation that the PDM system performs—users don’t need to be concerned withoperating system and network commands.

Information is easily movedbetween different systems

Data TranslationThe system administrator can pre-define data translators to be used to convert databetween pairs of applications and to formats for various display and output devices.This allows enforcement of standard data forms. While translators may not beprovided as an integral part of the PDM system, they may be applied because thesystem knows the data format of each controlled file and which translation isappropriate.

Users need not know whichtranslator to apply

Triggers can cause data to be translated automatically from one application toanother at appropriate times. Thus, the correct data are more likely to be used in anysituation.

Translation can occurautomatically

Image ServicesRaster, vector, and video images are treated the same as any other data by the PDMsystem. On-line access is provided to a wide range of previously difficult-to-distributeproduct information providing this information in a structured manner to moreusers.

Images are stored andaccessed like any other data

Raster and vector image viewing allows users such as managers and shop floorworkers to view drawings and other design data on PCs or terminals, providingaccess to a wide audience. Mark-up capabilities allow checkers, reviewers, andapprovers to add comments and annotations to raster images.

Viewing and mark-up provideenhanced checking

PDM: The Definition

Image Services enhanceproductivity of ECO processes

Image Services accelerate processes such as Engineering Change Requests (ECR) andOrders (ECO) by facilitating the exchange of information and comments amongusers.

System AdministrationPDM system operation iscontrolled and monitored

The administrator sets up the operational parameters of the PDM system andmonitors its performance. Administrative functions include:

• Access and change permissions

• Authorizations

• Approval procedures

• Data back-up and security

• Data archive

System tailoring allows peopleto work in a familiar manner

Most systems can be tailored to conform to corporate standards and to improve theefficiency of operations for individual users. In addition to customary user interfacecustomization, the operational features of PDM systems can be tailored. For instance,the approval process may be set to require sequential approval by several individualsin one case and to allow a majority vote of all approvers in another. Systems can betailored in many ways, including:

• User interface layout

• Modifying system messages and terminology

• Integrating third-party applications

• Adding new functionality

Many PDM systems haveinterfaces to popularapplications

Many PDM systems provide standard, off-the-shelf interfaces to popular applicationssuch as CAD, CAM, MRP/ERP, technical publishing, and office automation. Inaddition, most systems offer interface toolkits, GUI builders, and applicationinterface toolkits.


4 PDM Environments

In many organizations, product data is dispersed among computer systems andapplications. To gain the fullest value from a PDM system it must be able to deal withinformation across and among these systems.

Product data typically existsin a heterogeneousenvironment

Many types of computers (mainframes, mini-computers, workstations, and personalcomputers) are typically used in the product life cycle. These include systems used byengineering, manufacturing planning, shop floor, purchasing, operations,administration, and other organizations. Their machines may or may not beconnected in one or more wide- or local-area networks. A fully developed PDMsystem will operate across these systems and networks. However, some softwarebridges may still be required to move information between incompatible systems.

PDM systems supportheterogeneous operations

Enterprise System “A”

WAN

Meta-Database

DataVault

Compute Server “C”

Workgroup “B”Workgroup “D”

VaultVault

Vault

PDM System in a Network Environment

PDM systems are designed to conform to a set of industry standards. These includeIGES, TCP/IP, SQL, Motif, X-Windows and other national and internationalstandards as well as the currently evolving STEP and CALS initiatives. In the case ofCALS and STEP, the complete product life cycle is being addressed so that there willbe a standard mechanism for sharing version, effectivity, and other controlinformation as well as geometry.

Standards provide continuity

As mentioned earlier, many different types of applications can benefit from PDM.These include engineering (CAD/CAM and analyses), manufacturing (NC andprocess design), purchasing (inventory control and costing), and word processingand spreadsheets. As PDM is implemented enterprise-wide, more applications maybe integrated to allow additional users access to product information.

Many types of applicationsare supported

PDM: The Definition

PDM systems are evolvinginto enterprise frameworks

PDM systems have evolved to support process definition and control and to managean end-to-end process. Some PDM systems allow users to define steps in theirproduct life cycle, the tools to be used at each step, and the rules that governmovement of data between steps and tools. PDM systems are becoming a frameworkfor the enterprise not just for a subset, such as E-CAD. Initially PDM systems willinterface to discipline-specific frameworks and incorporate them into the largerscope of the total product life cycle.

The user interface is a key toproductivity

As for other software tools, the user interface of a PDM system is a key factor in howproductive the tool will be. Because PDM systems are used by a diverse set of peoplewith various computer skill levels, ease of use becomes a very important factor. Mostinterfaces are being or have been upgraded from old-style on-screen tables withcommand line input to modern Motif-based graphical interfaces that use menus,icons, dialog boxes, drag and drop, and other easy-to-learn interaction methods.Important issues are that the interface be easy to learn and re-learn (especially forcasual or infrequent users), but also that it be tailorable to efficiently supportdifferent disciplines or classes of users including experienced “power” users.

A DBMS is an essential,underlying technology

PDM systems use a database management system to maintain meta-data, productconfiguration, process, and administrative information. The majority of PDMsystems use relational database management systems today. PDM system users aresheltered from the DBMS and its query language by the PDM system—with theexception of system implementors who are required to know and work with theunderlying DBMS technology.

OODBMSs are beginning tobe supported

Some PDM systems are designed to operate with an Object-Oriented DatabaseManagement System. As this technology becomes commonly accepted more systemswill support it.

PDM systems can spanwidely-distributedenvironments

Many product development organizations are geographically distributed, forinstance, with manufacturing or a plant in a different building, city, country, orcontinent from product design. Network interfaces allow these dispersed users toaccess data from common data stores and to communicate product changes asquickly and easily as if they were all working at the same location.

Servers and clients allowconcurrent access to designdata

A server-client architecture is used across a network to provide access to product datafor multiple users. The server provides a controlled storage environment that allPDM users can access.


5 Summary

We have attempted to give you an overview of what PDM is and how it can benefitany organization that is developing a product. There was not room in this guide to gointo a great amount of detail or to list suppliers and their products’ strengths andweaknesses. This information is provided in other CIMdata publications.

You have been introduced toPDM

PDM systems are an important tool for companies that create any kinds of products.PDM can have a dramatic and positive impact on time to market and product qualitythrough improved development methods that are faster and produce fewer errors.

PDM is a key productivitytool

If you would like more information about PDM technology or products pleasecontact CIMdata at any of the locations listed on the back cover of this guide.CIMdata publishes additional material about PDM to help potential users specify andselect systems and justify PDM systems.

• PDM Buyer’s Guide defines the technology, and reviews and compares manyinternationally available PDM products. This information is essential for allorganizations that want to quickly identify products and PDM suppliers thatpotentially could meet their requirements.

• PDM Benefits Analysis Guide provides a methodology and spreadsheet modelsfor justifying the purchase of PDM systems and measuring their valuethroughout their implementation and use. Focusing on benefits in astructured way doesn’t just help the decision-makers, it also ensures that needswill be properly identified, the best system for users will be found, and that itsoperation will be in the best interests of the organization. It forces attention onneeds, the users, and the enterprise, rather than on computer technology.

• PDM Case Studies is a service available by annual subscription that providesauthoritative and in-depth PDM case-studies. These explain the secrets of howearly implementors have identified needs, selected and implemented systems,the difficulties they experienced and overcame, the benefits found and thelessons they learned. The case-studies cover PDM applications in a range ofindustries and countries throughout the world, using different types of PDMsystems.

• STEP Applications Guide contains information about the current status of theSTEP standard, products that support STEP, and how this important productinformation definition and exchange standard affects PDM users.

More information aboutPDM is available

PDM: The Definition

Glossary

Application Interface An interface from an external application that provides access to the functionalcapabilities and database of the PDM system. The interface is usually built from alibrary of calling routines that may be embedded within other applications orprograms to call PDM functions and to access or update the PDM database.

Approval The process by which a reviewer or releaser indicates their approval of changes to adocument or controlled data, a package of documents, creation of a new documentor controlled data, or of a proposed change.

Approval Notification Messages sent to people telling them that an item or package has been approved.

Archive Historical or inactive PDM data and PDM-managed files that have been removedfrom the system and stored on tape, optical disk, or other media for safekeeping andfuture use. References to the archived data and files is maintained within the activePDM system.

Authorization The level of functionality and access to PDM-managed information granted a specificuser. Examples of access authorization include read, write, update, copy, and view.Examples of functional authorization include the ability to add users, review orrelease items, or launch an application.

Bill of Material (BOM) An ordered list of the parts, sub-assemblies, assemblies, and raw materials that definea product. Normally created and maintained within the Project StructureManagement function, it defines the type, number, quantity, and relationships ofparts and assemblies.

Bundled PDM Systems PDM systems available only as an integral part of another software application. Forexample, some PDM systems are only available as an option to a CAD/CAM system.

Business Rules The policies and procedures of an enterprise. In PDM systems, business rules areused to define the relationship(s) between entities. They specify the business-imposedconstraints on the data relationships. Examples are: released data cannot be modified,only engineering managers can approve mechanical designs, only program-approvedstandard parts can be used within products.

CALS Continuous Acquisition and Life-cycle Support is a DOD digital data transferprotocol. It is intended to provide standard mechanisms for the delivery of digitaldata and enabling concurrent engineering for DOD sponsored developments andprocurements. The CALS initiative has endorsed IGES and STEP as formats fordigital data. CALS includes standards for electronic data interchange, electronictechnical documentation, and guidelines for process improvement. CALS was knownformerly as Computer Aided Logistics System.

Change A modification to a component, configuration, or document from currently definedand approved status. Changes cause version or revision levels of affected items to beupdated.


Change Control The process and procedures that manage how changes are proposed, reviewed, andapproved and then incorporated into a product and its associated documentation.Change Control is a part of overall configuration management and uses review andrelease processes to enforce compliance with company change policies.

Check-In The process of placing or returning a new or modified product data or informationunder PDM control. If a new revision is being created this procedure usually initiatesa review/approval process controlled by the PDM system.

Check-Out The process of accessing PDM-managed product data or information under PDMcontrolled procedures. This access may be for viewing, reference and use in anotherdesign or manufacturing task, or for making a design change. The PDM systemprevents multiple, simultaneous change activities in order to maintain product dataintegrity.

Classification The assignment of attributes and other defining meta-data to managed objects andinformation maintained within a PDM system. The meta-data for classification mayinclude definitions of classification tables or hierarchies that define relationshipsbetween various classes of objects. These meta-data are then used for finding datawith similar characteristics. Classification is also used to create and maintainstandard part and information libraries. See Part Classification and GroupTechnology.

Concurrent Engineering (CE) A management/operational approach which improves product design, production,operation, and maintenance by developing environments in which personnel from alldisciplines (design, marketing, production engineering, process planning, andsupport) work together and share data throughout all phases of the product life cycle.

Configuration Management(CM)

The process of defining and controlling a product structure and its relateddocumentation. CM includes maintaining revision control and history informationabout all changes to a document or product.

Data Translation Translation of PDM data from one format to another via converters such as IGES orsupplier- and user-supplied translators.

Data Transport The action of moving PDM-managed information to meet the needs of distributedenvironments. Information may be either moved or copied. Unlike data translation,data transport maintains a consistent data format.

Data Vault and DocumentManagement

The process of controlling design data. Components include check-in/ check-out,release level maintenance, access security, and promotion authorization.

Design Variant Used in the product structure to indicate a coordinated set of alternatives in thedesign which produce a different product, for example, a 4-cylinder auto versus a 6-cylinder auto. Design variants represent sets of variations which evolve in versionsconsistent with the rest of the product.

Effectivity An indicator in a product structure which specifies the versions at which acomponent part is used. These indicators generally specify a range of either dates,serial numbers, or build lots. Effectivity indicators are typically considered as“conditions” on the parent-child relationships in a standard product structure.

Engineering Change Notices(ECNs) and EngineeringChange Orders (ECOs)

Formal documents notifying selected persons of proposed, pending, or accomplishedchanges. In a PDM-managed environment ECNs may be distributed by electronicmail.

PDM: The Definition

Enterprise A portion of a company which is related by a common interest in a product or groupof products. An enterprise may also logically include a network of contractors orsuppliers involved in creating or supporting the common product. PDM systems areoften applied across an enterprise.

Framework A framework is an extensible structure for describing a set of concepts, methods,technologies, and cultural changes necessary for a complete product design andmanufacturing process. Framework products are most prevalent in the area ofElectrical and Electronic design. Frameworks provide a mechanism that guides usersthrough a proper order of steps, applications, and data conversions via a commoninterface to the process being followed.

Group Technology (GT) See Part Classification.

Image Management The management and control of raster images (generated by image scanning andraster conversions of electronic data created in other formats), vector data (fromCAD and illustration systems), and multi-media data (audio and video images).

Independent PDM System PDM systems which are available as independent products distinct from any otherapplication. These systems may be integrated with any number of other applications(such as CAD/CAM), but they may be purchased and installed independently and donot require purchase of some attached application. These systems contrast withbundled PDM systems.

Instance This term is used differently in product design systems, in PDM product structurefunctions, and in image management systems. As used in product design, an instanceis a reference to a geometric object that allows the same geometry to be located atseveral places in a geometric model assembly without actually copying the geometry.When the original geometry is modified the modifications automatically appear atevery instance location. Similarly, in product structures, an instance is a reference toa Part. It allows the same Part to be used in several assemblies without copying allpart information into the assembly. In image management, an instance is anoccurrence of an image in some format. An image management system may maintainmultiple instances of the same image in distributed locations to improve accessperformance.

Item Master Item master is similar to Part Master except that this set of data describes an item(file) managed by the PDM system, not a part.

Life Cycle The description of the distinct phases through which each product passes during itsproduct life. This includes phases such as requirements definition, concept design,production, operation, maintenance, etc.

Management Data Information required for proper planning and control of product development.Examples include scheduling and audit history information.

Meta-Data Information about the data controlled by the PDM system. For example, drawingnumber is an attribute within the meta-data about a drawing. This definition differsfrom that used by information systems professionals as a definition of a database’sunderlying schema.


Materials RequirementsPlanning (MRP);Manufacturing ResourcesPlanning (MRP II)

A methodology and system used to plan and manage manufacturing operations. TheBOM for products released to manufacturing is a key part of the MRP system’sdatabase. Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II) is the same as MRP, exceptthat the concepts are broadened and MRP II systems are newer generation systems.

Object-Oriented Database Object Oriented Data Base Management System (OODBMS) is a DBMS in whichdata objects are encapsulated by classes that have pre-defined characteristics. Objectsadded to the database automatically acquire (inherit) the characteristics of their class.These data are accessible only through messages which they recognize. ObjectOriented Databases are expected to be more frequently used in future PDM systems.

Option See Design Variant.

Part Classification Mechanisms to classify parts and other elements of a product by their function or bythe processes used to manufacture them. Part classification is used to find PDM-managed components to use in a product design or PDM-managed processes to usein the design of similar processes. Also called Group Technology.

Part Master A set of data (information) about a part which serves as the control definition of thepart. This might include information such as part number, date created, currentlyactive revision level, department responsible for design changes, etc. The Part Masterwill have relationships to other information which describes the part’s use inassemblies, etc.

Promotion The act of moving a piece of product information from one Promotion Level or stateto another in a PDM-managed approval process.

Promotion Level Product information is assigned to Promotion Levels. These are defined and namedby the system administrator. Examples names are Preliminary Release, PrototypeRelease, and Production Release. Each Promotion Level has its own set ofauthorizations for access and approval.

RDBMS Relational Data Base Management Systems (RDBMS) are database managementsystems that maintain data records and indices in tables. Relationships may becreated and maintained across and among the data and tables.

Release Action Notice Messages sent to people whose action is required as part of a release process.

Release Level Synonym for Promotion Level.

Review A process in which one or more persons checks changed documents or data todetermine if the changes have been correctly performed.

Review Action Notice Messages sent to people whose review is required for a defined release procedure.

Revision Is a modification of any product data after that data has been released for use.

Standard for the Exchange ofProduct (STEP)

A proposed international standard (ISO 10303) to facilitate the storage and exchangeof all types of information related to products. STEP defines formats of product datafor all types of products as well as for specific industry sectors.

Substitute Part A part which is approved to be used in a specific design instead of a preferred part, ifconditions warrant.

PDM: The Definition

Trigger A mechanism that detects some activity, or change in state of some object, in thePDM system and as a result, can initiate some subsequent action.

Vault The PDM system’s computerized data storage area and databases. Information storedin PDM vaults are controlled by system rules and processes.

Version Versions of an object or product structure are used to represent the different objectsor structures as they change during their life as an object or product.

WBS Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is used to plan and manage the process ofdeveloping a product design, to produce a product, and to support it. A WBS is amechanism for breaking work (generally related to some specific project) intosmaller elements which can be used for assigning resources, budgets, schedules, etc.The WBS provides a basis for controlling projects.

Workflow and ProcessManagement

The interaction of people working with product data according to the predefinedbusiness processes of an enterprise to achieve corporate objectives. Repetitiveworkflows and processes can be programmed as part of a PDM system to route dataand work packages automatically, to control and monitor processes, and to providemanagement reporting. Change control is a workflow that is common in mostenterprises, but other workflows exist for design release management, bidpreparation, engineering reviews, purchasing, problem tracking and resolution, andcontracts management. See also, Change Control.

Workgroup Any group of people working toward a common goal as a team. An enterprise willtypically have a number of workgroups involved in a product development project.

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Production and Design

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