Producing “New” Small Grain Crops in the Mid-Atlantic

Wade Thomason

Outline

• Current and Future Situation

• Bread Wheat

• Hulless Barley

Virginia Wheat Acres

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Har

vest

ed A

cres

$0.00$0.50$1.00$1.50$2.00$2.50$3.00$3.50$4.00$4.50

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Val

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What’s This All About?

• 8.5 million acres of agricultural land• 47,000 farms• Avg. size is 181 acres• More than 1/3 of all the land development that has taken

place since 1607 has occurred in the last 20 years.• Average annual rate of agricultural land converted to

developed uses (acres)  • 23,260

• Average annual rate of rural land converted to developed uses (acres)   

• 69,480 

• More, smaller farms

Survey

Crop Mean Acres

Max Acres

Min Acres

Median Acres

Response of 0

Total Acres

% of harvested acres, 2005

Wheat 280 1800 10 200 50 39479 23 Corn 417 2500 15 300 25 67921 19 Soybeans 529 3300 10 350 17 91489 18 Cotton 664 1700 150 700 172 11285 12

Survey

If your wheat acreage decreased, what were the two most important reasons for the decrease? (Indicate the most important reason with a 1 and the second most important reason with a 2)

1 2 Reason 13% 5% Loss of a local market 12% 24% Labor/management restrictions during June and October 1% 0% Crop insurance taken the “risk management” place of wheat in your operation 1% 2% Loan terms affected cash flow to the extent that you don’t need the sale of wheat

in your marketing plans 62% 44% Decrease in profit compared to other crops

10% 24% Other

Survey

What price/bushel level would it take for you to re-introduce wheat on your farm or increase wheat acreage?

6% $3.50-3.75 

28% $3.76-4.00 

48% $4.01 +

17% Do not plan to grow wheat regardless of price

Wheat Prices, CBOT & KCBOT

$0.00$1.00$2.00$3.00$4.00$5.00$6.00$7.00$8.00

01/0

2/19

96

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AVG. of $0.40/bu or more

Development of Specialty Wheat Varieties with High Value End Use

Properties

Management StudiesBread Wheat Seeding Rate

• Plots were planted into conventionally tilled fields at rates of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 seeds per row ft. (25, 34, 43, 51, and 60 seeds per square ft.) at both sites.

• RCBD with 4 reps• Karl 92, Soissons, TAM 110, Lakin, and

Renwood 3260

Bread Wheat Seeding Rate

y = -0.0046x2 + 0.5287x + 42.308

R2 = 0.8083

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Seeds ft-2

Pla

nts

ft-2

, GS

11

Bread Wheat Seeding Rate

y = -0.0045x2 + 0.6953x - 0.0612

R2 = 0.9962

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Seeds ft-2

Hea

ds

ft-2,

GS

75

Bread Wheat Seeding Rate

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

26 34 43 51 60

Seeds ft-2

Ker

nel

s p

er H

ead

Bread Wheat Seeding Rate

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5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

26 34 43 51 60

Seeds ft-2

10

00

ke

rne

l w

t, g

Bread Wheat Seeding Rate

y = -0.0014x2 + 0.2286x + 71.374

R2 = 0.9928

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77

78

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81

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Seeds ft-2

Yie

ld,

bu

ac-1

Management StudiesBread Wheat Seeding Rate

• A quadratic effect of seeding rate on early season plant density was observed across sites in 2005 and 2006.

• The number of heads was increased with increased seeding rate up through 30 seeds row ft (1/3 more than the recommended seeding rate for SRWW).

• Yield was also increased with seeding rate, even at what would normally be considered extremely high rates.

Fertilization• Randomized complete block design with eight

replications was deployed to evaluate late-season N rates and timing.

• 0, 20, 30, and 40 lb N/ac applied as dissolved urea solution at GS37, GS 45, or GS 54.

• Sulfur was applied randomly to four of the eight replications at GS 30 in each year, resulting in this effect being nested within replication effect.

• Soissons (French Bread • Wheat) • Heyne (Kansas HRWW)• Renwood 3260, • (SRWW –strong gluten)

Fertilization

• Late-season N increased yield ~ 10% of the time.

• Late-season N never decreased yield.

• S at GS 30 caused foliar burn but not lost yield.

Grain protein response of Soissons wheat to late-season N with and without S

y = 0.0203x + 11.249

R2 = 0.9954

y = -0.0004x 2 + 0.0412x + 11.218

R2 = 0.9999

11

11.5

12

12.5

0 10 20 30 40 50

N Rate (kg/ha)

Gra

in P

rote

in (

%)

+S

-S

Flour protein of Soissons, Heyne, and Renwood 3260 winter wheat varieties as affected by late season N (with S), 2001-2003.

y = 0.0184x + 9.2055

R2 = 0.9874

y = 0.0109x + 10.716

R2 = 0.9921

y = 0.0207x + 10.599

R2 = 0.9597

9.5

10.0

10.5

11.0

11.5

12.0

12.5

0 10 20 30 40 50

GS 45 N rate, kg ha-1

Flo

ur

Pro

tein

, %

Soissons

Heyne

Renwood 3260

Water absorption of Soissons, Heyne, and Renwood 3260 winter wheat varieties as affected by late season N (with S), 2001-2003.

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59

60

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0 10 20 30 40 50

GS 45 N rate, kg ha-1

Wat

er A

bso

rpti

on

, %

Soissons

Heyne

Renwood 3260

Loaf volume of Soissons, Heyne, and Renwood 3260 winter wheat varieties as affected by late season N (with S), 2001-2003.

y = 1.1668x + 722.65

R2 = 0.9076

y = 0.6376x + 838.12

R2 = 0.7097

y = 1.3798x + 800.79

R2 = 0.9609

700

720

740

760

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820

840

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880

0 10 20 30 40 50

GS 45 N rate, kg ha-1

Loaf

Vol

ume

cm3

Soissons

Heyne

Renwood 3260

Fertilization• No effect of late-season foliar N on yield• Grain and flour protein concentration of all three cultivars

were consistently increased with the application of late-season foliar N applications up to 30 lb N ac-1.

• Variable response to S.• Growth stage (45 versus 54) timing of late-season N

application generally did not differ significantly as to the effect on grain, flour, and bread quality characteristics.

• Grain protein increase in response to applied N varied by cultivar.

• Application of 30 to 40 lb N ac-1 between GS 45 and 54 to winter bread wheat cultivars grown in humid, high rainfall areas likely will result in consistent increases in grain and flour protein concentration as well as increased water absorption and improvements in bread loaf volume.

• Other measured flour and baking properties were not commonly affected.

Disease Management

• Karl 92, Amelio, TAM 110, Renwood 3260, and Lakin.

• Seed for the seed treatment plots was treated with Baytan 30 seed treatment at 1.5 oz per 100 lb seed.

• Quilt was applied at 14 oz/ac to all treated plots at GS 37 (flag leaf emergence).

Disease Management

Baytan No Baytan

Quilt treated Quilt treated

Bread Wheat Disease Management

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1

2

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5

6

7

Soissons Karl 92 TAM 110 Renwood 3260 Lakin

Lea

f R

ust

Rat

ing

, 0-9

+ Quilt

- Quilt

Bread Wheat Disease Management

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100

AMELIO KARL92 LAKIN REN3260 SOISSONS TAM110

Yie

ld b

u a

c-1

Bread Wheat Disease Management

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NONE QUILT

Yie

ld, b

u a

c-1

Development of Hulless Barley as a Value-Added Crop

Hulless Barley

Hulless Barley

• Higher Starch• Higher Protein• Lower Ash• Lower Fiber

Management StudiesHulless Barley Seeding Rate Study

• Seeding rates of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 seeds row-ft-1 in six inch rows for three hulled and six hulless varieties.

• Seedling counts, grain yield, and yield components are measured.

Thoroughbred VA01H-68323 seeds m-2

Thoroughbred VA01H-68646 seeds m-2

Hulless Barley Seeding Rate

y = 0.3497x + 65.592

R2 = 0.7957

y = 0.159x + 104.96

R2 = 0.6618

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90

100

110

120

0 20 40 60 80

Seeds/square foot

Gra

in Y

ield

, bu

sh

el/a

cre

Hulled

Hulless

Fertilization• N applied at GS 25 and GS 30

• 0, 40, 60, and 80 lb ac-1

• 12 lb ac-1 foliar P2O5 applied at GS 30

Hulless Barley N Rate

y = -0.0968x 2 + 34.024x + 2672.1

R2 = 0.942

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Total Spring N rate, kg ha-1

Gra

in Y

ield

, kg

ha

-1

Hulless Barley N Rate

0

30

60

90

gs30

0

30

60

90

gs25

yl dkgha

2319

3222

4126

5030

Pests

• Weeds

• Insects

• Disease

Lodging

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 0.5 0.75 1

Ethephon rate, pint/acre

Pla

nt

He

igh

t, i

nc

he

s

DOYCE

VA00H-65

VA01H-68

Lodging

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

0 0.5 0.75 1

Ethephon rate, pint/acre

Yie

ld, b

u/a

c

Doyce

VA00H-65

VA01H-68

Harvesting

01020

3040506070

8090

100

handpick 900 rpm 950 rpm 1000 rpm 1400 rpm

% D

ecre

ase

ger

min

atio

n

01020

3040506070

8090

100

handpick 900 rpm 950 rpm 1000 rpm 1400 rpm

Ger

min

atio

n, %

Harvest Method / Combine Cylinder Speed

Research and Education

• Swine and Poultry Feed

Research and Education

• Equine

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5-1000

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

1000011000

HB1 Glu r2=0.13 HB2 Glu r2=0.65

Dose, g/kg NSC

AU

C

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5-2000-1000

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

HB2 Ins r2=0.42HB1 Ins r2=0.15

Dose, g/kg NSC

AU

C

Results: Hulless Versus Hulled Barley Fermentations (No -Glucanase

Added)

Value Hulled Doyce Hulless

Fermentation Sample 7.5 lbs 7.5 lbs

Starch (db) in Grain 50% 59%

%Protein (db) in Grain 10.0 12.8

% B-Glucan (db) in Grain 2.9 3.3

Ethanol Yield (% Theory) 103% + 5% 105% + 5%

Ethanol Conc. in Beer 74 g/l 86 g/l

Ethanol per lb Barley 116 g/lb 137 g/lb

Gallons/Bushel (Theoretical)

1.64 gal/bu (test wt. = 48 lb/bu)

2.27 gal/bu (test wt. = 56 lb/bu