BYSRIPATI MAHAPATRA

MICROPROCESSOR

Fabrication of ALU unit & control unit in a single IC package is known as microprocessor and is known as the brain of computer. Tells your computer what to do when to do something and also it decides which task is more important and prioritizes them as the computer’s need.Performs all arithmetical and logical operations and controls I/O functions.

It includes :- Control unit ALU I/O unit Register unit Memory unit

SYSTEM BUS

Data part –use d to transport dataAddress part -used to locate the destination to transmit data.

REGISTER

The ALU is the heart of the CPU performs all data processing functionality and to assist the ALU there is an internal temporary storage exist which hold the data before and after processing and is known as register.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

A CPU is a silicon chip embedded on ceramic plate. The silicon chip a purified silicon doped with a metal oxide(cupper, aluminum)This doping process creates millions of transistors and signal pathway in the die.

PACKAGING

PGASECLGA

CACHE

The cache is the first block of RAM which interact between the main memory and CPU using cache controller chip. This memory helps processor to fetch instructions in quick routine and is very faster than RAM.

MULTITASKING

Is the process or executing more than one application at a time under a supporting OS such as windows 2000/xp.

MULTIPROCESSINGMeans a system more than one CPU which can greatly

increase system performance.

Asymmetricsymmetric.

PREREQUISITEThe motherboard must be capable of handling multiple

processor.The processor must be compatible with a multiprocessing system.The operating system must support multiprocessing.THROTTLIN

GWhen heat generation is more than dissipation and the thermal sensor in the CPU detects an unacceptable level of heat throttling allows the CPU to reduce performance to create a balancing temperature in the system.

OVERCLOCKING Increase the clock speed, improving performance.

Generally performed by hobbyist and game enthusiasts.OEMs generally try to prevent over clocking by disabling custom settings in the CMOS setup program.

CLOCK SPEED

Clock speed is the rate at which a processor can complete a processing cycle. It is typically measured in megahertz or gigahertz. One megahertz is equal to one million cycles per second, while one gigahertz equals one billion cycles per second

FSB

The FSB connects the computer's processor to the system memory (RAM) and other components on the motherboard

SUPERSCALAR DESIGNSuperscalar architecture refers to the use of multiple execution

units, to allow the processing of more than one instruction at a time Providing multiple instruction with multiple channels

HYPERTHREADING

DUAL CORE

Operating Systems which support Hyper-Threading include Microsoft Windows NT 4.0, Microsoft Windows 2000, Microsoft XP Professional, and most Unix variants

Hyper-Threading enables different parts of the CPU to work on different tasks concurrently. In this way, a CPU with Hyper-Threading appears to be more than one CPU

In the case of dual core processor, the entire chip has two independent computer processors that can work together to increase total computer performance.

MATH-CO-PROCESSOR

Is an optional processor used to allow a computer to perform mathematical calculations more efficiently or fasterly.

PROCESSOR (INTEL)

PROCESSOR BIT YEAR

INTEL 4004 4 BIT 1971

INTEL 8085 8 BIT 1977-1980

INTEL 8086 8 BIT 1977-1980

INTEL 80186 16 BIT 1981-1982

INTEL 80286

INTEL 80286 32 BIT 1983

INTEL 80386 32 BIT 1987-1991

INTEL 80486 32 BIT 1987-1991

INTEL PENTIUM 1994

PENTIUM PRO 64 BIT 1995

PENTIUM II 1996

PENTIUM MMX 1996

PENTIUM III/CELERON

1998

PENTIM IV 64 BIT 2000

INTEL CORE 64 BIT 2005

INTEL CORE TECHNOLOGY

DESKTOP/:-

PENTIUM COREDUAL CORECORE 2 DUOQUAD CORECORE 2 QuadCore2 extremeCore i3Core i5Core i7

LAPTOP:-

CORE SOLOCORE MOBILE TECHCORE CENTRINO DUO

SERVER:-

XEONITANIUM

AMD PROCESSOR FAMILY

AMD INTEL

AMD K6 INTEL PENTIUM MMX

AMD K6-2 INTEL PENTIUM II

AMD K6-3 PENTIUM III

AMD ATHLON PENTIUM IV

AMD DURON PENTIUM IV

AMD ATHLON 64 PENTIUM IV (HT)

AMD SEMPRON PENTIUM CORE

AMD OPTERON DUAL CORE

AMD-PHENOM CORE 2 DUO,QUAD CORE