PRODUCT DESIGN FEATURES OF MOBILE DEVICES FOR …€¦ · 25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke,...

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25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke, Environmental and Reliability Engineering

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PRODUCT DESIGN FEATURES OF MOBILE DEVICES FOR EXTENDED PRODUCT LIFE MODULARITY AS AN APPROACH FOR BETTER REPARABILITY, UPGRADEABILITY AND CUSTOMIZATION

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Karsten Schischke

Fraunhofer IZM, Berlin, Germany

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Modularity is Green! Really?


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Modularity: Categorization, Archetypes, Examples

Add-on modularity n Range of peripheral functionalities can be attached to a given core (display-CPU unit)

n Examples: LG G5, Thuraya’s SatSleeve, Moto Mods for Moto Z (Play), and many more add-on modules


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Material modularity n Some materials, such as covers and batteries can be easily separated

n Examples: Fairphone 1 and many more


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Platform modularity n Product can be configured for a range of individual specs, configuration requires a basic

technical knowledge


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Platform modularity n Product can be configured for a range of individual specs, configuration requires a basic

technical knowledge

n Click ARM tablet, RePhone


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Repair modularity n Key components can be easily exchanged


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Repair modularity n Key components can be easily exchanged

n Example: Fairphone 2


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Mix & match modularity n Range of specs for all modules, upgradeable, joint backbone and/or standardized module

interfaces, ultimately hot-swapping is an option, maximum flexibility; includes repair modularity

n Examples: Puzzlephone, Google ARA (2015, spiral 2)


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Modularity and conventional DfR approaches

Modularity Design for… Add-on modularity n.a.

Material modularity … Recycling

Plattform modularity

…Repair and Refurbishment*

Repair modularity … Repair and Refurbishment

Mix & match modularity

… Repair and Refurbishment

*in case connection technology is reversible


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Modular Smartphones and the Circular Economy

Modularity and user requirements

Modularity Design for… Build to need Upgradable Add-on modularity n.a. (yes) limited

Material modularity … Recycling

no no

Plattform modularity

…Repair and Refurbishment*

yes yes*

Repair modularity … Repair and Refurbishment

no no

Mix & match modularity

… Repair and Refurbishment

yes yes (DIY)

*in case connection technology is reversible


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Smartphones Smartphones

[Wieser 2015]

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Life Cycle Impact Profile of Fairphone 2

n  Production is the dominant phase: Retain the embedded value as long as possible n  Side observation: battery and display replacement should not limit the use time of all other parts


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Fairphone 2 Recyclability Study

Copper / Precious Metal Smelter Plastics Recycling Light-metal Recycling Battery Recycling

Further details: Fairphone’s Report on Recyclability: Does modularity contribute to better recovery of materials? MARAS (study authors), February 2017

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The Ecological Price of Modularity

(1) Gold finish of board-to-board connectors (2) Additional printed circuit board footprint (3) Additional module housing §  Approximately 10% higher production impact than a

conventional device

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Fairphone 2: Assessing Modular Repair Scenario

n  Increasing the use-time by two years (5 instead of 3) decreases the yearly GHG emissions by ~30%

n  Cost of modularity is caused by increased printed circuit board space and gold in connectors


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Environmental Conclusions

Modular mobile devices… n …require a sound modularity strategy: Which parts need to be repaired, upgraded

n …support environmentally benign use patterns (DIY repair, upgrade when really needed, longer lifetime through „growing device“)

n …might require initially an additional footprint (environmentally and technically)

n …limit over-dimensioning of devices‘ functionality

n …might yield significant rebound effects (buy more modules than actually needed – the “app effect“)

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Policy Conclusions

sustainablySMART Policy Brief No. 1 released today at

www.sustainably-smart.eu

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Policy Conclusions

n  Modularity to be incentivized, if modularity acts as enabler for repairability, upgradeability, customization n  Longer lifetime to be considered in Product Environmental Footprints n  ErP Directive:

n  Reparability Score, n  Removable battery (unless battery is not a lifetime limiting factor), n  Disassembly time threshold for some key components (such as the display unit) with

standard tools n  modular Designs = BAT

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Policy Conclusions

n  Batteries n  ErP Directive:

n  Requirements regarding internal battery power management n  Information requirements:

n  Mandatory feature to charge only up to a certain State-of-Charge limit unless this feature is intentionally disabled by the user (or battery ageing is proven not to be accelerated at high SoC)

n  Battery lifespan under a defined set of charging regimes (fast charging, normal charging between 0 and 100% SoC, and between 20 and 80% SoC) [test standards to be developed]

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Policy Conclusions

n  Critical Raw Materials: n  for several there is no economically viable way to recycle; Design for Disassembly is good for

higher recycling rates in general, but not for CRMs n  ErP Directive / Conflict Minerals Regulation:

n  Information / transparency requirements: n  Declare the content of recycled content / non-conflict sourced metals to incentivize

substitution and recycling as a CSR measure


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Thanks for your attention

The project sustainablySMART has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 680640. Contact: Karsten Schischke Fraunhofer IZM Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25 13355 Berlin, Germany [email protected]

PRODUCT DESIGN FEATURES OF MOBILE DEVICES FOR …€¦ · 25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke,...

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